Unit - I Basics of Internet of Things

# Introduction to IOT-
Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain
electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense
interactions amongst each other or with respect to the external environment. In the
upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels of services and
practically change the way people lead their daily lives. Advancements in
medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just
a few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established.
IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers.
And the ability to transfer the data over a network requiring human-to-human or
human-to-computer interaction.
# Applications of IOT:-
Smart Homes: Automation of lighting, security, and climate control systems
for enhanced convenience and energy efficiency.
Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring, wearable devices for health tracking,
and smart medical equipment.
Smart Cities: Traffic management, waste management, and energy-efficient
infrastructure.
Agriculture: Precision farming with soil moisture sensors, climate monitoring,
and automated irrigation systems.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): Predictive maintenance, supply chain management, and
process automation in manufacturing.
Transportation: Connected vehicles and real-time traffic and route
optimization.
Retail: Inventory management, personalized shopping experiences, and
automated checkout systems.
 Energy Management: Smart grids, energy monitoring, and optimization of
energy consumption.
# Building blocks of an IoT device:
1. Sensors:
Sensors collect data from the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity,
motion, light). They act as the eyes and ears of the IoT device, providing
real-time information.
2. Processors:
Processors (or microcontrollers) process the data received from sensors.
They handle data analysis, decision-making, and communication, ensuring
the device operates effectively.
3. Gateways:
Gateways connect IoT devices to the internet or other networks. They act as
intermediaries, translating data between devices and cloud servers or other
systems.
4. Applications:
Applications process and present the data from IoT devices to users. They
enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of the IoT devices through
dashboards or mobile apps.
# Embedded boards used in IoT:
1. Arduino Uno:
o Overview: A popular open-source microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P chip.
o Features: Simple to use, with many digital and analog input/output
pins. Ideal for beginners.
o Applications: Prototyping sensors, actuators, and basic IoT projects.
o Advantages : Easy to program (using Arduino IDE), vast community
support, affordable.
 o Disadvantages: Limited processing power and memory compared to
more advanced boards.
2. Raspberry Pi:
o Overview: A small, affordable single-board computer with more
processing power than traditional microcontrollers.
o Features: Runs a full Linux OS (Raspberry Pi OS), has USB ports,
HDMI output, and supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
o Applications: Ideal for projects requiring more computational power,
like smart home hubs, media centers, and advanced IoT solutions.
o Advantages: Powerful, versatile, supports Python and other high-
level languages.
o Disadvantages: More complex to set up than microcontroller-based
boards.
3. Node MCU (Microcontroller Unit):
o Overview: A low-cost development board based on the ESP8266
chip, designed for IoT applications.
o Features: Built-in Wi-Fi, small form factor, and supports
programming in Lua or Arduino IDE.
o Applications: Ideal for wireless IoT applications, smart home
projects, and sensor networks.
o Advantages: Compact, affordable, and has built-in Wi-Fi.
o Disadvantages: Limited processing power compared to Raspberry Pi,
no built-in Bluetooth.
4. ESP32:
o Overview: A powerful, low-cost microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth, designed for IoT applications.
 o Features: Dual-core processor, supports Bluetooth Low Energy
(BLE), higher clock speed, and more GPIO pins compared to
ESP8266.
o Applications: Advanced IoT projects, smart devices, wireless
communication, and low-power sensor networks.
o advantages: High performance, versatile (Wi-Fi + Bluetooth), low-
power operation.
o Disadvantages: Slightly more complex to program than simpler
boards like Arduino.
# Hardware Architecture of Arduino Uno:

1. Microcontroller:
o The core of the Arduino Uno is the ATmega328P microcontroller.
o It has a 16 MHz clock speed, 32 KB flash memory, 2 KB SRAM,
and 1 KB EEPROM.
2. Power Supply:
o It operates on 5V via USB or an external power supply (7-12V DC
recommended).
o It has a built-in voltage regulator to ensure stable power supply.
3. Input/Output Pins:
o 14 Digital I/O Pins: Can be used as input or output (pins 0-13). Some
pins can also support PWM output.
o 6 Analog Input Pins: Pins A0 to A5, used for analog signals (0-5V
range).
4. Reset Circuit:
• A reset button to restart the microcontroller.
• The reset is triggered by pulling the reset pin low, initializing the program
execution.
# Blinking LED:
This is a simple program to blink an LED on the Arduino Uno's digital pin 13.
Code:
cpp
Copy
// Define the LED pin
int ledPin = 13;

// Setup function runs once when the program starts

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set the LED pin as an output
}

// Loop function runs continuously

void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn the LED on
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second (1000 milliseconds)
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn the LED off
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
Explanation:
• pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); sets pin 13 as an output pin.
• digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); turns the LED on.
• delay(1000); pauses the program for 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
 • The LED blinks on and off with a 1-second interval.

Assignment Questions
Q.1 Define Internet of Things.
Q.2 Define Applications IOT.
Q.3 Explain Embedded boards used in IoT.
Q.4 Explain Building blocks of IOT.
Q.5 Write code for Blinking LED.
Q.6 Explain Hardware Architecture of Arduino Uno.