y

rnovin: with respectto lhe crimmpartment Mute

compartment is noving with repect to the
anyes its Suppose fwnraint are moving ong prallelt the stt
Motion notion if it the ina
e a t to te in words,
the sane direction
Reth started
An Gied plxetoanothet n other
Ktioh Irom one objctiskenas the
otion movint at the Me Ilhe topethe
of at
dintance
ef the
ispeer
movenent of an in the first t
from change So aprr
the Asitting
sitting in the other train will not another perwin
ofthe otject. motorcycles, scooterN, rest with respect to Sinilarly, nt rest
(ydes, roat.
Eanples :Cars,trcks ete. running on the
ealle
Iishes respectto A. Iloth are movinwitth respect The
bues, tikkhw,ky Alonhing itspeey ravelI.
Iids ftying in tte platform, but they are at rest with respec o
wh Irave
Swmming in walet other (nume
deal with the rectilinear
We are going to chapter. Abroad displ
an object in this range of
situations are examples offstraiplt
inessof ptyiea
reciliney
motion: Afalling stone; an accelerating train A
disp
alor
brakingg car; Asliding hockey puck;
the
Acrale
motlon heing
tim

pulled up a ramp. We describe

particle in two ways: Mathematical cquation,
Graphical method. The mathematical approach
usually better for solving problems,
becaus
permits more precision than graplhical methodh
method Ioflen provides inore physic al
surroundngs
The graphical
insight than a set ofmathematicall cquations, In this
molon wrt equations are used
Adasing lon is in rolative chapter, only mathematical
Motion aro particle.
Rest and
train,your distances
from describe the motion of a
moving
While sitting in a the floor of the compartment do
walls, roof and compartment, travelled and
the respect to the
change. That is, withchangge. You are at rest with 3. Distance
does not distance from
Displacement
your positioncompartmcnt. Butyour point to another
repect to the the train,
you boardedapparently When a body is displaced from one which is called .
from which
the platforn, passes. So you are it describes a certain curve, call the motion of
changes as time This means trajectory of a moving body. We ifits trajectons
the platform. straight line
moving with respcct to
at rest with respect to one a particle as rectilincar or
be
that an object can with respect to some other thing is a straight line. trajectory along which a body
thing and in motion motion is not absolute: itis The length of the interval is said to be he
time. So moves for a certain time
at the same the body during tha
relative, path or distance traversed by
time interval. The distance travclled is a physical
oflength.
quantity. It is mcasured with a special unit
a metre (n).
The actual lengih covered by a moving body in
the direction
besween wo polnts, Irrespeclive of
in which the body is movlng, is called distance
performs one
In the figure shown, if the particle covered by it
complete rotation, then the distance
is 2nr

in a train, you are bolh at rost

en yoU DIO INoving
ond mion relatively
the platfornat rest, or is it mnoving with respect
Is
lo the conpartmcnt?
fromn the compartment
The distareeof the platforn So the platform is
is changing as tine passes,
 \es
nentothe. plAso,atform he Moticn

saletcehlereofal trandaperson
cks arie The straight ine distance between the initial axd
the final sitions ofaody iN calle the
of the displacement The directior magnitle
(lisplaceent0 m). ixplacemen, bein
to chrevlon. The metre cast is cawelled y the
her person & displacenent is gienby he diretin fom the initial
sition to the tinal psition,
4 ictreN wes; nnl the 2 mmetres southh is
cncelled
ge.at restSoAiswith at Te shortest distax comend by a muving Nà
0y I metreN onh
Doth distinee and
same units. ln 'GSdisplacement
n Nhveen wo ots, in a ion
rticulr dire are
measured in
nd SI syxtems, the units are
spect
pect totoeachthe
callevd the displcement,
The disnemen of a rticle and the distaxe
wlledby it are two difterent quantities, Distance
metre and centimetre, respeetively
DIferences between Distance anl Displacement
Iravelled in a given time has just a magnitute
ar motion of cal value) and no direction, wher
(mumerica uis delined as the |
DsplatEment
he shortest
displacement has magnitude as well as direetion
of physical is important to note that the ma
no
tion.
gnitmde of the netual path traersed distanKe hetweon (w
nolnte hetween which

r ectilinear displacenent alwavs the sme as the by a body

Jd If aa article moves in a plane the holy moves
ng train. A distae trvelet
along a zig-zag puth, the distance travelled in a given
It is a scalar quantity. Itin vector quantity
crate being time interval may be much greater than the
| can never be
negative or zero
It can be negative,

otion of a magnitude of its displacement in the same time

Numerleally, distance
efo o positive
Numerically,
equation;
oproach is
ccause it
interval.
Considera particle which moves tromA to Balong
acurve in the figure. The distance travelled is equal
to the length of the curve, whercas the magnitude
Iravelled by a body
Can be cqual lo or
8roaalcr than
displacement of a
body can be equal to
or less than ditance
of the displacement is equal to the length of the displacement Iravelled.
methods. straight line AB. Distamce travelled is Displacement is a
physical
s. In this
A
nol a unique path
between two points.
unique path between
Iwo points,
used to The distance between Displacement
between two points
two points gives does not give
complele intormatlon
A B of the type of path complete inlormation
followed by the bndy. of the type of path
Even ifthe particle moves along a straight line, the followed by the hody.
distance travelled may be greater than the magnitude Distance ncver Displacement can
ofits displacement. For example, if aparticle goes deereases with time. decrease with time
nother, from A to B on a straight linc and returns to A, the For a moving body, it For a moving bodty it
alled a is zero but the distance traversed is
tion of displacennly
not zero.
straight line
if th
withoutechmoves alonga
its direction, the
is never zero
The S.l. unit of
distance is metre and
can be zero.
The S.. Unit of
displacement is metre
jectory magnit1ude of its displacement is equal
distance traversed as shown in above
the
figure.
C.G.S. unit is
centimetre.
and C.G.s. unit is
centimetre.
figure.
Consider the following motion depicted in the metres
body
De the A man wvalks 4 metres cast, 2 metres south, 4 LEVELICLASSWORK
gthat west and finally,2 metres north. A rabbit moves a distance of 8 cm from P to Q and
'sical then movcs ndistance of 6cm at right angles to PQ.
ngth, What is the magnitude of its displacement?
2m
2m
2 A man has to go som due north, 40m due cast and
20m due south to reach a ficld from his house.
y in
tion 4m a) What distance should he walk to reach the
1ce.
field?
one b) What is his displacement from his house to
y it the field ?
3. A car moves 2.00 km tovards east, makesa
Though the man walked a total distance of 12 perpendicular left turn and travels 500Om, makesa
metres, his displacement is zero metres. During the perpendicular right turn and travels 4.00 km and
course of this motion, he has covered 12 metres of finally stops. Find the displaccment of the car.
ground (distance = 12m). A body covers an arc of a circle of radius r,
out of
Yet when he has finished walking, he is not"motion
place" i.e., there is no displacement for his
 subtending an angle of 120° at the centre of the and magnitte of
circle. WVhat is the magnitude of the displacement displacement of(he
of the body?
|Hint :Any line passing through the centre of the
circle bisects the chord of the circle)
cycn Ntotius
ni) he distir
peed Nese
LEVELI HOMEVORK
per he
1. Is displacement a vector /scalar? iv) IkIm
A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity. It attains UnifornSp
An athlete completes
a height of 4Om and comes back to the thrower. Find 40s. Find his
a
cireular path ofr Observethe
the distance and magnitude of displacement. 20 seconds. displacement atthe end of
3 Assertion: The numerical ratio of displacement to m
distance is cqual to one or less than one. 4. Speed
Reason : Displacement is a vector quantity and Have you ever wondered; how
of a boxly is measwed? This the rate of
The car co
distance is a scalar quantity.
Both assertion and reason are true and
the can be
fromtwo terms i.e., speed and mnti that the

reason is the correct explanation of the

assertion.
discuss about speed.
When we consider specd, we
velocity
y.LLet us undertoe When a
IPterVa
Imervl

2) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason distance covered with respect toconsider
time,
1he withh
assertion. Assume that a rabbit is resting at Aand
is not the correct explanation of the offood it moved along path in
Examj

3) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.

true.
F ABCDEF and reaeSearch Arota
unifor
4) Assertion is false, but the reason is 40 m 200 k
distance
4 Statement -1:A body can have non-zero 20 m 20 m
with
and zero displacement. Nor
II:A body can have non-zero
40 m Let
Statement rthe rabbit takes 2 minules
to rcach F from of t
displacement and zero distance. then we say that spced of the
) Statements Iand II are true
is false
1.5 m/s rabbit is
2) Statement I is true and ll Let us sce how we get this
true Total distance covered =40+ 20 + 40+ 20 + 60
3) Statement I is false and Il is
180 m
4) Statements I and ll are false Total time taken=2 minutes =120 s
folloving.
Choose the incorrect statement from the
hence 180
1) Displacement is a vector quantity and Speed =-120 -1.5 m/ls
representation direction is important.
2) Displacement can be both positive and Thus, speed can be defined as the distance
covered by a body in unit time and is represented
negative. with v.
3) Distance is always positive. It never decreases
distance covered
with time. Speed =
Distance can be negative. time
4)
point x and
6. A cyclist moves from a certain
path of
completes one revolution around a circular
travelled and
radius 'r'. What is the distance Units: In CGS system, the unit of speed is
magnitude of displacement of the cyclist? centimetre per second (cm/s) whereas in Sl system,
7 In the above problem, if the cyclist reaches exactly it is metre per second (m/s).
the other side of the point x (i.e. diametrically Note:
opposite point to x), then find the distance travelled ) Speed is a scalar quantity as it has only
and magnitude of displacement of cyclist. magnitude without any specific direction.
8 In the above problem, if the cyclist reaches a point i) If the distances covered are very small, then
Z as shown in the figure, find the distance travelled the speed is expressed in cm/s or cms',
 ) If the distancs cove are fairly lange. the
speed is c\pressel in kmh or kmh In suxh cases we conssder the average spced of
the car Average stofa histhe tetal distance
iv) Ikm per heur
1 etre er sond
coVere by it in total time.
Average speed
Unifon Speed Total ds tan ce cOv ened
Ohsene the motion of the car shown below: Total time taken to cov er the dis
4 pm 5pm tan ce
In the
previous case, the total distance
(40+ 20 30) km 90 km, wbereas thecoversd is
taken is 3 hours total time
30 Lm
What do sou ohsenv?
The car covers 30 km inevery hour. Then we say . Average speet 90 km
3h
-30km/h
that the car is moving with a uniform speed.
When a boh covers equal distances in equal 5. Velocity
intevals of time (however small the time The speed of an object tells us how fast the
intenals may be), the car is said to be moving is smoving. Ifthe speed is knovwn, one can calculate
with a uniform spred thete distance
traversed by the object in a given time
Examples: interval. But to the
A rotating fan, a rocket moving in space, ctc., have the end of the given position of the object at
interval of him, one needs to
uniform speeds. Similarly, an aeroplane flying at know the direction in which the body has moved.
200 kmh or a train running at 90 k/h are moving Suppose, I telll you that at 10.30 a.m, a ball was
with uniform speeds placed at the centre of a field. A boy pushed the
Non-Unifom Speed ball along the ground to move it with a
speed of 0.5 nvs uniform
Let us understand the same by observing the motion
of the following car. Can you find the location of the ball after I
7am. 8am 9am
minute
6am
You can only calculate the distance covered by the
ball in I minute
40 kum 20km 30 Am S=t= (0.S m/s) (60 s) = 30 m
3 hours
The ball is 30 m away fronm the centre of the field.
What do you observe?
But this does not tell us where exactly the ball
We observe that the car covers 40 km from 6 a.m. is
ie., 30 m from the centre in which direction? To
to 7 a.m., 20 km from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. and 30 km
from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. Here, the distance covered
locate the position of the ball, you need to know the
direction in which the ball moved with a speed of
by the body is not same in equal intervals of time, 0.5 m/s. If we say that the boy pushed the ball
or equal distances in unequal intervals of time. In towards the north, it means the ball moved with a
such cases, we say that the body is moving with speed 0.5 m/s towards north. You can then locate
non-uniform speed or variable speed or variable the ball at a point 30 m north from the centre of the
speed. field.
When a body covers unequal distances in equal When speed and direction are both specificd, we
intervals of time, the body is said to be moving get the velocity of the object. In the above example,
with a non-uniform speed. we say that the velocity of the ball is 0.5 m's, north
Examples: This is equivalent to the statement the speced of the
A train starting from a station, a dog chasing a cat, ball is 0.5 m/s, and it is moving towards the north.
have variable speeds. The velocity of an object is a quanti thut gives
Average Speed the speed of the object as well as is dìrection of
Let us consider the motion of the car in the previous motion.
case. The car is covering unequal distances in equal Velocity has magnitude as well as drection. lt is a
intervals of time. vector quantity.
How do you caleulate the speed of the car for We can also define velocity as follows:
the whole journey? The velocity of an object is the displcement of
 gh Class Physis
inenval divided by the both having same units(ms)
the obicct in a short time an object is its
2. 1f during
motion,
time interval or the
velocity of
throughout a given velocity remains co. Me
displacement per unit timne. interval of timne, the
is said to be uniform,
same as the that ofspeed. 3. 1f velocity is molion
The unit of velocity is the constant, speed
metre per second,
Thus the Sl unit of velocityuseis the unit km/h for
constant.
not be truc, i.c., if the converse wimay
However, l aloeso be
written as m/s. We often mayor may nol bespeed is constant vely
magnitude elocily
direction in addition toconstant as vel
convenience.
city has
Velocity of an object moving along a
or may not change, as in the case of
circular motion. Nhichuni may
straight Line 4 Velocity can be
straight line, there
When an object moves along a motion. In such vector: but specdpositive or
can neverncgative,
as it i.
are only two possible directions of is magnitude of velocity. be ncgative. ae
be represented in a very Uniform Velocity
a case, its velocity may the speed of the object,
simple manner. We write When a body has equal
the object is moving
and put aplus sign before it ifthe line, and a minus intervals of time in adisplacements in eaual
in the positive direction of direction of the (howsoever, short the timespecificd direction
intervals may be) the
sign ifit is moving in the negativethe speed as welI body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity
line. The resulting number gives represents
Example: Imagine a car is moving along a straiph
as the direction of the motion, and, hence, road towvards east, such that in every one second it
velocity. has a displacement of Sm.
Some noteworthy points
Velocity is a vector while speed is a scalar,
East

5m 5m
5m

1s 1s 1s
D

In such a case, the uniform velocity of the car is 5

m/s cast as illustrated above
Abody will have a uniform velocity only if:
i) It has displaces equal distances covers equal
distances in cqual intervals of time, i.e., the
5m 5m
magnitude does not change.
i) Its direction remains the same. B

If any of the two conditions are not fulfilled, then

the body will have uniform velocity, but have a
variable velocity. A
Variable Velocity Certainly, the car has a uniform speed of Sm/s, but
When a body covers unequal distances in equal its uniform velocity is not 5 m/s, because the
intervals of time in a specified direction or equal direction of the car is changing continuously.
distances in equal intervals of time, but its direction Average Velocity
changes, then the body is said to be moving with a Itis the ratio of total displacement to total time taken.
variable velocity.
Example:Acar moving along acircular path, such Average velocity Total displacement
that it covers 5 m in every one second, as shown Total time taken
below.
Example :
The motion of a body along a straight line is shown
below. It covers different distances in each second.
The total displacement (total distance travelled) of
a body towards east is (3m+4m + 2m + 4m)
 Motion
= 13m. in 4s.
3 For a gjven time
.Average velocity Total displacement interval average velocity is
single valucd while
Total time taken average speced can have
many values depending
4 If after ing on path followed.
motion, the body comes back to
13 initial position. then its
4
=3.25 m/s cast and average spced isaverage
greatervelocity
is zero
than zero and
finite
Some noteworthy poin ts For a moving body average speed can
Average speed is a scalar while average be negative or zero never
velocity is a vector, both having same units average velocity (unless t = ) while
can
zero or negative or
(m/s) positive.
6 In general, average speed is not
2. Average specd or velocity depends on time magnitude of av equal to
interval over which it is defined. average velocity. However, it
can so if the motion is along a
be
line without change in direction. straight
pifferences between Speed and Velocity
S.No. Speed Velocity
Distance traveled by a body per uni The distance travelkd by a bocty in a particu lar
time is known as is speed direction (ie, displacenent) per unit time is
known as its veloc iy.
2 Average speed of a movng body Average vebcay of a moving body can be zera
carnot be zera
3 Speed tek how fast a body moves. Vebcity tels hovw fast a body muves and in which
drection imoves
4 Speed s a scahr quantity. Vebcity is a vectr quantity.
Spced fa body is ahvays positive. |Vebcity of a body can be positive or negative.
LEVELI CLASSWORK LEVELI HOMEVWORK
5 A car travels the first halfofa distance between two 10. A horse runs a distance of 1200m in 3 min and
places at a speed of30 km/h and the second halfof 20 s. What is the speed of the horse?
the distance at 50 km/h. Find the average speed of 11. Acar is moving at aspecd of 1S ms'. What is the
the car for the whole journey. time taken by it to cover a distance of 12 km ?
A car moves for half of its total travel time with a 12. Abus is moving at a speed of 20ms.Calculate the
speed 80 kmh and for next half ofthe time at 40 km distance covered by it in kilometres in 25 minutes.
h. The total distance covered is 60 km. Find the 13. A scooterist covers a distance of 3 kilometres in
average speed of the car. 5minutes. Calculate his speed in kilometres per
7 Aman travelling ina straight line moves with a hour (kmh).
uniform velocity v, for a certain distance and with 14. Two trains A and B cover distances of 120 km and
a uniform velocity v, for the next equal distance. 180 km in 3 hours and4 hours respectively.Which
Find the average velocity (v). train is moving faster, AorB?
There isa square field of side a units. A tortoise 1S. A particle is moving in a straight line. It covers two
starts from one corner and reaches the diagonally different distances s, and s, with speeds v, and v,
opposite corner of the field in a time interval of t. respectively. Find the average speed of the journey.
Find the magnitude of the average velocity of the
tortoise. 16. An athlete runs 100 m in 10s, then turs back and
A train travels at a speed of 60 km/h for 0.5 h, at runs 5Om back towards the starting point in 30 s
30 km/h for the next 0.2 h and then at 70 km/h for What is the average speed of the athlete ?
the next 0.7 h. What is the average speed of the 17. Aparicle is moving in a straight line. Its speed for
train ? three different intervals of timet,. , and t, is v, v,
and v, respectively. Find the average speed.
18. What is the average velocity of the tip of the minute
hand of a clock in one bour ?
 g Class hiyic
6. Acceleration Acceleration Change in velocity
us consider
ofacccleration, letnon-uniform Time int erval Motio
the ideastraight linc with a If Velocity of a body at t,=y
To develop
moving in a from rest at and IVelocity
V of a body a t, =v.
accelera
nple, let a train start verocy
Note: A
abody For examplc,
velocity. Then, Change in in the d
stati
starts moving.
ation A. When it certain time
S
interval it. and Time intervalvelocityv-y
,-, thedire
after a approaches, As per definition, the
increases and As the next station becomes accelerration
the time interval t, to t, is given by of
Nega

its velocity
velocity.

zero at the
station B. This can
be
finally
aconstant gradually decreases and illustratcd as
a-v) thebty o
We kn
Accel.

follows.
body The
(3-)
velocity of a moving
in the terms eleration. acceleration given by the above eoun If the
actually the average
These
are
red in
Acceleration is denoted by
of acce
a, and is
defined as ncceleration
interval1, to t,. HHowever,
,) is very smafl,.
if the timeovcr
then acceleration
th
Mateionti
interime
val
the in
Acce

follows:
The change in the velocity of a body per
acceleration.
nit
acceleration at timc t, obtainedSis calfes
time is called The rate of change of velocitly of a body it ea Th
is acceleratlon. The change in the velocityd wh
due to a change in ils speed or In
motion or botl.
direction d de
E

Velocity
A constant velocityB

velocity decreasing
v e l o c iitn
yc r e a s i n g

Station B
Station A
em/s² and m/s² respectively. At times it is also
direction measured in km/hr.
when a body moves in a straight line, its along a Positive Acceleration
But
So, for bodies travelling
does not change.acceleration Acceleration is described by the equation,
is due to the change
straight line, the motion. However, when a Acceleration,
in its spced during its
circular path at a constant Final velocity -Initial velocity_V-u
body moves along a the body is due to the
speed, the acceleration in a=
Time int erval
direction. These aspects shall be
change in itsdetail
discussed in in 10h class. If the final velocity of a moving body is greater
Acceleration of abody in terms of its
initial and than the initial velocity, i.e., v>u, then
final velocities A
positive quantity
Acceleration, a =
Final velocity -Initial velocity Time
Acceleration = =A positive quantity
Time int erval
Thus, the acceleration of a moving body is
Vu positive if its final velocity is greaterthethan the
initial velocity. In other words, when velocity
of a body increases with time, its acceleration s
Where:
u=Initial velocity of the body positive. In com mon parlance, positive
v= Final velocity of the body acceleration is simply called acceleration.
a certain height
Example: A body dropped fromtowards
(=Time interval
gains velocity as it falls dowvn the earth.
a =Acceleration of the body So, a body falling towards the earth has positive
Units of acceleration.
The C.G..S and S.I units of acceleration are
 acccleration.
Note:
in the Acceleration
is taken to be positive ifit
direction of velocity, and negative acts A body falling freely
the direction opposite to the when in from a certain hcight
direction velocity. of
Negative
We know,
Acceleration (or Retardation)
Acccleration,
a
Final velocity - Initial velocity v-u
Time int erval
fthe final velocity of a moving Ground
body is less than
the initial velocity . i.c., v<u, then
Acceleration, A body noving
down an
A negative quantity A negative quantity inclined plane
Time interval
Thus, the acccleration of a moving body is negative Inclined plane
when its final velocity is less than the initial velocity.
In other words, when the velocity of a body Ground
decreases with time, its acccleration is negative.
Example: When a ball (or storne) is throvwn vertically Non-uniform Acceleration
upwards, its velocity decreases with ime.t So, the Non-uniform acceleration is also called
variable
acceleration of a ball thrown vertically upwards is acceleration. When a moving body has different
negative. accelerations at different points of time during its
The velocity of aball rolling on the floor keeps on motion, it is said to have non-tniform acceleration,
decreasing until it stops. So, the acceleration of a or variable acceleration. Acceleration is defined
ball rolling on the floor is also negative. as the rate of change of velocity. So, the non
Negative acceleration is also called uniform acceleration may be defined as follows:
deceleration or retardation. When the velocity of a body changes by unequal
So. when thc
time, it is said to velocyerof retardation.
a body decreases with amonts in equal innervals of time, it is said to
have a non-uniform acceleration.
For a body undergoing retardation, the final velocity Example. An auto/car driven on a crowded city
is less than initial velocity. Thus, retardation is
actually acceleration with a negative sign. For road with frequent applications of brakes has a non
uniform acceleration.
example, ifa body has an acceleration of-S m/s',
then the retardation of the body is +5 m/s
Units of Retardation 7. The Equation of Motion
Retardation (or negative acceleration) has the same There are a variety of quantities associated with
retardation
units as acceleration. Thus, the Sl unit of the motion of objects,displacement (and distance),
is metre per second squared (m/s² or ms) velocity (and speed), acceleration, and time.
What is meant by Uniform Acceleration? Knowledge of cach of these quantities provides
descriptive information about an object's motion.
When a moving body has the same acceleration
throughout its motion, it is said to have uniform The equations of motion or kinematics are a set of
acceleration. The uniform acceleration is also called equations which can be utilized to determine
constant acceleration. unknown information about an object's motion if
its other information is known. The cquations can be
When a body travels in a straight line andequal utilized for any motion, which can be described as
velocily changes by equal amounts in
intervals of time, it is said to have a uniformn being either a constant velocity motion (an
acceleration. acceleration of 0 m/s) or a constant acceleration
The motion of a body with uniform acceleration is motion. They can never be used over any time
called uniformly accelerated motion. period during which the acceleration is changing.
Each of the kinematics equations includes four
Examples: variables:; if the values of three of the four variables
a) A body falling freely under gravity
has unilorm are knovwn, then the value of the fourth variable
acceleration. can be calculated. In this manner, the kinematics
A ball moving down an inclined plane
has equations provide a useful means of predicting
b)
uniform acceleration. information of an objct's motion ifother infomatio
 is known.
initial and final velocity ofa Sut+-at
For example. if the 2
acccleration) then the
skidding car is knoWn, (and the time can be This equation gives the
displaccment of the car and kinematics. The
equations of
predicted using the which describe an object's
cquations of kinematics
body in time t
Considera body moving with:
having acquired aavelocity
isgiacemm t
motion, are: that a is its uniform celertin
1
Vu a1 Let the displacement cf the
boty int
The displacement oftthe
2 S=ut at be found out by
consideringits
Since the initialI velocity of thever.movingbedy
in
e
-u- 2as to N
3. final velocity is v. the
4. s,- u(2h-1) Average velocity
Initial velocity +
avergevelccinys t

Final Cons
Where u- initial velocity
V= final velocity
a-acceleration
2
Also, Displacement= Average velocity T
velccty*y parttm

Sdisplacement or distancecovered
So,
nor t= time in scconds 2 ()
From the first equation ofimotion, we
Note: rest, its initial
i) ifa body starts from at. Substituting this value of v in equtien t
velocity,u=0 get
(it stops). its
ii) Ifa body comes to rest (u+u+at)x or
final velocity, v = 0
uniform velocity. 2
ü) Ifa body moves with
its acceleration, a=0
Derivations of Equations of
Motion s-(2u+at)xt or s=
2ut + at
2

V u t at
1.
acquired by a or s = ut + at
This equation gives the velocity
body in time t.
Consider abody having initial velocity u. Suppose 3.v'-u'-2a5
so that
it is subjected to auniform accelerationa This equation gives the velocity acquired b,1
Now, from
after timet its final velocity becomes v. that: body after it displaces through s.
the definition of acceleration we know Consider a body moving with an initial velocity z
change in velocity having acquired avelocity vafter displacing thrvu
s. The uniform acceleration of the motion is a
Acccleration time taken
Let the displacement of the body in this time be S
(or) The displacement of the moving body in time tc
Acceleration =Final velocity
- Initial velocity be found out by considering its average velocity
Time taken Since the initial velocity of he body isu and its
V-U
final velocity is v, the average velocity is given by
So, a=at=v-uv=ut at Average velocity
By paying due attention to the sign of acceleration, Initial velocity + Final velocity
this equation can also be applied to the problems of 2
uniform retardation. In this case, a will be replaced u+v
by -a.
2
Also,Displacement -=Average velocity xTime

So, ()
2
Motion
And from the frst cquation of motion, we have:

S_, u

Substituting this valuc oft in cquation (1), we get: LEVEL,ICLASSWORK

10. An object moves with an acceleration of Sms.
v-u - - u ' - 2as starting from rest. Find the distance travelled in
a 2a one second.
11. Abody starts with a velocity of 40 ms and moves
with an acceleration of 10 ms. Calculate the
distance travelled by it in I5h second.
This cquotion gives distance travelled by a 12. Atrain starting from rest and moving with a uniform
body second. acceleration attains a speedof 90kmh in 5 minutes.
Consider a body moving with uniformly accclerated Find the distance travelled by the train.
motion having acceleration a. The distance of a 13. Aperson travelling ona scooter at 432 km/h applies
particle in time /is given by the brakes. giving a deceleration of 6.0n/s to his
scooter. HHow far will it travel before stopping?
14 A body moving with uniform acceleration covers
S=utat',where
2
u=initial velocity, attimet 100 m in the first 10 seconds and I50 m in the next
10 seconds. What is the initial velocity of the body?
IfS, and S., are the distances of the particle in n
and -I seconds, then distance of the particle in LEVELIHOMEWORK
n second is, S. S. -s 19. Which of the following changes of a particle is
A moving with unifom velocity?
1) Position vector 2) Speed
S Spt
3) Velocity 4) Acceleration
20. A bullet shot witha velocityof l6m/s penetrates a
tree trunk and come to rest in 0.4m. In what time

S = nt , an' does it comes to rest?

21. A bullet moving with a speed 350m/s enters a
concrete wall and penetrates a distance of 5.0m
S, = u(n -1) +a(n I before coming to rest. Find the retardation of the
bullet.
Now,
22. A particle experiences a constant acceleration for
20 seconds after starting from rest. If it travels a
(o-)a-9) distances, in the first 10 seconds and distance s, in
the next 10 seconds, find the relation between s,
uun-u {o'*1-a)) and s,

an a -8. Graphical representation of

un -u+-an Motion
When you see, you learn faster and understand
un +-an - un +u -
an a
+ an
better. The data from any measurement can be
2 2 made more informative when presented in the form
ofa graph. In this section, we study the importance
=u +an -
ofgraphs for describing the motion of a body.
 gh Class Physic,
Ay-axIS Motion

Graph? relationship between two Positve quantity

is a
What geometrical -axis is
x-axis and
A on the graph.
quantitiesplottedplot, or simplya
graphical be plotted can be
calleda quantities to dependson Positive quantity
two other changed
independently,while the
One of the
can be quantity,
+X-axis
changed quantity whichindependent (ongin)
The the called the The axes are chosen
depend1ng upon
independently iscalleddepends on it is
it.
independent the values of the quantities to be
which
while the other Generally, the dependent plotted.
dependent quantity. thex-aris,and the want to Y
The
on cxample,if we scored y- axis
quantity isplotted
y-aris.For -Positive quantity
quantityon the number of runs
between the cricket match,. b)
draw a graph of oversbowledina Negative ayanty Posive Positjve quantity
the number independentquantity,
and overs is the dependent
then the number ofof runs
scored is the Xl4
and the number - axis (origin)
Negative quantity
quantity.
y-S -axis
scored)
ns
remembered that al
While plotting, it should be
positive quantities are plotted on the right and
quantities are
upwards of the origin. The negativeof the origin.
downwards
plotted on the left and
The independent quantity is plotted on the horizontalis
(OX or OX)) axis, and(OYthe dependent quantity
or OY) axis.
plotted on the vertical
: The quantities to be
L-ais ii) Choosing the Scale are generally much
Indpdt quutity plotted on the two axes for each axis,
(No. of overs) bigger than the graph paper. So, that the whole
chosen so
plotted aconvenient scale is be plotted on a
How a Graph is range of the quantities can
specially designed graph choice of scale
Graphs are plotted on certain length of the axis. The
of the commonly used graph satisfies the
papers. The whole sheet
into squares of 1 cm
sides. is made so that the plotted
graph paper is divided is further subdivided into following conditions. cover
Each side of suchsquares graph should
markings The curve or line of the
millimetres. The lines showing millimetre
a)
the area enclosed by the
To draw a graph, we the major portion of
are generally light in colour. two axes.
generally proceed as follows. Here, the choice
the quantities to of scale on x-axis
i) Drawing the axes: If both then draw two is not proper
be plotted are positive,
perpendicular lines intersccting each other at Here, the choice
one point. This point of intersection is called of scale on y-axis
the origin. The horizontal axis is called thex
is not proper
axis, while the vertical axis is called they
aris. If one of the two or both the quantities
so that
are negative, then the axes are drawn
the origin is in the middle of the paper.
Independent quantity
a) Poor choice
 Dependent
quantity
The choice of both
he scaes is proper
from the figure.

Tme
Indepenent quantity
b) Proper choice Deglscement-tme
bocty ol rest
grach r a
The choice of scales on the two axes: At time
a) apoor choice
Displacement d
At time
a proper choice At time
Displacement d
If the plot is a straight line, it should have an Displacement =d
Thus, there is no change in the
inclination of about 45°, i.e, the graph should the body with displaccment of
lie in the middle of the quadrant enclosed by time.
For a body at rest, the
the two axes of the scales. The effect of a a displacement-time graph is
straight line parallel to the time-axis. From
good and a bad choice of the scales on the this graph, one can write
graph is shown in above figure. Velocity of the body at rest
ii) Plotting of the given Data: The given
values of the two quantities are then plotted Displacement during an int erval of time
in the form of points on the graph paper. These Interval of time
oints are then joined by a smooth linelcurve
to get the desired graph. d-d 0
=0
iv) Calculations from the Graph: The graphs
can then be analysed to obtain certain
Thus the velocity of a body at rest is zero.
parameters, such as, the slope and the
intercept. i) Displacement-time Graph of a body
Usefulness of Graphs moving with Uniform Velocity
Graphs are useful in the following ways: The displacement-time graph of abody moving with
A graphical plot can present a huge amount uniform (constant) velocity is a straight line inclined
of data in a compact form. to the time-axis at a certain angle.
D) A graphical plot shows the geometric
dependence of one quantity over the other.
For example, a graph immediately tells us
whether the dependent quantity (on the y-axis)
is a linear or non-linear function of the
independent quantity (on the x-axis).
D) Agraphical plot makes the comparison of
different sets of data easier.
iv) Agraph can be used to obtain the value of
one quantity for a certain specified value of
the other. 0 20 30 40 50

Displacome -bme graph for a body moving t h

n velocity

9. Displacement - Time Graphs The slope of the displacement-time graph of a

i) Displacement-time Graph ofa body at body moving at uniform velocity is equal to the
Rest velocity of the body:
The position of a body at rest remains unchanged Here, the slope of the straight line plot is positive.
with time. Let us consider a body al a distance d Therefore the velocity of the body is positive.
from a reference point in a particular direction. Then
 and he os
sl
Motion

and Conditions under whic)

Description of the graph Speed -time graph, or
ng body a the body moves
When the spced'velocity Straight line parallel to the timne Velocity-time graph
along a 1 remains constant (X-ax is)
Slope of the spccd -time graph gives
-axis Sponveloaty d he
rg borsy rermas

withou
se with
acccleration of the body. There fore, the
acceleration ofa bodyymoving with a
constant specd (or veloc ity) is zero,
(siope

Time
O

equalwn in he When the initial Sraight line sloping upwards and

passing through the origin. Slope of the Snerveloaty he borty

tanceti speed/velocity is zero,

and the speed/velocity
increases uniformly (at a
constant ratc) with time.
straight line is positive. Tlherefore, the
body moving with a uniformly
increasing speed/velocity has unifom
acceleration.
ae ( u e C A a r t

stoee
-acceler atbon

Time
Speed/
velocity
When the velocity/speed Spced-time or velocity- time graph in
increases nonuniformly this casc is a curve moving upwards.
i.e.., when the body is Slope of the curve is positive and Speedvelocity
increases
under nonuniform incrcass with time. Positive slope ofthe
acceleration curve at any point is equalto the nonuniform
of the body. So, the
leation ofthe body increases with slope is we
st ofice time i.ce., body is under non -unifornm Time
e speed. acceleration
eend of
4. When the velocity/speed Speed-time or velocity -time graph is a Speed
/veloctySpeedvelocty
nt-time
in the
increases non -uniformly curve moving downwards. Slope of the
i.c.. w hen the body is curve is negative, and incrcases with
in creases
nonuniformly
Slope is-ve
under non -uniform time. Negative slope of aspced-time (or the body is
retardation velocitytime) curve gives retardation under

raightthe
So
(negative acc eleration ) of the body.
Here, the retardation incteases with
nonuniform
retardation

om the time, i.e., the body is under nonuniform Time

retardation.
When the speed/velocity Speedtime or velocity-time graph in a
zig-zag curve. The body is under
Speed/ velocity changes
increases and decreases irregulaty
unifornm acceleration and retardation
alternatively,
i.e., the speed/velocity alternatively.
city changes alernatively.
ed a Tirme

6 When the speed/velocity The speedtime or veloaty-time graph

ody increases in a stepwise looks like a staircase. The body has
ion manner.
alternatively infinitely large acceleration
pe (vertical motion) and zero acceleration
on (horizontal motion). Time->
 gh
velocity. The arca of graph, i.e. Class
hy six
Conchusions :
Ifvelocity-timegraph is astraightline
axis, then:
but moving gives change in velocity.
Figure (iii) represents an acceleration Acc leraticn Motior
3

away from
velocity time variablevelocity,
moving away from time aas well as ime
Erom the graph it is clear that the acceleraton
with
is movingacceleration,which
canbe body is
a) Body with variable velocity and variable aee
uniform Area of the graph gives change in velocity
b) It has the slope ofgraph. finding area
found by found by LEVELICLASSWORK
Displacementcan be
c) velocity-timegraph. positive Thc graph given below is the
under the positive,then the body has
Ifslope is and vice-versa.
) acccleration then:
15.
of an object. Do you think it
situation? Explain.
disrepresents
tance-timeSaregrm
graph is a curve,
If the
velocity-time
variable velocity and variable
has
a) The body
acceleratlion. represents 50 +
Area under the curve
b) Drstance
displacement. instant can be found
by in km 25 -
Acccleration at any
c) point.
finding slope at that
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 68 10D 12 14
Tme in hours
Graphs
Acceleration - Time 16. The figure given below is the distance-time or
11. acceleration-time graph,
an of three objects. Do you think it representsa real
Figure ()) representstime axis. From the figure it is situation? Explain.
AB coinciding with
acccleration of the body is zero, and hence, Which of the three is travelling the fastesn
clear that uniform velocity. Can all three ever be at the same point on the
ii)
it is moving with a road ?
When B passes A, where is C ?
iv) How far did B travel between the time A
passed C?

Tme n (conda)

Fig (0)

Distance
in km ->

0.4 08

Tme in (econds) Time (haurs) -’

graph
Fig ) 17. Figure shows the displacement (x) - time ()
of a particle moving on the x-axis.

Tmeintonds)

Fg ()
Figure (i) represents an acceleration-time graph,
parallcl to tine axis. From figure it is clear that as Choose the correct statement.
accclerafion does not change, therefore body is 1) The particle is at rest.
moving with a uniforn acceleration and variable 2) The velocity of particle increases up o tinu
, and then increases.
 Motion increases up to time t
The velocity of particle
constant.
and then becomes 5m's
un
a) The particle moves ata constant velocity
to a timc and then stops.
climbing up
The displacement-1ime graph of a lift
18 fron the ground floor to the topofa building is given 40 t(a)
alongside. Using this graph, answer
in the figure -Sm/s
the following 24. C
at 4, B and Co Acceleration-time graph of a particle moving in a
a) What are the states of motionof the lin,
straight line is shown in
b) Plot the velocity-time graph at time t =0is 2 m/s.
figure. Velocity of particle
Find the velocity at the end of
fourth second.
a (ms?)

23 4 56 7

Time / second
applies the
19 The driver of a car travelling at 52 km/h
brakes and decelerates uniformly. The car stops in
km/h applies
Sseconds. Another driver going at 34
(s)
In
his brakes slower and stops after 10 seconds.
time graph
the same graph, plot the spced versus LEVEILIHOMEWORK
of the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled
farther after the brakes were applied? 23. The graph given here shows the positions of the
speed body at different times. Calculate the speed of the
20 What happens to the step-wise increasing
tine graph when the size of cach step becomes body as it moves from
iü) B to C ii) C to D
very small? i) A to B
21. The velocity-timc graph ofa body moving in a straight
7 D

line is as shown in the figure. Displacement

/cm6

2 BC
3
1
2
Speed
(n/s) 0 D4
Time (s)
-1T
2
23 4 5678 9
C Timels
What is the displacement of the body in ive4 What doyou conclude from the graph shown below?
scconds? Displacementi
km
22. Refer figure. Find the ratio of speed in first two
seconds to the speed in the next four seconds.

B 26
Drarcs
) 1
10 20 30 40
0
Time / min >
6 Time (s)
23. From the graph find the total distance travelled by
aparticle and its average velocity.
 of a body the boy. let us proceed as follo
Displacement-time Gaph Increasing, Non
Let the distance between the
ii)
moving with an office be x and time taken toreach
Uniform Velocity moving with his house be t.
body
displacement-timegraphofa Condis
The
non-unifomvelocity curve. Note: Remember the distance-lime ant thebod
velocity
velocity at A
displacement-time graphs of a
similar only when he body mves a 1

straight line in its positive direction

changing its direction.
The boy comes back 1o his
Time a) ben
a body same speed. This means, he
Displacement-bme graph tor
increasing non for the return journey. Then, te
moving wth
unfon veloa
Here, the slope of the curve
time.
increases with
time,
graph for the total journey is storwisat Dcrez

comst

thebody increases with figure.

So, the velocity of A
> Velocity at
i.e., Velocity at B 3. Wbe
Displacement-time Graph of a body
iv) Decreasing, Non-Unifomm
2
moving with
Velocity moving with Tre
graph of abody
The displacement-time
non-uniform velocity is a
curve. Here,
a decreasing the b) The body goes from his house to the psa
the curve decreases with time. So, and then back to his house at the sate set
the slope of
decreases with time, So, the displacement of the boy a the m g
velocity of the body 4.
Velocity at A the journey is zero. The displacee-ne
i.e., Velocity at B <
graph of the boy's journey is shoan in te
figure.
Note that the boy is not moving in a t i
Velocityat B< velocity at
A line (there is a change of direction). So
displacement-ime graph is differet fan ie
distance-time graph.
Time->

Deplacement-time graph of a body 10. Speed-time Graphs (or

moving wth a decreasing non-untom
velocty
Velocity- time) Graphs
body the velciy
v) Displacement-time Graph of a The geometrical relationship betreen
start is calei
of a body and the tme from the
moving with a Change of Direction velocity-time graph
When a body moves with a change of direction, its of a by
The shape of the velocity-ime graphFora ain
displacement-time graph is not the same as its depends upon the nature of its motion
sie
distance-time graph. This is illustrated by taking the along a straight line ina particular direction the
ofa velocity-time graph is equal to the accelerzin
following example. of the body.
Aboy goes from his house to the post office with
time Graphs
Different types of velocity-
uniform speed. Afier mailing the letter, he comes
Fora straight line mouon, there can be eista Efet
back to his house with the same speed. To draw
ypes of speed-time (or velocity-time) gaphs Thes
the distance-time and displacement-time graphs of are described below:
 Class Myh
Motion
velocity
draw aboutthe 31
Whie
canyou - timegraphs?
conclusiondisplacement
What
25 following
ofthe

represents uniform otion3

28. Which graph
e) 2)
3)

32
3)

distance-timegraph is not by four different bo

of the
following 29. The distance travelled In which c
26
Which varies with time as shown below,
minimun?
a
the acceleration of the body
pashle? 2)
1) ii)
i)

4)
iv)

displacement-time graphs
27. Which ofthe following
is not possible?
the motion of a x
1)
2) 30. The graph below represents 20s.
Find the displacement of the car in
v(m/s)
10

US
4 8 12 16 20

-10
 Motion
following cannot be a speed time
31. Which of thc
graph ?
2)
1)

4)
3)

shows the velocity-ime

given below
32. The figureone-dimensional motion Which of the
graph ofa characteristícs of the particle is
following area ?
represented by the shaded
velocity

tíme
2)Acceleration
I)Velocity
3) Displacement 4) Speed shown belos.
displacement time graph is
33. A
16
(m)
Displacamant
14

O 2 3 456789 10
Time (si
average velocy
From the graph, find the
between 4s to 6s.