FINISHING WORKS

Group members: Tutor:

Akshita Mittal (077BCE009) Asst. Prof. Subash Bastola
Ashim Paudel (077BCE021) Department of Civil Engineering
Bibek Khadka(077BCE032) IOE, Tribhuvan University
Bibek Pathak (077BCE033)
Bishal Ghimire (077BCE044)
Bishal Mahara (077BCE045)

1
COURSE CONTENT

9.1.Cladding (types, fixing process)

9.2.Partitions & Suspended ceilings

9.3.Plastering & Pointing (types and process of application)

9.4.Painting works in wooden, metal and masonry surfaces

2
Finishing works

1. It is used in final part of construction

2. Includes cladding, partitions, plastering, painting
3. Resistance to fire, rain, sound, wind etc
4. Decorative

3
Cladding
• Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer
• It is used to provide a degree of thermal insulation and weather resistance
• Cladding applied to windows is often referred to as window capping.
• Generally cladding is non-load bearing; However, at times the main structural
material like stone or brick are laid and dressed to provide a desired external surface,
hence are load-bearing cladding,

4
Functions of Cladding
• Provide necessary resistance to rain penetration
• Provide necessary resistance to wind penetration
• Give required degree of fire resistance
• Provide sufficient openings for admittance of natural daylight and ventilation
• Give required degree of sound/thermal insulation
• Have adequate durability
• Can be constructed in suitable size

5
Types of cladding

1. Cladding fixed to structural backing

2. Brick Cladding
3. Stone Cladding
4. Concrete Cladding

6
Cladding fixed to structural backing

• Small units of materials are used

• Cladding is done if structural wall cannot act as
adequate protective barrier against rain, sound, fire,
wind etc.
• Used to improve appearance of structure
• Materials used are tiles, slates, plastic boards etc

7
Brick cladding

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 Brick cladding
• They are non load bearing cladding
• Applies on, low quality brick backing
• Applied on stone backing as well as concrete backing
• Widely used in Nepal
• They are held in place with plaster and mortars or sometimes clamps
• Machine cut bricks (Chinese) are more common and works as load bearing
cladding

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10
Stone cladding
• Stones are also a popular cladding
material
• These are thin layer of stones, slate
stones or any other sedimentary rocks.
• They are either pasted or held in place
with the help of dowels or clamp
• It can be applied on the normal brick
backing, concrete backing or random
rubble stone backing
• Normally, stone clads are small in size and
have cement mortar bedding on the wall

11
Concrete cladding
• These are common in large construction mass housing, industries, and
high-rise buildings, retaining structures
• These are mostly used in high risk reasons from weather
• They are usually pre-fabricated concrete panels with textured face fixed over
the original surface to provide the desired face
• There can also be a cladding of concrete on the brick or stone backing
• When designing a concrete panel following points are taken in to account
1. Column or beam spacing
2. Lifting capacity of the plant
3. Joining methods
4. Exposure conditions

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Past Questions
1. Define Cladding and its different types with their purpose [6]
2. Short notes on : Cladding wall [4]
3. Short notes on : Brick Cladding [4]
4. Why cladding is important to building. Types of cladding [8]

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9.2 Partitions

• Dividing or screen wall which is constructed inside the enclosed area for the
purpose of dividing a room or portion of a room from another.
• Partitions may be taken upto
full floor height or upto eye
level i.e 2 – 2.5 m

14
Why partitions?
Advantages of partitions: Requirements of good partition walls:
• Should be thin enough to make more
• Increased Rooms space available but strong enough to
carry dead weight
• Privacy • Should provide good privacy or sound
insulation or thermal insulation based
on purpose
• Sound insulation
• Should be fire resistant, chemical
resistant as well as insects attack
• Easy construction
• Should have strength to support wall
fixtures like sinks, wash basins etc
• Less occupancy • Should be light, thin, cheap and easy to
construct
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Types of Partition
1. Based on Load Carrying Property
Load Bearing Partitions Non Load Bearing
Partitions
Designed to receive superimposed Designed neither to receive

loads and transferring to the superimposed load nor transmit

foundations any structural loads

Supports the joints of floors, purlins Has only its weight to hold in

and ceilings position

They are permanent type of They can be removed as required

partitions

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Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
a. Brick Partitions
• Plain brick partition of half
thickness can’t take heavy loads,
so their height is restricted to 2m

• Efficient in preventing fire and

sound insulation

• Its types are:

Half-brick partitions,
Reinforced brick partitions, and Fig: Bricks Partition
Bricknogged partitions
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Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
b. Clay Block Partitions
• Prepared from clay or terra-cotta and may be either solid or hollow
• Provided with grooves on top, bottom and sides
• Efficient in sound insulations and fire protection
• Light in weight and are non-shrinkable

Fig: Clay Blocks Partition Wall Fig: Clay Blocks

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Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
c. Concrete Partitions

• They can be precast or cast

in-situ

• Thickness of solid precast

concrete slabs are 40mm

• Thickness of cast in-situ

concrete walls may be about Fig: Concrete Partition
80mm

• Major advantage is 19
Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
d. Glass Partitions

• Made from sheet glass or hollow

glass block

• Sheets of glass are fixed in metal

or wooden frame work

• Used for good aesthetics and

allows light

• They are not designed to carry Fig: Glass Partition

loads other than self weight 20

Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
e. Metal Partitions

• Mild steel, Bronze and

Aluminium are commonly used
metals

• They are suitable for office

buildings, industrial buildings

Fig: Metal Partition

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Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
f. Asbestos Cement Sheet Partitions
• Wooden framework is prepared
and asbestos cement sheets are
fixed into them

• Partitions are light in weight,

durable and impervious to water

Fig: AC Sheets with slabs for Partitions

Fig: Asbestos Cement Sheets

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Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
g. Straw Board Partitions

• Slabs are prepared from

compressed straw and covered
with thick paper or hardboard are
used

• Good heat and sound insulations

• Used at places where frequent

removal of partitions is expected Fig: Strawboard Slabs

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Types of Partition
2. Based on Material
h. Eco Panels

Fig: Eco panel partition wall Fig: Eco panel Pieces

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Suspended Ceilings
• Ceiling structure constructed just below
the actual slab structure

• Do not carry slab loads but must carry

self load and other fixtures in it like light
and light diffusers, cables, AC ducts and
central AC units, smoke sensors,
insulation materials etc.

• They are generally suspended from

above structures like slab and beams or
roof structures

• Mainly for aesthetic view and for proper 25

Suspended Ceilings
• Plaster boards, screw boards, anchor ties etc. are used to hold ceiling in place

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Why Suspended Ceilings?
Purposes of suspended Requirements of suspended
ceilings: ceilings:

• Attractive appearance and hide • Should be good looking and

structural members appealing

• Void space is used for utility • Should be easy and adaptive in

pipes, electrical and constructing designs and installation
communication wires, etc.
• Should create ease in maintenance
• To lower ceiling height and hence and repair of ceiling and its fixtures
to reduce volume of room and (light, AC etc.)
improve its acoustical quality
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Types of Suspended Ceilings Based on Materials

Timber Metal Straw Board

Gypsum Board PVC Glass

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Types of Suspended Ceilings Based on Method of
Construction
1. Jointed ceiling: widely used and joints
can be seen and used as decorative.
Standard panels are use or different
textures

2. Joint-less ceilings: monolithic in

appearance and has visually no joints in it. Jointed Ceiling Jointless Ceiling
It seems as a whole ceiling block. Joints
are sealed by plaster on ceiling boards
and covering joints. Good for art work on
ceiling and smooth surface

3. Open ceiling: have designed

configuration to place voids and panels.
Aesthetically used widely and use of Open Ceiling
lighting enhances the view. 29
Past Questions

• What is suspended ceiling used for? [2078 Baisakh] [2 marks]

• Explain the classification of partition with respect to materials and loading

systems [2076 Bhadra] [4 + 4 marks]

• What are the requirements of good partition? Describe the types of partition with
the basis of loading system. [2070 Chaitra] [4 + 4 marks]

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.1. What is plastering ?

• Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces of

walls, columns, ceilings and other building components
with thin coat of plastic mortars to form a smooth
durable surface.

• The coating of plastic material (i.e., mortar) is termed as

plaster.

• Plastering on external exposed surfaces is known as

rendering

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.2. Objectives of plastering:

• To protect the external surfaces against penetration of rain

water and other atmospheric agencies.

• To give smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge.

• To give decorative effect.

• To protect surfaces against vermin (varmit).

• To conceal inferior materials or defective workmanship

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.3. Requirement of good plastering:

• It should adhere to the background, and should remain adhered during all
variations in seasons and other atmospheric conditions.

• It should be hard and durable.

• It should possess good workability.

• It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions.

• It should be cheap.

• It should effectively check penetration of moisture.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4 Types of plaster:

Plaster are categorized according to mortar used.

1. Lime Plaster

2. Cement Plaster

3. Cement-lime Plaster

4. Mud Plaster

5. Surkhi Plaster

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1
9.3.1: Plastering
1. Lime Plaster

• Lime : Sand ratio is 1:3 to 1:4.

• Chopped hemp can be mixed at rate of 1kg per cubic

meter to improve tensile strength.

• Binding properties can be improved by adding gugal(a

kind of fragrant gum) at rate of 1.6kg per cubic meter.

• Smooth plastered surface is obtained due to its plasticity.

• The lime mortar thus prepared is usually kept for 2 days

before use.

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9.3.1: Plastering
2. Cement Plaster

• Cement : Sand vary from 1:4 to 1:6.

• Best plastering mortar due to its non absorbent properties.

• Should be used before initial setting takes place.

• Sand used for plastering should be clean, coarse and angular.

• Can be used for external, internal and damp condition.

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9.3.1: Plastering
3. Cement-Lime Plaster

• Cement : Lime : Sand ratio is 1:1:6 to 1:1:8.

• Contains properties of both cement and lime mortar.

• Lime plasters are relatively soft and permeable, while cement plaster is
harder, more brittle and less permeable. In the right combination (25%–50%
cement), a lime/cement plaster can have fast set times (2–6 hours) and cure
to be hard and durable yet still be sufficiently permeable to be part of a vapor
flow-through wall system.

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9.3.1: Plastering
4. Mud Plaster

• Its ingredients include clay and sand.

• Straw are also included to minimize the

formation of cracks during drying of clay.

• Indoor temperature control.

5. Surkhi Plaster
• Surkhi is finely powdered burnt clay and generally made from slightly under
burnt bricks.
• Lime mortar in which sand is substituted by surkhi.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4. Methods of plastering:

a) Preparation of background

• Masonry joints should be raked.(10mm for brick and 15mm for stone
masonry)

• Any unevenness should be levelled.

• The surface should be cleaned with water and kept damp to create
optimum suction.

• In case of plastering old surface the old layer of plaster should be

scrapped off completely.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4. Methods of plastering:
1. Lime mortar

i) Three coat plaster:

b) Application of rendering coat:
• The mortar is forcibly applied with mason’s trowel and pressed well into joints
and over the surface.
• Thickness of coat should be as to o cover all inequalities of the surface;
normal thickness is 12 mm.
• This is allowed to slightly harden, and then scratched criss-cross with the edge
of trowel.
• The surface is left to set at least 7 days. During this time curing is done
by keeping it damp and then it is dried completely.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4. Methods of plastering:

b) Application of floating coat:

• The rendering coat is cleaned off all dirt, dust and other loose mortar droppings

• Patches 15 cm × 15 cm or strips 10 cm wide are applied at suitable spacing to act as

gauges.

• The mortar is thrown spread and rubbed to get smooth surface.

• It is then cured to set completely for at least 10 days by keeping it damp and then
dried completely.

• Thickness varies from 6-9 mm.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4. Methods of plastering:

c) Application of finishing coat:

• Clean the surface of all dirt, dust and mortar droppings and wet the floating surface.
• Finishing coat is applied and rubbed hard to get smooth surface.

ii) Two coat plaster:

In case of two coat plaster the rendering coat and floating coat is applied
continuously of thickness 12mm. Finishing coat is places in similar fashion as in
three coat plaster.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4. Methods of plastering:
2. Cement mortar
i) Two coat plaster:
• If the surface to plastered is very uneven, a preliminary coat is applied to fill up
the hollows, before the first coat.
• The first coat or rendering coat of plaster is applied of thickness 2-3 mm.In
order to maintain uniform thickness of plaster, screeds are formed of plaster on
wall surface by fixing dots of `15 cm ×15 cm size. Two dots are formed at
interval of 2m and plumbed by plumbing. Then screed are formed joining two
dots. Then mortar is applied between screed and surface is finishsed.
• Rendering coat is kept wet for 2 days and dried completely.
• Finishing coat of 2-3 mm is applied by making the rendering surface
damp. As far as possible it is applied from top to bottom in single
operation to prevent joining marks.
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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.4. Methods of plastering:
2. Cement mortar

ii) Three coat plaster:

• An intermediate floating coat is provided to even out the
surface.
• Floating coat is applied 7 days after applying rendering
coat.
• Finishing coat is applied about 6 hours after the
application of floating coat.
iii) Single coat plaster:
• Applied similarly to two coat plaster except the rendering coat is finished off
immediately after it sufficiently hardens.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.5. Defects of plastering:
• Blistering of plastered surface:
This is the formation of small patches of
plaster swelling out beyond the plastered surface,
arising out of late slaking of lime particles in the
plaster.

• Crazing:
It is the formation of a series of hair cracks
on plastered surface, due to same reasons
which cause cracking.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.5. Defects of plastering:
• Cracking: Cracking consists of formation of cracks or fissures in the plaster work
resulting from the following reasons:
(i) Imperfect preparation of background.
(ii) Structural defects in building.
(iii) Discontinuity of surface.
(iv) Movements in the background due to its thermal expansion or rapid drying.
(v) Due expansion or shrinkage of background.
(vi) Faulty workmanship.

• Peeling: It is the complete dislocation of some

portion of plastered surface, resulting in the
formation of a patch. This also results from
imperfect bond.
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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.5. Defects of plastering:
• Efflorescence:
It is the whitish crystalline substance which appears on
the surface due to presence of salts in plaster-making
materials as well as building materials like bricks, sand,
cement etc., and even water. It affects the adhesion of
paint with wall surface. Efflorescence can be removed to
some extent by dry brushing and washing the surface
repeatedly.

47
9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.5. Defects of plastering:
• Flaking:
It is the formation of very loose mass of plastered surface, due to poor bond
between successive coats.
• Popping:
It is the formation of conical hole in the plastered surface due to presence of some
particles which expand on setting.
• Rust stains:
These are sometimes formed when plaster is applied on metal laths.
• Uneven surface:
This is obtained purely due to poor workmanship.

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9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.5. Tools used in plastering:
• Gauging Trowel: • Float

A float is used for applying and

A gauging trowel is used for spreading mortar on the surface. It is
gauging small quantities of made of either metal or wood.
materials and for applying mortar
to moldings, corners etc.

49
9.3.1: Plastering
9.3.1.5. Tools used in plastering:
• Floating rule: • Miscellaneous tools:

Scratcher Straight Edge

These include plumb bob, spirit level, set
It is used for checking the level of the square, straight edges, brushes, scratchers
plastered surface between etc.
successive screeds.

50
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.1.What is pointing ?

Pointing is a technique of strengthening and

repairs of brick masonry, block masonry
stone masonry mortar joints.

The technique of applying cement or lime mortar

to the joints of the masonry to provide neat
appearance and to protect them from rain water is
called pointing. Figure: Pointing

It can be done as a repair work by removing the

disintegrated mortar between joints and can also
be done at the time of construction.
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9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.2 : Pointing procedure

1. Joints are raked to about 10mm depth

2. Raked joints are cleaned using brushes
3. Joints are washed with clean water and is kept
wet for few hours.
4. Rich Mortar is applied on the joints with the
help of small trowel
5. Applied mortar is given the shape of desired
type of pointing by using pointing tool.
6. Curing is done for 3 days if lime is used and 10
Fig : Application of pointing
days if cement mortar is used.

Video reference: 52
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.3 : Mortar used for pointing

Pointing work is usually done by lime mortar or

cement mortar.
The mortar used in pointing work should be
richer than masonry mortar.
Lime mortar for pointing work done by equal
part of lime and fine sand and then grinding
the mixture thoroughly, in mortar mill.
Cement mortar for pointing work prepared by
mixing cement and sand in proportion 1:2 or Fig : Application of pointing
1:3. Equal volume of sand and cement can
also be used for additional strength and
durability. 53
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.4 : Suitability for pointing

When a smooth and even surfaces is not

essentially required.
Where it is desirable to exhibit to view the
natural beauty of the materials( brick or stones)
used in construction.
When the workmanship is neat and good.
When previously applied mortar in the joints are
disintegrated due to weathering.

54
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

a. Flush pointing
In flush pointing, the mortar filled and pressed
into a mortar joint. After that, it is finished off
flush with the edges of the bricks or stoned, to
give a smooth appearance. Then the final finish is
given by trimming the edges neatly with a trowel
and straight edge. Figure : Flush pointing

55
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

b. Struck/cut pointing
• In this pointing work, the mortar is pressed
into a joint and while the mortar is still fresh
the top of the horizontal joints is neatly pressed
back by 3-10mm with the pointing tool. They
look like sloping from the top of the joint to
bottom of joint. Figure : struck pointing

• This point disposes water easily.

56
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

c. Keyed pointing
• In these types of pointing the mortar is pressed
into joints by trowel and well finished off with the
face of masonry surface. After that the joint is
pressed back by small-diameter pipe/rod
lengthwise (6mm dia) which will form a curved
arc groove into a mortar joint. Figure : Keyed pointing

• This point disposes water easily and has better

appearance.

57
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

d. V-grooved pointing
• These types of pointing are similar to keyed
pointing work. The mortar filled and pressed
into a joint. After that, the V-shaped groove is
formed in the joint by use of V-shape tool.

• This point disposes water easily and has better Figure : V-shaped pointing

appearance.

58
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

e. Beaded pointing
• In the mortar, pressed into a masonry joint
and concave grooves are formed into a joint by
using a steel tool having a concave shape.

• It gives excellent appearance to the mortar but

is liable to damage. Figure : Beaded pointing

59
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

f. Recessed pointing
• Recessed pointing are created by pressing
mortar back from edges by 5 mm or more.

• These types of pointing are generally not

suitable for buildings in exposed situations
because they do not readily shed water. Figure : Recessed pointing

60
9.3.2: Pointing
9.3.2.5 : Types of Pointing

g. Tuck pointing
• In this type of pointing, a groove is formed at
the centre of joint. The width and depth of grove
are 5mm and 3mm respectively. The groove is
then filled in or tucked in by white cement
putty with a projection of 3mm as shown in
figure.

Figure : Tuck pointing

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Fig : Tuck pointing
62
9.3.2: Pointing
Past questions about pointing

1.Why is pointing necessary? What are the defects in plastering works? Explain
various constituents of oil paint.(2+2+3)

2.Define pointing and its types.(6)

3.Differentiate between plastering and pointing.(3)

4.Explain methods of pointing and type of pointing(6)

5.What do you understand by pointing. Explain procedure of pointing work.(6)

6.Write short notes on plastering and pointing(4)

63
9.4. Painting Works in Wooden, Metal and Masonry Surfaces
Paint
Paint is a liquid or semi-liquid material that, when applied to a surface, forms a
thin layer that dries to create a protective and decorative coating.
Constituents of Paint
1. Pigments: Colored powders or compounds
providing the color and opacity of paint.
2.Binders/resins: Substance that holds the
pigments together and adheres them to the
surface after drying.
3.Solvent/Thinner: Liquid component used to
dissolve the binder and adjust the paint's viscosity
for application.
4.Additives :Components added to the paint to
achieve different quality contributing in their
performance, durability, appearance ,applications
etc. 64
Function of Paints
1. It provides a smooth and attractive surface.
2. It prevents corrosion in metal structures.
3. It guards the surface against weathering effects of the atmosphere
and action by other liquids, fumes, and gases.
4. It is used to give a decorative effect on the surface.
5. It prevents the formation of bacteria and fungi, which are unhygienic
and give an ugly look to the wall.
6. It prevents the decay of woodwork.

65
 Characteristics of good paint
1. The paint has good hiding power & required color.
2. It must form a tough, elastic & durable film when it is dry.
3. Paint must resist corrosion.
4. It should not crack when it’s dry.
5. It should be fluid enough to be spread evenly in a thin coat with a
brush.
6. The brush mark should not appear after drying.
7. It should be free from cracking and blistering.
8. It should have good resistance capacity against moisture.
9. The paint must present a good attractive appearance.
10. It should have a lasting pleasing appearance.
11. It must dry quickly.

66
 Types of Paints
.Water-based Paints : These paints use water as a carrier instead of solvents, making
them easier to clean up with water and less harmful to the environment. They dry
relatively quickly, have low odor, and are suitable for interior and exterior applications.

.Oil-based Paints : Oil-based paints use mineral spirits or other solvents as carriers and
take longer to dry compared to water-based paints. They offer excellent adhesion and
durability, making them suitable for high-traffic areas and outdoor surfaces. However,
they have a strong odor and require proper ventilation during application.

3.Enamel Paints: Enamel paints are

oil-based or water-based paints that form a
hard, glossy finish when dry. They provide
excellent durability and are resistant to stains,
moisture, and wear, making them ideal for use
on trim, cabinets, and furniture.
67
4. Bituminous paints: It is a type of coating made from bitumen-based materials,
typically used for waterproofing and corrosion protection of metal surfaces in various
industrial and marine applications. It forms a durable and flexible film that adheres
well to substrates, providing long-lasting protection against moisture, chemicals, and
atmospheric conditions.

5. Cement paints: It is a type of paint specifically formulated for application on

masonry and concrete surfaces, providing a durable and weather-resistant finish. It
consists of cement, pigments, and additives that bond tightly to the surface, offering
excellent adhesion and long-lasting protection against moisture, UV rays, and
environmental damage.

6.Synthetic Rubber paints: Synthetic rubber paint is a specialized coating

formulated with synthetic rubber polymers, providing exceptional flexibility and
durability. It is commonly used for waterproofing and protective applications on
surfaces. 68
7.Aluminium Paints : It is a type of metallic coating that contains
aluminum flakes or powder as the primary pigment, providing a shiny,
reflective finish. It is used in industrial settings, pipelines machinery, and
structural components, where durability and weather resistance are
essential.

8. Anti corrosive paints

9. Asbestos paints
10. Cellulose paints
11. Bronze paints
12.Silicate paints
13. Luminous paints
14. Plastic paints

69
Painting On Different Surfaces

70
Painting On Different Surfaces

1.Painting On New Wood Works

** For Good Works, Four coat of paint are required

** For Inferior Works, Only two to three coat of paint is applied

71
 Step to Step Procedure of Painting On Wood Works
1. Preparation of surface
✔ Wood works should be well-seasoned, and should not contain more than 15% of
moisture.
✔ Surface is dusted off thoroughly, head of nails punched to 3mm depth of surface.
✔ Greasy spots, if any, should be removed by rubbing with piece of clean muslin
soaked in benzene or turpentine and allowed to dry.

2. Knotting
✔ Cover all the knots, so that resin cannot come out or exude. Otherwise, resin will
damage the paint.
✔ In Ordinary Methods (OM), two coat are applied. First coat consist of grounding 15g
of red lead in 2 litre of water and adding 225g of glue and heating solution. After 10
min of first coat second coat is applied.
✔ In second method, hot lime is applied and rest for 24 hours which follow OM. 72
Step to Step Procedure of Painting On Wood Works
3. Priming
✔ The first coat of paint is applied here to fill all the pores.
✔ It create layer which provide adhesion of paint with surface.
✔ Ingredient are kept same as in subsequent coat but in varying proportion.
✔ For ordinary works, 3kg of red lead, 3kg of white lead, 3 litre of linseed oil or
turpentine is used.

4. Stopping
✔ Here, wood surface is rubbed by means of pumice stone or glass paper after
the first coat is applied. All the nail holes, cracks are filled up with putty.
✔ After putty dried up, surface is again rubbed with pumice stone.
✔ Putty is made by mixing powdered chalk in linseed oil to the consistency of
thick paste.
73
Step to Step Procedure of Painting On Wood Works

5. Under-Coatings
✔ After stopping, second and successive coating are applied.
✔ Under-coating should be of same shade as that of finishing coat.
✔ Sufficient time is allowed for drying each coat before applying next coat.
✔ For superior work, each coat is rubbed and cleaned before next coat.

6. Finishing Coat
✔ Make sure under-coating is perfectly dried.
✔ This coat is applied very carefully, by a skilled painter, so that finished surface
is smooth, uniform and free form patches and bush marks.

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Painting On Different Surfaces

2. Repainting Old works

**Before repainting, the old paint cracks, blisters should be removed by

paint remover or solvent

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Steps For Repainting Old Works
A. Paint Removing Methods
Applying solution containing 1 kg of caustic soda in 5 litres of water. The paint
gets dissolved.

Applying mixture containing one part of soft soap, two parts of potash and
one part of quicklime, while in hot state. After 24 hours of application, the
surface is washed with hot water.

Applying mixture of equal parts of washing soda and quicklime to the required
consistency. After 1 hour of application, the surface is washed with water.

B. Repainting
✔ Surface is properly cleaned then rubbed with pumice stone.
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Painting On Different Surfaces

3. Painting New Iron And Steel Works

** Iron and Steel Surface are painted so that rust is prevented

77
Steps For Painting Iron And Steel Works
Carefully follow these steps:
✔ The surface is cleaned off scale and rust etc. by scrapping or brushing with
steel wire brushes. Oil and grease is removed by washing with petrol.

✔ The cleaned surface is treated with a film of phosphoric acid. This film
protects the surface from rusting and provide adhesion to paint.

✔ The prime coat consisting 3kg of red lead in 1 litre of boiled linseed oil is
applied by brush.

✔ After prime coat dried, two or more under-coats are applied. Under-coat
consist of 3kg of red oxide, dissolved in 5 litre of linseed oil.

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4. Repainting Old Iron and Steel Works
Procedure:
✔ Before repainting, the old surface is thoroughly cleaned by the application of
soap water. Grease are also removed by washing surface with lime water.

✔ Old paint cracks are removed by a flat oxy-acetylene flame. The surface is
scrapped with wire brush and washed with solution of caustic soda and fresh
slaked lime.

✔ After the surface is prepared, the painting is carried out as new surface.

Fig: Old paint In Steel

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Painting On Different Surfaces

5. Painting Galvanised Iron Work

** Paint does not adhere easily so special treatment is done

80
5. Painting Galvanized Iron Works

81
Painting On Different Surfaces

6. Painting Plastered Surfaces

** Newly plastered surface may contain considerable moisture

** Hence, Painting should be restored after 3 to 6 month of plastering

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Step for Painting In Plastered Surfaces
Procedure:
✔ For newly plastered surfaces, painting is done after 3 to 6 months i.e after
moisture is reduced.

✔ Plastered surface are highly alkaline due to hydration of cement, thus oil
based paint are liable to alkali attack. So apply alkali resistant primer.

✔ Absorption of liquid of paint by porous surface is called suction. High suction

may cause difficulty in applying paint and uneven suction may cause lack of
uniformity in finish appearance. So corresponding variation in priming coating
is taking into account.

✔ The spot showing efflorescence should be brushed off and watched for few
days. If efflorescence is developed again, plastering should postponed until 83
Step for Painting In Plastered Surfaces
Procedure for new lime plaster:
✔ If possible, lime plaster should be left unpainted for the first few months so as
to allow the plaster to carbonate, harden and dry thoroughly.

✔ If there is any objection to leaving the plaster base, a temporary decoration of

soft distemper (non-washable distemper) may be applied. This may be
removed easily at a later date and replaced by a more permanent decoration.

✔ If the background of the plaster is one likely to contain large amounts of

water, for example, new brick work, concrete or building blocks, no attempt
should be made to apply oil paint until the wall is thoroughly dry.

✔ If the background is of a dry type, for example, wood or metal lath, oil paints
may be applied with the safety after a few weeks drying, and oil-bound 84
Defects in Painting
Following are the usual defects which are found in the painting work:
(1) Blistering: This defect is caused by the water vapour which is trapped behind
the painted surface. The formation of bubbles under the film of paint occurs in this
defect. It may occur from various causes such as imperfect seasoning of timber,
excess oil used in final coat, etc.
(2) Bloom: In this defect, the formation of dull patches occurs on the finished
polished surface. It is the due to the defect in paint or bad ventilation.
(3) Fading: The gradual loss of color is known as the fading and it is mainly due to
the effect of sunlight on pigments of paint.
(4) Flaking: A small portion of the painted surface is sometimes seen loose. It is
known as the flaking and is due to poor adhesion.
(5) Flashing: Sometimes the glossy patches are seen on the painted surface. This
is known as the flashing and it is mainly due to poor workmanship, cheap paint or
weather action.

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Old Question
1.Explain various constituents of oil paints. (3) [ 2079 Jestha, 2078 poush ]

2.Write the steps for painting on a metal surface. (4) [ 2077 Chaitra ]

3.Explain the process of painting works on masonry structures. (4) [ 2071 Bhadra ]

4.Define paints. What are the ingredients of oil paints? What are the characteristics
of good paints? How do you undertake painting works in new and old woodwork?
(8) [ 2066 Bhadra]

5.Painting on metal and masonry surface (4) [ 2065 Shrawan ]

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