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Hybrid Security Algorithms for Data Transmission using AES-DES

Article · October 2013

DOI: 10.5120/ijais13-451028

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

Hybrid Security Algorithms for Data Transmission using

AES-DES

Jignesh R Patel Rajesh S. Bansode Vikas Kaul

PG-scholar,TCET Asst.prof, TCET Asst.prof, TCET
Kandivali,mumbai Kandivali,mumbai Kandivali,mumbai
india india india

ABSTRACT
The fast evolution of digital data exchange has forced the AES operates on a 4×4 column-major order matrix of bytes,
information security to be of much important in data storage termed the state (versions of Rijndael with a larger block size
and transmission. As large amount of data is transmitted over have additional columns in the state). Most AES calculations
the network, it is preliminary to secure all types of data before are done in a special finite field. The AES cipher is specified
sending them. The problem with AES, most extensively used as a number of repetitions of transformation rounds that
encryption is that it uses many multi variant equations which convert the input plaintext into the final output of cipher text.
are linear in nature. Thus it can be broken using algebraic Each round consists of several processing steps, including one
cryptanalysis. This provides a serious threat as AES was that depends on the encryption key. A set of reverse rounds
considered to be unbreakable and thus it was used in many are applied to transform cipher text back into the original
encryption systems. plaintext using the same encryption key[13].

The current paper presents the design and implementation of a The key size used for an AES cipher specifies the number of
hybrid based 128 bit key AES-DES algorithm as a security repetitions of transformation rounds that convert the input
enhancement. plain text into the final output, called the cipher text. The
number of cycles of repetition are as follows:
Keywords
Cipher, DES, AES, Hybrid AES DES, Key matrix.  10 cycles of repetition for 128-bit keys.
 12 cycles of repetition for 192-bit keys.
1. INTRODUCTION  14 cycles of repetition for 256-bit keys[5].
The DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a cryptographic
standard. The algorithm is designed to encipher and decipher
blocks of data consisting of 64 bits under control of a 64-bit 1 .2 DES
key. DES is the block cipher algorithm that takes a fixed-length
In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of
cipher has a 128-bit block size, with key sizes of 128, 192 and complicated operations into another cipher text bit string of
the same length. In the case of DES, the block size is 64 bits.
256 bits, respectively.
DES also uses a key to customize the transformation so that
The integration of AES with DES is to enhance security for decryption can be performed by authentic user used to
input mode as text ,image, audio and video. The paper encrypt the key. The key ostensibly consists of 64 bits
outlines the possible weaknesses within the current AES however only 56 of these are actually used by the algorithm.
encryption algorithm especially against algebraic based Eight bits are used solely for checking parity, and are
cryptanalysis. To understand the need for minimizing thereafter discarded. Hence the effective key length is 56 bits,
algebraic attacks on AES there by the idea of integrating and it is never quoted as such. Every 8th bit of the selected
AES with DES is proposed. Hence the development of the key is discarded, that is, positions 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64
Hybrid AES-DES algorithm. are removed from the 64 bit key leaving behind only the 56
bit key [17].
1.1 Cryptanalysis of AES
The F-function, operates on half a block (32 bits) at a time
AES is based on a design principle known as a Substitution and consists of four stages:
permutation network. It is fast in both software and hardware.
Unlike its predecessor DES, AES does not use a Feistel 1. Expansion — The 32-bit half-block is expanded to 48 bits
network[12]. using the expansion permutation by duplicating half of the
bits. The output consists of eight 6-bit(8*6=48bits) chunk,
AES has a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, each containing a copy of 4 corresponding input bits, plus a
192, or 256 bits, whereas Rijndael can be specified with block copy of the immediately adjacent bit from each of the input
and key sizes in any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of pieces to either side[17].
128 bits. The block size has a maximum of 256 bits[7].

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

2. Key mixing — The result is combined with a sub key using field generator and the remainder is taken as the result. Since
an XOR operation. Sixteen 48-bit sub keys one for each round there are 256 possible polynomials, a look up table can be
are derived from the main key using the key schedule[3]. created for a specific field generator. So the lookup table
contain 256 * 256 entries [16].
3. Substitution — After mixing in the sub key, the block is
divided into eight 6-bit pieces before processing by the S-
boxes, or substitution boxes. Each of the eight S-boxes
replaces its six input bits with four output bits according to a
non-linear transformation, provided in the form of a lookup
table. The S-boxes provide the core of the security of DES
without them, the cipher would be linear, and trivially
breakable[19].

4. Permutation — Finally, the 32 outputs from the S-boxes

are rearranged according to a fixed permutation, the P-box.
This is designed so that, after expansion, each S-box's output
bits are spread across 6 different S boxes in the next
round[17].

DES - The 16 Rounds

The basic process in enciphering a 64-bit data block and a 56-

bit key using the DES consists of:

An initial permutation (IP)

16 rounds of a complex key dependent

calculation f

A final permutation, being the inverse of

IP

Fig. 2 AES rounds

Scheduling: The round keys are each round requiring Nc

words of key data. For 128-bits keys the key scheduling
operates intrinsically on blocks of four (4) 32-bits words.
calculating one new round key from the previous one, denote
the ith word of the actual round key with K[i], where 0¡i¡ 4,
and the ith word of the next round key with K[i]. K[0] is
computed by an XOR between K[0], a constant r (field
generator) and K[3], the latter being pre rotated and
transformed. The other three words K[1], K[2] and K[3] are
calculated as K[i] = K[i] . K[i - 1][9].

Rounding: At the start of the cipher the cipher input is copied

into the internal state using the conventions described before
Fig.1. An initial round key is then added and the state is then
transformed by iterating a round function in a number of
cycles. The steps involved in AES are shown in Illustration 1.
Fig. 1 DES rounds
It is the algorithm as rinjdael suggested[4].
1.3 AES
Round Function: One round is termed as a cycle and each
A byte in Rijndael is the basic data unit for all cipher
cycle has four steps. Each step of transformation is described
operations. Such bytes are interpreted as finite field elements
below. Add Round Key: This is the first step of
using polynomial representation, where a byte b with bits b0,
transformation. The Xor Round Key function declared in
b1 ,... b7 represents the finite field elements. Finite field
Illustration 1 has to perform a bitwise Xor of the state matrix
operations like addition and multiplication are required for
and the round key matrix[1].
key scheduling and rounding. The addition of two finite field
elements is achieved by adding the coefficients for
Sub-Bytes : Transformation: Inverse of the state matrix is
corresponding powers in their polynomial representations, this
found here and a fine transformation is performed[6].
addition being performed in GF(2), that is, modulo 2, so that
1+ 1 = 0. Addition is nothing but performing XOR between
Shift Rows: The Shift Rows transformation operates
two expressions. Finite field multiplication is more difficult
individually on each of the last three rows of the state matrix
than addition and is achieved by multiplying the polynomials
by cyclically shifting the bytes in the row. The second row is

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

shift done time to the left, third row shifted two times and
fourth rows shifted three times[3].

Mix Columns: The mix columns transformation computes

the new state matrix S by left-multiplying the current state
matrix S by the polynomial matrix[14].

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a block cipher

which is ratified as a standard by National Institute of
Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST), was
chosen using a process markedly more open and transparent
than its predecessor, the aging Data Encryption Standard
(DES). This process won plaudits from the open
cryptographic community, and helped to increase confidence
in the security of the winning algorithm from those who were
suspicious of backdoors in the predecessor, DES[8].

2. Hybrid AES -DES

In proposed algorithm (Hybrid AES-DES) the goal had been

achieved by combining two algorithms called DES and AES.

For encryption of data:-

1. The input is consider as Text, image (.jpeg), audio

(8 bit low level .wav file) or video (.avi) is being
converted to 128 bit plain text.
2. Further 128 bit text is being divided into two sets of
64 bit plain text data.
3. Next this 64 bit plain text is being given as input to
DES algorithm, which encrypts to give encrypted 64
bit text.
4. Such two sets of encrypted 64 bit texts are then
merged as single 128 bit encrypted data, which
further being applied to AES algorithm for further
encryption[4].

For decryption of data:-

1. The 128 bit encrypted data is applied to AES

algorithm, which provide decrypted set of 128 bit of
data.
2. This one set of 128 bit of data is then further
divided into two 64 bit data set.
3. These data sets are then further applied to DES
algorithm to get the two decrypted set of 64 bit.
4. This two sets of 64 bit decrypted data merge into
single 128 bit data.

Fig. 3 Hybrid AES-DES flow

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

3. Implementation
In this system the implementation of DES, AES, and Hybrid
AES-DES is done for comparative study so it can be easily
understood that time requirement for encryption of Hybrid
AES-DES is greater than that of the time requirement of 3.2 Hybrid AES-DES algorithm implemented in this
individual AES and DES. The time getting during the snapshot for input mode (video)
experimental result may varies for same input because it
depends upon the processor and memory available during the
execution of the program. The decryption time is less because
the decryption is done continuously with the encryption.

3.1 Hybrid AES-DES algorithm implemented in this

snapshot for input mode (image)

Fig.5 Snapshot for Hybrid AES-DES algorithm for input

Fig.4 Snapshot for Hybrid AES-DES algorithm for input mode video
mode image
In this system only 12 frame video of size 145 Kb taken as a
input to the system for encryption and decrypted the same.
The decryption time is less because the decryption is done
In this system the different size of images are taken as a input continuously with the encryption also video of (.avi) format is
to the system for encryption such as 328 bits,798 bits ,3600
only done for encryption and decryption. The time require for
bits,4692 bits,5700 bits,22500 bits images and same are
encryption is higher because the encryption is done at bit
decrypted also images of (jpeg) format is only done for
level so the security for encrypted data is very high that it
encryption and decryption. can’t be easily understood by any of the attackers. The video
file is divided into 12 frames and encrypted as shown in the
figure and after that merging is done after decryption.

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

3.3 Hybrid AES-DES algorithm implemented in this 4. Results and Performance Analysis
snapshot for input mode (audio)

Table 1. Encryption time (average) in seconds for image

(mode of input) for different number of bits

Size(Bits) 324 798 3600

DES 5.24878 14.0182 39.4617
AES 6.12828 16.7967 42.5645
Hybrid 11.1528 17.9159 50.2624

Fig. 7 Encryption time for image mode of input for

different number of bits for DES,AES, Hybrid AES-DES
algorithm.

Table 2. Decryption time (average) for image (mode of

input) for different numbers of bits

Size(Bits) 324 798 3600

DES 2.71026 2.85587 4.84221
Fig.6 Snapshot for Hybrid AES-DES algorithm for input
AES 2.66177 2.85153 3.91078
mode image
In this system the different size of audio files are taken as a Hybrid 2.61099 2.84419 4.42111
input to the system for encryption such as 8.59 Kb, 9.46 Kb,
15.6Kb, 19.2Kb,19.5Kb,22.9Kb,26.7Kb and same are
decrypted also audio of (8 bit low level wav file) format is
only done for encryption and decryption.

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

Table 4. Decryption time (average) for audio (mode of

input) for different sizes (in KB)

Size(KB) 8.59 9.46 15.6

DES 4.00382 4.00412 4.00451
AES 4.0038 4.00385 4.00485
Hybrid 4.00366 4.00375 4.0045

Fig.8 Decryption time for image mode of input for

different number of bits for DES, AES, Hybrid AES-DES
algorithm

Table 3. Encryption time (average) for audio (mode of

input) for different sizes (in KB)

Size(KB) 8.59 9.46 15.6

DES 102.63 144.052 236.211
AES 114.584 150.953 240.747 Fig. 10 Decryption time for audio mode of input for
different size of wav file for DES, AES , Hybrid AES-DES
Hybrid 133.459 155.421 245.3467 algorithm

5. Conclusion
An improved Hybrid AES-DES algorithm as means of
strengthening the current AES architecture. The hybrid model
gives a better non linearity to the plain AES and as it is
merged with DES there is better diffusion hence the
possibility of an algebraic attack on the hybrid model is
reduced.

Also the time shown on the analysis are average time because
the time may vary depend upon the processor availability and
processor speed. one can’t get the different time for same
input for encryption as well as decryption because of same.

In this algorithm the image are only for (jpeg) file format is
supported and audio file for (8 bit low level wav file) format
is supported and video only (avi) format is supported.

In this system applying different algorithm like DES, AES &

Hybrid AES-DES for text , image ,audio and only hybrid
Fig. 9 Encryption time for audio mode of input for algorithm for video mode of input.
different size of wav file for DES, AES , Hybrid AES-DES
algorithm In this algorithm key is not in valid format then error report is
generated. The key format is 16 character key with 8
characters 4 numbers and 4 special characters are there for
validation.

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 International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA
Volume 2– No.2, February 2012 – www.ijais.org

Being a hybrid of two powerful encryption standards the [7] Tingyuan Nie, Chuanwang Song, Xulong Zhi, 2010
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In this case, the safety of encryption algorithm can be further
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Our thanks to the experts who have contributed towards 2010.
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