MEB1053

DYNAMICS
2. Week 1_Chapter 12

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Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 RECAP

POSITION VELOCITY ACCELERATION

 
 r s  v v
v avg  v a avg  aavg 
t t t t

v  
sT
t
sp avg

 
 dr ds  dv dv d 2 s
v v a a  2
dt dt dt dt dt

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 CLASS ACTIVITY

3 m/s 5 m/s
 

t=2s t=7s
1. A particle moves along a horizontal path with its velocity varying
with time as shown. The average acceleration of the particle is
_________.
A) 0.4 m/s2  B) 0.4 m/s2 
C) 1.6 m/s2  D) 1.6 m/s2 

2. A particle has an initial velocity of 30 m/s to the left. If it then

passes through the same location 5 seconds later with a velocity of
50 m/s to the right, the average velocity of the particle during the
5 s time interval is _______.
A) 10 m/s  B) 40 m/s 
C) 16 m/s  D) 0 m/s 4

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: ERRATIC MOTION

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Construct s-t, v-t, a-t, a-s, v-s graphs to solve position, velocity and
acceleration of a particle

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS (Section 12.3)

Graphing provides a good way

to handle complex motions that
would be difficult to describe
with formulas.
Graphs also provide a visual
description of motion and
reinforce the calculus concepts of
differentiation and integration as
used in dynamics.
The approach builds on the facts that slope and differentiation
are linked and that integration can be thought of as finding the
area under a curve.
6

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 CONCEPT QUIZ

Which of the graph shows...

1. an athlete moving away at constant speed?
2. a stationary athlete?
3. an athlete slowing down and stopping?
7

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 (continued)

Which of these shows...

1. a constant acceleration?
2. a constant deceleration?
3. a constant velocity?
4. a falling object reaching terminal velocity?
8

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 s-t graph and v-t graph

• Construct v-t graph from s-t graph • Construct s-t graph from v-t graph
ds
v s   vdt
dt
velocity = slope of s-t graph displacement = area under v-t graph

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 v-t graph and a-t graph

Construct a-t graph from v-t graph Construct v-t graph from a-t graph
dv
a v   adt
dt
acceleration = slope of v-t graph change in velocity = area under a-t graph

10

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 1

this

13

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 CLASS ACTIVITY 2

A particle travels along a curve defined by the equation

s = (t3-3t2+2t) m, where t is in seconds.
Draw the s-t, v-t and a-t graphs for 0  t  3 s

14

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Rectilinear Kinematics – Erratic Motion

12.3 Rectilinear Kinematics - Erratic Motion

• motion of a particle is not described by one continuous
mathematical function
• motion needs to be broken down into multiple segments
and must be analyzed separately by graphical means

16

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 s-t graph

s-t graph can be used to find

velocity versus time curves.
Finding the slope of the line
tangent to the motion curve at any
point is the velocity at that point
ds
(or v  ).
dt
ds
v
dt
Therefore, the v-t graph can be
constructed by finding the slope at
various points along the s-t graph.

17

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 v-t graph

v-t graph can be used to find

acceleration versus time curves.
Finding the slope of the line tangent to
the velocity curve at any point is the
dv
acceleration at that point (or a  )
dt

dv Therefore, a-t graph can be constructed

a
dt by finding the slope at various points
along the v-t graph.

Also, the distance moved

(displacement) of the particle is the
area under the v-t graph during time t. 18

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 a-t graph

Given the a-t graph, the change

in velocity (v) during a time
period is the area under the a-t
curve.
v   adt
v   adt
Hence we can construct a v-t
graph from an a-t graph if we
know the initial velocity of the
particle.

19

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 a-s graph

A more complex case is presented by

the acceleration versus position or a-s
graph. The area under the a-s curve
represents the change in velocity2
(recall  vdv   ads ).
s2
 vdv   ads
½ (v1² – vo²) =  a ds = area under
s1 a-s graph

This equation can be solved for v1,

allowing you to solve for the velocity
at a point. By doing this repeatedly,
you can create v-s graph
20

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 v-s graph

Another complex case is presented

by the velocity versus distance or
v-s graph. By reading the velocity v
at a point on the curve and
multiplying it by the slope of the
curve (dv/ds) at this same point,
we can obtain the acceleration at
 dv  that point. Recall the formula
a  v 
 ds 
 dv 
a  v 
 ds 
Thus, we can obtain an a-s graph
from the v-s curve.
21

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 s-t graph and v-t graph

22

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 a-s graph and v-s graph

27

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 EXAMPLE

Given: The v-t graph for a buggy moving along a straight road in
an erratic motion.
Task: Construct the a-t graph over the time interval from 0 to 15 s

29

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 (continued)

Solution: The a-t graph can be constructed by finding the slope

of the v-t graph at key points.
dv
a
when 0 < t < 5 s; a0-5 = dv/dt = d(30t)/dt = 30 m/s2 dt

when 5 < t < 15 s; a5-15 = dv/dt = d(-15t+225)/dt = -15 m/s2

a(m/s2)
dv a-t graph
a
dt
+30
30
5 15
t(s)
15
-15
30

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 5
source: P12-53

Given: The v-t graph shown.

Find: Construct a-t graph, find

the distance traveled and
average speed for the
0 - 15 s interval.

Plan: Find slopes of the v-t curve and draw the a-t graph.
Find the area under the v-t curve. It is the distance traveled.

Ans: s = 52.5 m, vavg = 3.5 m/s 34

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 (continued)

Solution:
Construct the a-t graph:
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 a = dv/dt = 1.25 m/s²
For 4 ≤ t ≤ 10 a = dv/dt = 0 m/s²
For 10 ≤ t ≤ 15 a = dv/dt = -1 m/s²

a(m/s²) a-t graph

1.25
4 10 15 t(s)
-1
35

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 (continued)

Now find the distance traveled under v-t graph:

s0-4 =  v dt = [ (1.25) (1/2) 2 4

t ]0 = 10 m

s4-10 =  v dt = [ 5 t ] 4 = 30 m
10

s10-15 =  v dt = [ - (1/2)
15
t2 + 15 t]10 = 12.5 m

s0-15= 10 + 30 + 12.5 = 52.5 m

36

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 CLASS ACTIVITY 6
Example 12-7

Given: The v-t graph shown for a

moving car.

Find: Construct v-t graph and s-t graph,

find the time and the distance
needed to stop the car.

Ans: t = 60 s, s = 3000 m

37

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 (continued)
Solution:
Construct the v-t graph:
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 v = 10t , s = 5t2 = 500 m
set v = -2t + 120 = 0, we get t = t’ = 60 s
60
For 10 ≤ t ≤ 60 s = [-t2 + 120t] = 2500 m
10

Total distance, s = 3000 m

38

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 CONCEPT UNDERSTANDING

1. If a particle starts from rest and accelerates according to the

graph shown, the particle’s velocity at t = 20 s is
A) 200 m/s
B) 100 m/s
C) 0
D) 20 m/s

2. The particle stops moving at

t = _______.
A) 10 s
B) 20 s
C) 30 s
D) 40 s
39

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 MCQ

1. If a car has the velocity curve shown, determine the time t

necessary for the car to travel 100 meters. v
75
A) 8 s B) 4 s
C) 10 s D) 6 s
6s t

2. Select the correct a-t graph for the velocity curve shown.
a a
v
A) t B) t
a a t
C) t D) t 40

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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 SUMMARY CHAP 12
Kinematic Relationship Erratic Motion

Constant Acceleration

41

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.