A.R.

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
VILLUPURAM
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna university, Chennai)
Vadakuchipalayam, Kappiyampuliyur post,Villupuram-605601,Tamilnadu.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT CODE: EE8411

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABORATORY

YEAR/SEMESTER: II/IV

REGULATION: R-2017
1
 SYLLABUS
EE8411 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY – II LTPC 0042

OBJECTIVES:
▪ To expose the students to the operation of synchronous machines and induction
motors and give them experimental skill.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.

2. Regulation of three phase alternator by ZPF and ASA methods.

3. Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by slip test.

4. Measurements of negative sequence and zero sequence impedance of alternators.

5. V and Inverted V curves of Three Phase Synchronous Motor.

6. Load test on three-phase induction motor.

7. No load and blocked rotor tests on three-phase induction motor (Determination of

equivalent circuit parameters).

8. Separation of No-load losses of three-phase induction motor.

9. Load test on single-phase induction motor.

10. No load and blocked rotor test on single-phase induction motor.

11. Study of Induction motor Starters

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

2
OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course, the student should have the :

• Ability to understand and analyze EMF and MMF methods
• Ability to analyze the characteristics of V and Inverted V curves
• Ability to understand the importance of Synchronous machines
• Ability to understand the importance of Induction Machines
• Ability to acquire knowledge on separation of losses

S.NO TITLE
Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.
1

Regulation of three phase alternator by ZPF and ASA methods.

2

3 Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by slip test

4 Measurements of negative sequence and zero sequence impedance of

alternators.
5 V and Inverted V curves of Three Phase Synchronous Motor.

6 Load test on three-phase induction motor.

7 No load and blocked rotor tests on three-phase induction motor

(Determination of equivalent circuit parameters).
8 Separation of No-load losses of three-phase induction motor

9 Load test on single-phase induction motor.

No load and blocked rotor test on single-phase induction motor.
10

Study of Induction motor Starters

11

3
 Ex. No: 1 Date:

REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF

METHODS

AIM:

To conduct OC and SC tests on the given 3-Φ alternator and to predetermine

the regulation by (i) EMF method and(ii) MMF method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Apparatus Range &Type Quantity

No.
1 Alternator Set up - I No.
2 Rheostat 200 Ω/3 A 2 Nos.
3 Voltmeter AC (0-600 V), MI I No.
4 Ammeter AC (0-10 A), MI I No.
5 Ammeter DC (0-2 A), MC I No.
6 Tachometer - 1No.
7 DPST Switch and TPST Switch - 1 each
8 Connecting wires & Fuse - As Required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Remove the fuse before starting wiring.

2. Fuse rating calculation: Since this is no load test, the required fuse rating is
only 20% of the rated current of the alternator.
3. Keep Motor field Rheostat in minimum resistance Position.
4. Keep the potential divider for alternator field in minimum voltage position.
5. Check that the TPST on alternator side is open.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in the indicated position and with the TPSTS
open, the motor supply is switched ON, by closing DPSTS1.
3. Motor is started using the 3-point starter by moving the handle from OFF to
ON position and the motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the
rheostat in the motor field circuit.
4. Supply is switched on to the field winding of alternator by closing the DPSTS2.

O.C. TEST:

1. Using the 200 Ω potential divider, current in field circuit is increased in steps
of 0.1A and at each step the alternator induced voltage indicated by voltmeter
and the corresponding field current (If) are noted in tabular column.

4
2. This procedure is continued until the alternator voltage is 120% of its rated
voltage.
3. After completing O.C. Test, the potential divider and motor field rheostat are
brought to its minimum position.
4. After completing the experiment, calculate Synchronous Impedance,
Synchronous Reactance & Regulation using the formulae given.
5. Using the data, Plot the graph between EoVs If.

S.C. TEST:

1. The alternator terminals are short circuited by closing TPST switch through
anammeter.
2. The rated current is made to flow through the armature of the stator windings
by carefully adjusting 220 ohms potential divider from the minimum position.
3. After completing the experiment, calculate the Load current, Field Current
and Regulation.
4. Using the data, Plot the graph IscvsIf and % Regulation vs Power Factor for
both the EMF and MMF methods.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5
TABULATION:

O.C. TEST

SL. Field Open circuit Open circuit voltage

No current (If) voltage (E0) (E0)/√3
in (A) in (V) in (V)

S.C TEST

Sl. Field Short circuit

no current current (Isc)
(If) in ()
in (A)

FORMULAE USED:

EMF Method:

6
E0 = Induced EMF per Phase, V=Rated voltage per phase, Ra = Armature
resistance in Ω, Ia = Armature current in A; ‘+’ for lagging p.f. load. ‘-‘for
leading p.f. load.

MMF Method:

From the O.C.C. graph, find

(1) If1 - Field current required to produce per phase.
(2) If2 - Field current required to produce rated current per phase during S.C.
test.

Where ‘+’ for lagging p.f. load, ‘-‘for leading p.f. load.

Now determine Eo corresponding to I from graph.

EMF METHOD:

Power Factor
Induced emf (Eo)
Sl. No. (Cosϕ) Reg. (%)
in (V)

0.8 lag
1

unity
2

0.8 lead
3

7
MODEL CALCULATION: (EMF method)
MODEL GRAPH:

MMF METHOD:

Power Factor
Induced emf (Eo)
Sl. No. (Cosϕ) Reg. (%)
in(V)

1
2
3

MODEL CALCULATION: (MMF method)

8
RESULT:
Thus, the regulation of the given three phase alternator is predetermined by
using EMF and MMF methods.

9
 Ex. No: 2 Date:

REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE ALTRENATOR BY ZPF AND ASA

METHODS

AIM:

To conduct OC and SC and ZPF tests on the given 3-Φ alternator and to
predetermine the regulation by (i) ZPF method and (ii) ASA method

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Apparatus Range &Type Quantity

No.
1 Alternator Set up - I No.
2 Rheostat 200 Ω/3 A 2 Nos.
3 Voltmeter AC (0-600 V), MI I No.
4 Ammeter AC (0-10 A), MI I No.
5 Ammeter DC (0-2 A), MC I No.
6 Tachometer - 1No.
7 DPST Switch and TPST Switch - 1 each
8 Connecting wires & Fuse - As
Required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Remove the fuse before starting wiring.

2. Fuse rating calculation: Since this is no load test, the required fuse rating is
only 20% of the rated current of the alternator.
3. Keep Motor field Rheostat in minimum resistance Position.
4. Keep the potential divider for alternator field in minimum voltage position.
5. Check that the TPST on alternator side is open.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in the indicated position and with the TPSTS
open, the motor supply is switched ON, by closing DPSTS1.
3. Motor is started using the 3-point starter by moving the handle from OFF to
ON position and the motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the
rheostat in the motor field circuit.
4. Supply is switched on to the field winding of alternator by closing the DPSTS2.

O.C. TEST:

1. Using the 200 Ω potential divider, current in field circuit is increased in steps
of 0.1A and at each step the alternator induced voltage indicated by voltmeter
and the corresponding field current (If) are noted in tabular column.
10
2. This procedure is continued until the alternator voltage is 120% of its rated
voltage.
3. After completing O.C. Test, the potential divider and motor field rheostat are
brought to its minimum position.
4. After completing the experiment, calculate Synchronous Impedance,
Synchronous Reactance & Regulation using the formulae given.
5. Using the data, Plot the graph between EoVs If.

S.C. TEST:

1. The alternator terminals are short circuited by closing TPST switch through
anammeter.
2. The rated current is made to flow through the armature of the stator windings
by carefully adjusting 220 ohms potential divider from the minimum position.
3. After completing the experiment, calculate the Load current, Field Current
and Regulation.

ZPF test:

1. The alternator is connected to a pure inductive or capacitive load.

2. By adjusting the potential divider for full load current passing through either
an inductive or capacitive load with zero power and tabulate the readings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

11
TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Field Open circuit Open circuit

SL.
current (If) Voltage(Line) Voltage(Phase)
No
in (A) in (V) in (V)

SHORT CIRCUIT AND ZPF TEST:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ZERO POWER FACTOR TEST

SL. Field Field

No Armature Armature Armature
current current
current (Ia) current (Ia) Voltage (Va)
(If) (If)
in (A) in (A) in (V)
in (A) in (A)

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE POTIER TRIANGLE (ZPF METHOD):

1. Draw the Open Circuit Characteristics (Generated Voltage per phase VS

Field Current)
2. Mark the point A at X-axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with
full load armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the
corresponding rated armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which passing through the point A and B in such a
way parallel to the open circuit characteristics curve.
5.Draw the tangent for the OCC curve from the origin (i.e.) air gap line.
6.Draw the line BC from B towards Y-axis, which is parallel and equal to OA.
7.Draw the parallel line for the tangent from C to the OCC curve.
8.Join the points B and D also drop the perpendicular line DE to BC, where
the line DE represents armature leakage reactance drop (IXL) and BE
represents armature reaction excitation (Ifa).

12
PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE VECTOR DIAGRAM (ZPF METHOD)

1. Select the suitable voltage and current scale.

2. For the corresponding power angle (Lag, Lead, Unity) draw the voltage
vector and current vector OB.
3. Draw the vector AC with the magnitude of IRa drop, which should be
parallel to the vector OB.
4. Draw the perpendicular CD to AC from the point C with the magnitude of
IXL drop.

FORMULAE USED

MODEL CALCULATIONS

MODEL GRAPH FOR ZPF METHOD:

13
1. Join the points O and D, which will be equal to the air gap voltage (Eair).
2. Find out the field current (Ifc) for the corresponding air gap voltage (Eair) from
the OCC curve.
3. Draw the vector OF with the magnitude of Ifc which should be perpendicular
to the vector OD.
4. Draw the vector FG from F with the magnitude Ifa in such a way it is parallel
to the current vector OB.
5. Join the points O and G, which will be equal to the field excitation current (If).
6. Draw the perpendicular line to the vector OG from the point O and extend CD
in such a manner to intersect the perpendicular line at the point H.
7. Find out the open circuit voltage (Eo) for the corresponding field excitation
current (If) from the OCC curve.
8. Find out the regulation from the suitable formula.

14
RESULT:
Thus, the regulation of the given three phase alternator is predetermined by
using ZPF and ASA methods.

15
 Ex. No: 3 Date:

REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE ALTRENATOR BY SLIP TEST

AIM:

To conduct the slip test on the given 3-Φ alternator and to predetermine the
regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL. Apparatus Range &Type Quantity

No.
1 Alternator Set up - I No.
2 Rheostat 200 Ω/3 A 2 Nos.
3 Voltmeter AC (0-600 V), MI I No.
4 Ammeter AC (0-10 A), MI I No.
5 Ammeter DC (0-2 A), MC I No.
6 Tachometer - 1No.
7 DPST Switch and TPST Switch - 1 each
8 Connecting wires & Fuse - As
Required

PRECAUTION

1. All the switches should be kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
2. There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment.
3. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The D. P. S. T. switch should be closed.
3. The motor should be started with the help of three-point starter.
4. The motor speed should be adjusted to rated value with the help of field
rheostat of the motor.
5. The auto transformer should be varied to get maximum variations in the
meter.
6. All the readings should be noted down.

16
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLOUMN
For calculation of Xd and Xq
SL. MAXIMUM MINIMUM MAXIMUM MINIMUM
No. VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT CURRENT
(V) (V) (A) (A)

FORMULAE USED

17
Model Calculation :

18
RESULT
The direct axis and quadrature axis component of the three-phase alternator
have been calculated.

19
 Ex. No: 4 Date:

MEASUREMENTS OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE AND

ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF ALTERNATORS
AIM
To obtain the negative sequence and zero sequence reactance of a given three
phase alternator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
SL. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
No.
1 Voltmeter (0 – 300 V) M. I. 1
2 Voltmeter (0 – 150 V) M. I. 1
3 Ammeter (0 – 20 A) M. I. 1
4 Ammeter (0 – 10 A) M. I. 1
5 Ammeter (0 – 2 A) M. I. 1
6 Wattmeter 300 V, 10 A UPF 1
7 Rheostat 220 Ω, 2 A - 1
8 Single phase Auto (0 – 270 V) - 1
Transformer
9 Tachometer (0 – 10000 rpm) Digital 1

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PARAMETERS

PRECAUTION
1. All the switches should be kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
2. The D. C. motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance
position at the time of starting the experiment.
3. The generator field potential divider should be kept at minimum potential
position.

PROCEDURE
4. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
5. The motor should be started with the help of three-point starter.
6. The motor speed should be made equal to the alternator synchronous speed
with the help of field rheostat of the motor.
7. The D. P. S. T. switch on the alternator field side should be closed.
8. The alternator field potential divider must be varied in steps.
9. At each step, all the meter readings should be noted down.
10. The above procedure should be repeated till the ammeter reads the rated
alternator current.

20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

21
 A) For Negative Sequence Reactance:

S.N VRY (V) ISC W VRY X2=Z2(W/VRY ISC) Avg.

. (A) (Watt) Z2 = ------- X2(Ω)
3ISC

FORMULAE USED

MODEL CALCULATION:

ZERO SEQUENCE PARAMETERS

PRECAUTION
1. All the switches must be kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
2. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The auto transformer should be varied in steps.
3. At each step the meter readings should be noted down.
4. The above procedure should be repeated till the ammeter reads rated
current of the alternator.

22
 TABULAR COLOUMN

B) For Zero Sequence Reactance:

S.N. VRY (V) Isc (A) 3V Avg. X0(Ω)

X0 =
I

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT
Thus the negative sequence reactance and zero sequence reactance have been
determined.
23
 Ex. No: 5 Date:

V AND INVERTED V CURVES OFTHREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM:
To draw V and inverted V curves for the given three phase synchronous motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL. Name of the Range Type Quantity
No. apparatus
1 Voltmeter (0 – 600 V) M. I. 1
2 Ammeter (0 – 10 A) M. I. 1
3 Ammeter (0 – 2 A) M. C. 1
4 Wattmeter 600 V, 10 A UPF 1
5 Tachometer (0 – 10000 rpm) Digital 1

6 Three phase (0 – 470 V) - 1

Auto
Transformer
7 Rheostat 950 Ω, 0.8 A - 1

PRECAUTION
1. All the switches should be kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
2. The potential divider in the field circuit of synchronous motor should be
kept at minimum potential position.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the T. P. S. T. switch.
3. The auto transformer is varied gradually to start the motor.
4. The auto transformer is adjusted till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of
the synchronous motor.
5. Close the D. P. S. T. switch and increase the field current.
6. At no load condition, increase the field current in steps and note down the
corresponding armature current.
7. The potential divider is brought to the minimum potential position.
8. Repeat the same procedure for different load conditions.
9. Reduce the load on the motor.
10. Reduce the field current to zero value.
11. Reduce voltage by varying auto transformer.
12. Open all the switches.

24
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

25
TABULAR COLOUMN
No Load Test

SL. No. Armature Field Power

current Ia current factor
(A) If (A)

Half Load:
SL. No. Armature Field Power
current Ia current factor
(A) If (A)

GRAPH
Field current, If Vs Armature current, Ia
Field current, If Vs Power factor, cosф

26
RESULT
Thus, the V and inverted V curves of the given synchronous motor have been
drawn.
27
 Ex. No: 6 Date:

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct the direct load test on the given 3-phase induction motor and plot
the different performance characteristics curves of the machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL. Apparatus Range & Type Quantity

No.
1 3 Ф Induction Motor - 1 No.

2 Star-delta starter - 1 No.

3 Voltmeter AC (0-600 V), MI 1 No.
4 Ammeter AC (0-10 A), MI 1 No.
600 V, 10 A, UPF
5 Wattmeter 1 No.
(Double Element)
6 Tachometer, TPST Switch - 1 each
7 Connecting wires & fuse - As required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Remove the fuse carrier before starting wiring.

2. Fuse rating calculation: Since this is load test, the required fuse rating is
only 125 % of the rated current of the motor.
3. Before switching on the supply ensure the motor in on no load condition
and the starter is in the off position.
4. Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit
connections are checked by the staff in charge

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as shown in circuit diagram.

2. The 3Ф ac supply is switched ON to the motor using the starter.
3. Under no load condition, one set of readings of the ammeter (IL), voltmeter
(VL), wattmeter (W), spring balance and the speed (N) of motor are noted
down.
4. Now the mechanical load on motor is increased in regular steps in such a
way that the current drawn by the motor increases in steps of 1A.
5. At each step of loading, all the meter readings are noted down in the tabular
column.
6. This procedure is continued until the current drawn by the motor equals
125 % of its rated value.
7. After the experiment is completed, the main supply is switched OFF.
28
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

29
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Voltage - 415V
Current – 7.5A
Speed - 1430 rpm
Capacity – 3.7 kw or 5HP

TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring
Li balance
Spee
Line ne Input reading
S d Torqu Output
voltag cu powe
L. S1 S2 S1 e power %Sli
e rre r P.F %
N (K (K ~ p
VL nt
o. (RPM g) g) S2 (Nm) (W)
(V) IL (W)
) (Kg
(A)
)

MODEL GRAPHS:

30
 FORMULAE USED:

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the load test on given three phase induction motor is conducted and the
performance characteristics curves are plotted.

31
 Ex. No: 7 Date:

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON A THREE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

AIM:

To draw the equivalent circuit diagram of the given 3-phase squirrel-cage

induction motor by conducting no load and blocked rotor tests.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
Apparatus Type Range Quantity
No.
3 Ф Induction Motor Set
1 - - 1 No
up
(0-600 V)
2 Voltmeter AC MI (0-150 V) 1 each

(0-10 A)
3 Ammeter AC MI (0-2 A) 1 each

12.41 kVA/
Three phase auto
4 - 415 1 No
transformer
(0-470 V)
Double Element
5 - 150 V,10 A 1 No
Wattmeter
6 Wattmeter LPF 600 V, 10 A 2 No
- As
7 Connecting wires -
Required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as per the circuit
diagram.
1. Fuse calculations: This being a load test, the required fuse ratings are 125
% of rated current.
2. The auto transformer should be kept in minimum position.
3. Replace the fuse carrier with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit
connections are checked by the staff-in-charge.

32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NO LOAD TEST:

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

33
 PROCEDURE:

NO LOAD (OPEN CIRCUIT) TEST:

1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. With the autotransformer starter in minimum position, the supply is
switched ON and the voltage is gradually increased to rated voltage as the
motor picks up speed.
3. All the meter readings are noted down for this no-load condition.
4. If two wattmeters are used, one of the wattmeters show negative deflection,
then bring the autotransformer to the minimum position, switch off the
supply and reverse the current coil connection. Then apply rated voltage
and record this wattmeter reading as a negative power.
5. The autotransformer is brought back to its minimum position and the
mains are switched OFF.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram,

2. With the autotransformer starter in minimum position and the rotor in
blocked position, the mains are switched ON.
3. By varying the autotransformer, the input voltage is gradually increased
such that the ammeter reads rated current.
4. All the meter readings are noted down in this condition.
5. The autotransformer is brought back to its minimum position and the
mains are switched OFF.

TABULATION:

NO LOAD (OPEN CIRCUIT) TEST:

Open circuit No load No load Power

Voltage Current Woc
Voc Ioc (watts)
(volts) (amps) W1 W2 Woc = W1 + W2
OBS ACT OBS ACT

BLOCKED ROTOR (SHORT CIRCUIT) TEST:

Short circuit Short Shortcircuit Power Wsc(watts)
VoltageVsc(volts) circuit
Current Isc
(amps) W1 W2 Wsc = W1 + W2
OBS ACT OBS ACT

34
FORMULAE USED:

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

35
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

36
RESULT: The No-load and blocked rotor test was conducted on the given three-
phase induction motor & the equivalent circuit is drawn.

37
 Ex. No: 8 Date:

SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To separate the no load losses of the given 3 phase squirrel cage
induction motor as iron losses and mechanical losses.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1 Ammeter (0-5) A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V,5A LPF 2
4 3 Ф Auto transformer 415/(0-470)V -- 1
5 Tachometer -- Digital -- 1
6 Connecting wires -- As required

PRECAUTIONS:
i. The autotransformer should be kept in minimum voltage position.
ii. The motor should not be loaded throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE:
i. Connections should be made as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Start the motor by giving three phase supply.
iii. Vary the autotransformer till rated speed is attained and note the inputpower,
voltage and current.
iv. Repeat the same procedure for and tabulate the reading.

v. Find the stator copper loss and constant loss by respective formulas.
vi. Draw the suitable graph to find the mechanical losses.
vii. Obtain the core los by separating the mechanical loss from constant losses.

GRAPH:
The graph drawn between constant losses (watts) and input voltage(volts).

FORMULAE USED:
1. Input power (W) =(W1+W2)in watts
2. Stator copper loss =3I2Rs in watts
3. Constant loss/phase (Wc)= (W-3I2Rs)/3 in watts
4. Core loss/phase (Wi)= (constant loss/phase)-mechanical loss

FUSE RATING:
No load: 10% of rated current (full load current).

38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

39
TABULTAION:
Constant Core
Stator Loss per Loss
SL.No V I W1 W2 W Cu Phase per
Loss (Wc) Phase
(Wi)

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

40
RESULT:
Thus, the no load losses of 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor was
separated as core losses and mechanical losses

41
 Ex. No: 9 Date:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To draw the load characteristics of a single-phase induction motor by
conducting the load test

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Single phase induction - - 1
motor
2 Single phase auto (0 – 270 V) 1
transformer
3 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1

4 Ammeter (0-20) A MI 1

5 Wattmeter 300 V, 10 A, 1
UPF
6 Connecting wires - - As
required

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed. The autotransformer is adjusted to get rated
voltage and corresponding no load readings are noted down.
3. Gradually increase the load upto the rated current and for each load the
corresponding meter readings are tabulated
1. Then load is removed and autotransformer reduced to zero. Then DPST
switch opened.

FORMULAE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

42
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FUSE RATING
125% of rated current (full load current).

43
 TABULAR COLUMN:

pring S=S1 Outp %

S Input Balance S2(K Torqu ut Power
Volta Curre Speed Sli
L. Power Reading g) e Powe Facto
ge nt N p
N Pin S1 S2 T r r
VL(V) IL (A) (rpm)
o (W) (Kg) (Kg) (Nm) Po Cos Φ
(W)

MODEL CALCULATION

44
MODEL GRAPH

RESULT: Load test on given single phase induction motor is conducted and the
performance curves are plotted.

45
 Ex. No: 10 Date:

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

AIM:To draw the equivalent circuit of the given three phase induction motor by
conducting no load and blocked rotor test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Single phase induction - - 1
motor
2 Single phase auto (0 – 270 V) 1
transformer
3 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
(0 -150) V

4 Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
(0-10) A

5 Wattmeter 150 V, 5 A, LPF 1 each

300 V, 10 A,
UPF
6 Connecting wires - - As
required

PRECAUTION
1. All the switches should be kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
2. The single phase auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential
position at the time of starting the experiment.
3. For the blocked rotor test, the load is applied on the rotor and the rotor is
not allowed to rotate.
4. During the blocked rotor test, the single phase auto transformer should be
adjusted carefully and the current should not exceed the rated current of
the motor.
PROCEDURE
NO LOAD TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the D. P. S. T. switch.
3. Start the motor by varying the single phase auto transformer gradually.
4. At no load all the meter readings should noted down.
5. The single phase auto transformer should be reduced to zero potential
position.
6. Open the D. P. S. T. switch.

46
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NO LOAD TEST

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

47
 BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The load applied on the brake drum and the rotor is not allowed to rotate.
3. Close the D. P. S. T. switch.
4. The three phase auto transformer should be adjusted gradually till the
ammeter reads the rated current of the motor.
5. All the meter readings should be noted down.
6. The three phase auto transformer should be reduced to zero potential
position.
7. Open the D. P. S. T. switch.

FORMULAE

48
TABULAR COLOUMN
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Sl. No. Voltage, Vo (V) Current, Io (A) Power, Wo (W)

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Sl. No. Voltage, VSC (V) Current, ISC (A) Power, WSC (W)

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus, the equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor has been drawn
using no load and blocked rotor tests.

49
Ex. No: 11 Date:

STUDY OF AC STARTERS

AIM:To study the operation of different types of AC starters.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

SL. No. Apparatus

1 Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)
2 Star-Delta Starter
3 Auto Transformer Starter
4 Rotor Impedance Starter

A 3-phase induction motor is theoretically self-starting. The stator of an

induction motor consists of 3-phase windings, which when connected to a 3-
phase supply creates a rotating magnetic field.

This will link and cut the rotor conductors which in turn will induce a current in
the rotor conductors and create a rotor magnetic field. The magnetic field
created by the rotor will interact with the rotating magnetic field in the stator
and produce rotation.

Therefore, 3-phase induction motors employ a starting method not to provide a

starting torque at the rotor, but because of the following reasons;

Reduce heavy starting currents and prevent motor from overheating.

Provide overload and no-voltage protection.

There are many methods in use to start 3-phase induction motors. Some of the
common methods are;

Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)

Star-Delta Starter
Auto Transformer Starter
Rotor Impedance Starter
Power Electronics Starter

Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)

The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all
starting methods and is usually used for squirrel cage induction motors. It
directly connects the contacts of the motor to the full supply voltage. The
starting current is very large, normally 6 to 8 times the rated current.

The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2 times the full load torque. In order to
avoid excessive voltage drops in the supply line due to high starting currents,
the DOL starter is used only for motors with a rating of less than 5KW.
50
There are safety mechanisms inside the DOL starter which provides protection
to the motor as well as the operator of the motor.The power and control circuits
of induction motor with DOL starter are shown in figure.

Direct online (DOL) starter

The DOL starter consists of a coil operated contactorK1M controlled by start and
stop push buttons. On pressing the start push button S1, the contactor coil
K1M is energized from line L1. The three mains contacts (1-2), (3-4), and (5-6) in
fig. (1) are closed. The motor is thus connected to the supply.

When the stop push button S2 is pressed, the supply through the contactor
K1M is disconnected. Since the K1M is de-energized, the main contacts (12), (3-
4), and (5-6) are opened. The supply to motor is disconnected and the motor
stops.

Star-Delta Starter

The star delta starting is a very common type of starter and extensively used,
compared to the other types of the starters. This method used reduced supply
voltage in starting. Figure shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor
with a star – delta starter.

The method achieved low starting current by first connecting the stator winding
in star configuration, and then after the motor reaches a certain speed, throw
switch changes the winding arrangements from star to delta configuration.

By connecting the stator windings, first in star and then in delta, the line
current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to one-third as compared to
starting current with the windings connected in delta.

51
At the time of starting when the stator windings are start connected, each stator
phase gets voltage , where is the line voltage. Since the torque developed
by an induction motor is proportional to the square of the applied voltage, star-
delta starting reduced the starting torque to one – third that obtainable by direct
delta starting.

• K2M Main Contactor

• K3M Delta Contactor
• K1M Star Contactor
• F1 Thermal Overload Relay

Induction Motor with Star Delta Starter

Auto Transformer Starter

The operation principle of auto transformer method is similar to the star delta
starter method. The starting current is limited by (using a three-phase auto
transformer) reduce the initial stator applied voltage.

The auto transformer starter is more expensive, more complicated in operation

and bulkier in construction when compared with the star – delta starter method.
But an auto transformer starter is suitable for both star and delta connected
motors, and the starting current and torque can be adjusted to a desired value
by taking the correct tapping from the auto transformer.

When the star delta method is considered, voltage can be adjusted only by factor
of .
Figure (3) shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with auto
transformer starter.
52
 I.M. with auto transformer starter

Rotor Impedance Starter

This method allows external resistance to be connected to the rotor through slip
rings and brushes. Initially, the rotor resistance is set to maximum and is then
gradually decreased as the motor speed increases, until it becomes zero.

The rotor impedance starting mechanism is usually very bulky and expensive
when compared with other methods. It also has very high maintenance costs.
Also, a considerable amount of heat is generated through the resistors when
current runs through them.

The starting frequency is also limited in this method. However, the rotor
impedance method allows the motor to be started while on load. Figure (4)
shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with rotor resistance starter.

53
54
Rotor resistance starter

It is desired to install a 3-phase cage induction motor restricting the maximum

line current drawn from a 400 V 3-phase supply to 120 A. if the starting current
is 6 times full load current, what is the maximum permissible full load kVA of
the motor when
i. It is directly connected to the mains
ii. It is connected through an auto-transformer with a tapping of 60%
iii. It is designed for used with star-delta starter.

55
 Ex. No: 1 Date:

SYNCHRONISATION OF ALTERNATOR TO INFINITE BUSBAR

AIM: To synchronize the given 3Φ alternator to an infinite bus bar.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 VOLTMETER (0-600V) MI (0-2A) 2
2 AMMETERS MC 1
RHEOSTAT 300Ω,1.2A 1
350Ω,2A 1
3 SYNCHRONISING 230V,15A 6
LAMPS

PROCEDURE:

1. The DPST-1 is closed and the motor field rheostat is adjusted to make the
alternator run at rated speed.
2. The DPST-2 is closed and by keeping the TPST open, adjusts the alternator
field rheostat to supply the voltage equal to infinite bus bar.
3. The phase sequence of the alternator is made as same as that of the infinite
bus bar by observing the sequence of glowing of synchronizing lamps. If the
phase sequence is not same, any of the two phases are interchanged.
4. The field rheostat is adjusted to bring the frequency of the alternator to
same frequency of infinite bus bar. When the phase sequence of the two
sides are same all the lamps will begin to glow bright and dark
simultaneously. In this condition, when the frequencies are equal, the
variation of lamps bright to dark is lowest.
5. At the dimmest point the TPST switch is closed thereby synchronizing the
alternator to the bus bar.

56
RESULT: Thus the incoming alternator is successfully synchronized with the
infinite bus bar.

57
 Ex. No: 2 Date:
ROTOR RHEOSTAT SPEED CONTROL OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To vary the speed of the slip ring induction motor using rotor
rheostat control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3 Tachometer 0-10000 (rpm) 1

PROCEDURE:
1. The Connection are made as per circuit diagram
2. The TPST switch is closed and three phase supply is given.
3. The motor is started with rotor rheostat starter.
4. The rotor resistance is varied and corresponding values of speed, voltage
and current are noted down.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

58
MODEL GRAPH:
Speed vs resistance

s 1480
1470
p 1460 1460
1450
e 1440 1440
1430
1420
e 1400
1390 Speed (rpm)
d( 1380
rp 1360
1340
46.6 32.2 21.8 12.12 5.88
Resistance (W)

resistance(ohm)

RESULT: Thus the speed of the given three phase slip ring induction motor is
varied successfully.
59