we wd | geno Unit 2. Module 3 Pollution Definitions: ~tion, cy 51 Rollution—This is the contamination of the Earth's enviconment (land, air and water) with material or ‘ww energy that interferes with human health, the quality of life of the natural functioning of the ecosystem. biodegradable, non- biodegradable, vi ‘There are two (2):main types of pollutants: (Primary pollutsnt — Those emitted directly into the ait. E.g. particulates, sulphilr dic oxides and hydrocarbons. (@Secondary pollutants - are produced through react compounds. They include ozone end photochemi Mz,CO, ixide, carbor Nature of Pollutants Pollutants maybe described in the following ways: + Persistence ~ Substances that in them, for example, styrofgam or foxie chemical i ie pollutant POR). § however, they may build-up over along period & reached. E.g. pesticide DDT. = * Pollutant — This is any material, compound or particle that is tox lied to other areas of the environ nent + Mobility — Substances may have the because they may be very small and resulting in a mope widespread mote potent compoun their individual effectsty is systems, A certain |, cause malfunctions or reduce the efficiency of chemical rikens the living. organism, either directly, or by making’ it . feria or viruses or other pathogens that can lead to diseas¢ and Sventiial the environment, Longer residence tinie Volume of EMfissinn ~ In the ease of a flowing body of water (river). lune. The concentration of the pollutant will b: highestat the poin. of input and decrens« ei 8 the direction of flow. [the volume of tho inflow pollutant is small, in comparison to the volume of flow of the iver thew the pollataat witi be well dibited and net consentration ia the river would be low. However, ifthe volume of the inflow polluiaat is large in coarparison tothe Now seis iver, then the ngl concentration of the polluiant along, the river would be high Scanned with CamScannerRate of Degradation ~ This refers to the time it takes for natural processes to break down the pollutant intg simpler harmless substances. The slower.the rate of degradation, the greater will be the accumulation ot the pollutant andthe greater would be its concentration in the environment. Doves Toverents and Pathways of Pollutants through the Ecosystem \ | a ‘is, land and water are-theee mediums that are host fo wide Variety of pollutants. Toxins enter the food chain . 4 Saag 5s from one of these mediums and pass up the food chain by bio-accumulation or bio-magnification. ‘Three environmental pathways by which pollutants can be transported to coastal watgpare: 1. During heavy rainfall, excess. chemicals in the soil may be leached out by flo with the chemicals then flows into strediti#‘aiid Tivers that eventually transport water. Leached from soil — river —> sea. 2. Chemicals that dissolve into water from precipitation or irrigation ‘Uniderground aquifers. Chemicals are transported underground through DisSolve in air/water — infiltrate the soil¥"géound water —, g 7 3. Chemicals that adhere to soil particles can be transported by SOR id into nearby tiyers. The rivers transport the sediment and chemicals to coas bens Soil parti water/wind — river — sea. accumulation refers to the uptake and accumulation & air, water, food, soil etc) into an organism’ metabolized! or excreted, It occurs in is DDT or'tiereury.? YF *ubstaate/ pollutant (from ts usually toxic are not, piilutants enter a food chain. E.g dency of a toxin to concentrate web the concentration increas: (magnifies). Environmental Receptors The living things in the en They are Micro- organisms, plani Causes of Pollution: » 1, Resource: extras ronmental standards, policies, leat principle), lations, Lack ofeavironmental Yea FiguroB.Blomagnitia DOT Magica tog ammemotin Goma eee sven tin eens e ite ha Ba Nous x ne att ; a ae euety rer ‘ seo Rene Veron < 6 eh Freer Exnen . \ gauten py Bene nt Wi cay Gomes) A fenresr ee sms Scanned with CamScannerol'uticr Pollution ‘Type of Pollutant “Bource/Formation (consid vs domesticngriindustrial & 3 ‘ransnort activity) pathway} fieteptor Solution (consider individual, community, goverremnt.ztabal socrozch) burning Fosai Tuels ralaly humors affected poisoning. head eche,shont breath Pesrre nace [eterate Sperpy eatalytieconverersin crs burning fossl fuels vehicle lemisstons.industrial activity \ lerlssions->air>precipation>h Pane [Acid rain lead to photo. Smog formation, asta | |sespiratory illness skin iritation,bleach/burn leaves,cofrode materials Soitbes & Secramatie precaitatarst {Acherion corearuction aueries so resp) liness/imitation,block surface of leaves reduces, photo. and productivity \ lcornpley ern with air paliahant ahd UY tem, water apourorone,temp, tversfon— [burning foval fuels -> ernasions + atrmozpheric conditions-rhurmans/ec = may esp. Hinessfiniation, \\ U UKE otndustial activ | VOC: natural hydrocarbon, vehicular emisions / renege ee eve system vane i | [Pieconaso 1 1 —T 1 foe Bale Jorides of none metal: Gesolves in water eg, WO,50 from industtial Jac. burring foul fuel 00; [g)s WO SHNONoq) 50> linlei20 $Mzs04 $i acidification of water/soll using leaching end lost cf nutrients,damage plants, monuments ~~ a ed B evteus poms gnerument Giovalvarming burning foes foek,iereaze human prap.,detorestation | NY IGHC,z0a level eist,4 terpersture,climate change Rabat lost, Adlseases | Crone canton ane of Ce og 19 Clr{y;) + bv FCI) «CHlg) ay) +1015) 071g) —_| Jcan ute equation, see ty Hor tore deta, ps damage planis,stin cancer;public hes Gotarace res 2 Mowntnal gorovot Scanned with CamScanner' ‘Water Pollution. feosider bene : sider individual. community, rota er nkipstimisticindyheralaim | "MePabwaysnecepin impase nana a join) 4 / _ SEmeecion Savin ponte ning eating Loma aig er aE | cuarring, deforestation, v4 | water smuddy water redisces Tight for ~ lrerracing. re forestaticn, installing fitersin aut flaw pines. | infrastructural devel. Iphotosmthesis. Reduces potabjity of water. er pane noel Impoat ig Toktanes Ranges of organo, race anvgen (reduce respiration) aug bres ~ Thermal fg Farlivgp phosphates & rirates) [pereaiation/rnoll pound {major cause of ate Sp Focieacerne EOP 1 Nutrient, sewage tregiment ter? rivers dea Jecorystem balance (* fis Const srware before srtesse, to humans Geath of Wag or, eaves, : ST agory vone aes Bodegrave organic matter y CF Z) Tage Sofas vase Jantplated human sewage (0. call, Fatone Inal waste from net eee a | indoatriez-pilitjenchin ‘orc chemist Reese dae fesemnereury) MDomeneortredesthreh Uo ecarste=t Pong seins ¥ p “ Ob sir asthe ned aranatl 2) ae Scanned with CamScannerve is Watha! aa ‘+ “Phosphorous n mall quotes, f fisendal for pant growth td ‘metabo rections tala od she 1+ Tete nue n hora supp Irom tees waters, with even ‘srl amounts gaulng sgnieant Blunt arowth and ang» ltt slfecon te sual eestor DYochemieal onsen eran 200) This ta mensue of the = + Blodegradable erapie ontent of waste. Boles! oxygen demand ‘means the amount of scved fnrgen weed for resiatlon eating the aerosie metabolim of an energy source (e.ergane ma by bacterl or miccorgaiins. Chemleal Oxygen Demand (200) +. This Ip a mesure of te tor) fereanie content of waste, bath ‘degradable and refractony. = chemin angen. demand mans the amount af onygon rere for ‘maximum ondston ofthe orgie ratte in 3 ample of the waste This has “Inplestont for the {alebty of mutrens to aquatic ounnisns, ‘ Total Suspended St + This means al slide that are suipended h asample ofwasce but : treet dizaved. + Tol surdended toads ave ented a the ponton of wa sample tat does not pss throuth 2 glass ber fer (le finerble. ‘This hs impleaons forthe colour and turbidity of the water whlch may alles’ photosynthesis of aauate planet and ultimately Feduce the producibiy of the quate ecosptem, Feeal Coliform “This wed forthe detection of sevage a te, Ts test is based onthe fact that ge popuaions ofthe beta Excherlhla cll. {Ecol ocmally inhib te ites act of humans ond other alms wd large umber of Ue bacterium are exceted wis fecal mater, collin water indeated continalon of water wih sewage waste, Beol isnot pathogen ie but an intiatocorenia Is peseeefnicaes the waters eontminaed with eal wat, ‘Acceiabelevelsf fea] cof ia water ‘should nét exceed 100 ml (.Aeups). A sample of water it fered to remove suspended particulate matter (1), A ‘es solton contaning malyodate fons Is added that farms 8 tomplex with phosphate 1}. On aden of ascorbic 10, an ntente Blue colour occurs (2), ‘The level’ of phosphate can be Urmessured by comparing the colour obtained In the water sample with 2 range of colours obtaned from known phosphate concentrations (3), OR The level of phosphate can be measured by sng a spectrophoremeter (2). ‘iochemicaloxyzen demand (800) ‘Asample of water Is alected and the {eka concentration of oxygen In the ile is measures by gat-sensing eleeode OR bya Willer tron (3). ‘The botles are plced Ina incubator m 20°C for aay (i), Aer cay, the concentration of oxygen nthe eicure 1s again measured {1}. The 800 calculated fom the diference between, these two measurement) ‘hamlet onyeen demana(coo} A sample of water ie collected and ined wits w strongly acd soltion of potestum dlchromate a), The micure 1s heated under rete concitons for 2 tours) OR the mine hested in 2 Aight eoted glss container for 2 hours (W). Aer heating, the orange ‘colourof the potassium debromte wil, change t0_stlerers. shades of eraza ‘depentng onthe level of COD present (2); THe COO level can be measored by comparing the colour obtained In the wate sample with 2 range of celours Z obtained from —krown COD concentration (1). OR The COO level fan be messured by use sectrophotemeter (1) Total suspended sollds (135) 1 las er fer with pore se 0.85 im deed and welghed 2). A known Volume ofthe water sample I passed thvour the fer under vacuury (2 The flr I: dad In an oven a 105°C tnd tewelghed (0), The TSS ls calcalated trom the atference between, ‘the two masses, edpressed per ve of water), * Tecal Collform Test “Cis techalque used to detect and cout the numberof Eco colonies in water sample “ Igusiog the MilinorgTeshniaus. #8) AMBlipore iter disks placed in the Gtr apparatus 1b) Asample of the water is drm through the filer and any bactela- ‘resent ae trapped on the disk, ©) The disk (ith any baste placed in pet dsh ona spesal roedium that suppers grow + 8) Tied ie inubated fo 24 hes at 38°C, during hich ie the bet nthe disk will multiply to form a coloay visible to the eye by metallic sedi shens, Scanned with CamScanner