py hil Propandt Unit 2 Module Agriculture and the Environment Agriculture: 1. The rearing/raising of plants and animals to produce food for human consumption and use, animal consumption’ arid. ~ raw materials forindustries. 2. The science of cultivating soil and water to produce crops and livestock for human consumption and 4 consumption and raw materials for industries. Blysery parmog iter Characteristics of Aericultural Systems in the Caribbean; Jkerolonsy sory chemicals: Feature ‘Commercial System (monocropping) ‘Subsistence (essen ‘Scale/Size of operation ange area of land used (many acres) _| Small ares (backyard x. Inputs: Agro chemicals (fertilizer) Very high including pesticides. None (organicifany) \ i Six # Labour /intensive ‘Mainly to operate machinery/law, ‘OnfP-2 people, a Machinery/energy High Very tows Financing Very high SH [Wary oS Productivity / Yield Very high, tonnes perhector LL | Veryiow 3 Purpose of system Sold for profit i by cultivator Subsistence Fauming small aro af andi utlned, mechanlzaiSn SS “a theres: IP use of agro chemicals: The majority of the produce is consumed by the farmerand any| oe is ie Paasant Exming Sues = at Erin aml sro of ane cleared to plant crop, aly yy burtig. There is constant movement from place to place over a few years. Agro chemicals are”aat ubed aball-All peed cance by the farmer and family. | ! > 1) Food security - proguction o aN \d miatertals for local consumption : 2) Production of he Is SSH Jcessin, ein ‘eg milk for Nestle, cocoa for chocolate etc. e 3) economic hens {2) ,Ermployment and income eene?ation for both skilled and unskilled jobs, directly and indirectly. Agro chemicals/Hlower shops, vets, ADB ete, "7 2S (b) Foleen exchange earnin’s products can be sold in the international market to earn money. “ (eh, Ge se Domenic rgd reduces money spent on imponing produce and increases local revenue. PR Scanned with CamScannerTHE IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURE ON THE ENVIRO! Positive Impacts: Technological: Using agrochemicals, mechanization and genetic engineering. 1) Increage productivity - more produce available since the environment is more controlled. 2) Increase varieties - because environments artificially controlled. 3) Improve resistance to pest and infestation — use of agro chemicals and sustainal Negative Impacts: diagane paral yi street ~phadare 2) Health risks: - mainly zadnoses from in interaction of h Environmental?) 3} "Redite Soir ana 4) Habitat destruction: —lost of 3 ‘over use of broad spectrufy pesticides’ td 5), Soil,dggradation: x a) Soil erosion from hillsidé4arming and oy b) Acidification. over use of eter fs ¢) Salinization ~ salt accumulatioft fr i ie close to surface, 4) Water- Jogging — improper drainage, soilfich In clay, over watering. €) Soil compaction ~ over ploughing causing:¢educes soll aeration and Increased pest and water logging. 1) Monacdijure: reduced soil fertility. 4), Lang, depradalion Inanpropr| ste use of land types ls farming, slash and buen agel from metharie production from animals and crops decomposition, 9), climate change arty cout ), ayeqie Scanned with CamScanner‘Contrailling pest with the minimuta use of artifical ‘Muth cheaper than agrochemicals = ] Not all pests eradicated se some damage Inorganic / artifical Fertilizers Bie bythe and teavaoetated Imai Ta, fpenerally cantar ainiriore of altro, planphots and | potasshin afvdadds nutrients frown nn attain xoylee to so 1 P-Promotes heathy toot development Cheap topurchase exp, If romaine of peeviows Crops ate used waste from reaity anim \tarms, ea ta acceusit farm i cove Jupports ecological integrity fa ser ! Very rany ta aiceas, tote snd sdminites one of tenn smal F soiyoite ange ab agit whit pellets) tug: plants can uptabe (epray, Quit and prow taster we Allow crop tot wd cuba le Scanned with CamScanner Antegrated Pest | chemicals and disruption to natural ecological processes. Preserves biodwersity sincenct afi pests are | to groduce sill reir | Met. “ 4 eradicated. ~~. | Tre crsuring/tigh ecertise. L air_is1] Environ. Friendly (Eutrophication tenitedy © ch produce and fer [725 76") Using non chemicatapproachest6 combat pests,it <%= | Note: (fr Biolosical cntrolonty. Foeaeret ‘includes control see Geretic Engineering) ¢ Genetic Engineering} | Biological control- methods used to control pests by natural | Only the target pest isatteced.. ( | | Pest Control | & ecological interactions including predation, parasitism & | Cheaper than using chemicals long tex) | | competition ef. Using lady bugs predators to control piant | Simple toapply — Nae ersuingin cating pests, Environmentally friendly. ~ SC | teres, | |Msenetic Control- using genetic engineering techniques mete dL Doss not involve any agro chemicals (fertilizers or Reduce cost tofarmer. Tn | Organic Farming | Pld). Instead techeiauessuch as green manuring, | Lest negative erwirs.etfecte (| j pes | | cop rotation, composting, Biological pest control are used | Crops may get a higher market price since they | Moe | | 10 srow crops, — +| ate considered “more healthy” L | These are naturally occurring nutrient enhancersadded to | «Builds and maintains soil cumblexture so so | sollsuch as animal /plant manure, compost, slurry, peat. | remains loosp, acrated and holds moisture and seaweed (sargaclum). | nutricnts bi Fades beer hats nd peosates | | steady plant growth, ane dare | Organk \\ | -Assistin the growth of soll ore:earthworm | shevates the soil for aerobicto sive. cot imately tho Fertilizersrr Practice of growing plants ina controlled environment Crops can be grown throughout yer. Steady supply of water and nutrients. Soil pests and weeds are eliminated. Harvesting is easy. Small area/infer High startup cost Education training for farmer. co steep land can be utitzed [och cre cae grawn at once. | Latge/reliatle water source needed. | Net suitable to all cops (rect croes). “very adaptable to Cbean regions. | wastewater needs to be ested. Prevent damage io cop and mainiath qty, Genetic organism to produce offspring with desirable Engineering | charact Tncreased improv ie atte | Very re arsuming High pertormancefRigher yield!) x, | Very cast and requires expertise Spoctieto target past A teeter mayraake [Wo chemicals/efvirdn. friendly | some uncesiratle envirs. effects \ \ \Plant and Animal | Slecting sarah rove nents FO in or ‘ | Desred rest are ret guaranteed, Breeding | atiowing themto matein hopes of producing desirable Billeg te. |__Breeding | cftorng indirect gene manipulation. aS f The production of food from aquatic habitats. Af Bed a stocks. | | te ila nr (J etctetingn cveny sure of 6h oy | pquacutture protein Very adaptable to smallaceas oflend. | Waste efor | Can be Seohomicaly viable f managed reat Eror Mey may contain Normenes, | propery) The production offood from maging orsanifo(ea) ia. -Orpanlsms raised In thei natura thei natural envionment ses, shelf, sae most, \] environment: stressful transfers and heath problems aie eliminated sndicinsey |Go04 source of marine protein; pve we otis time to rer tenis ; | High yield at tow cost L | Very sustainaie fai ee Do eel - Ullle input of: food, machinery, tee energy (SHS aA So | | Foreaeh system abiove sete to team snub agriculture, Yat I Wow can i | incease Coologlcal Integy (decieae: will degradation, water pollution (outrophicatton) jngtearey soa lertiity, bisiogical Uivegalty) Increase Pennumie Viability {ino} Haney Ho Lanver val teow Input) pon oes Local ty epily angngomiens) J ocean (uve hie en pace psy ei Fer tavdng yboponics, amiss) Scanned with CamScanner: se mgioran © + FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE|AGRICULTURE), sage tr ne ain anal Sustainable agriculture isto provide food and food products in 2 consistent and sustainable maprier ‘while reducing the negative impacts of traditional agricultural practices. we ctesSaatharer Some features of sustainable agriculture promote: + ° Ecological integrity This ensures that farmers practice techniques that maintain the quality of natural resources @ the entire ecosystem. Mainly by (i) Encourage biodiversity (soil, flora and fauna) by reducing artificial fertilizers & pesticides, lage, conversion and deforestation. (li) Reducing land, water and soil degradation. enhances the vitality of 1 © Economic Viability This means reduc Adaptability Farmers should be able to adjust to the.constantly.changing growth, policy/ treaties / taxes, new and appropriate tet Social Equity ‘This includes both human and sccial justice. a must betecosit preserving the culture / spiritual integrity of soeiaty and respéayng aie forms. Social justice highlights that resources Zeds of societ] ‘should be distributed equally to mect,the,basic E.g Capital investments, technical e and farmers are allowed to participa y) 2} climot& change: temperatue ses rise esp since most farmingis done rear eoastal areas change Ia tion patterns (extreme wet and dry seasons), increase in pest infestation. 3) jocks: compettioatvth global markets, price fluctuations, changes in global demand (uneconomic to, nesses using sustainable agri, systems), changes in trade treaties/ agreements (Increase suppliers from large! ‘ sduintries). 4) Certification to mibct international standards esp for farmers wanting to export: quaity/stancard Is 90% high enough in the C’bean to export products, practices / laws are not properly regulated e.g hormones used maybe cutdated/banned, pestielde residue, technologles, handling product, packaging e.g milking cows, collecting e685. 5) Importation of cheap agrleultural products and substtutes. 5 |.) , Scanned with CamScannerpi Unit 2 Sustainable Agri System Ere Pri} los Mveitem 2, elke a Addons. Agri and the Enviro: Environmenatally sustainable practices in ‘Agr. Systems (0b. 6) Lambarhe Description/ Features of System Soviet inmarenn) ‘Advantages Disadvantages Contour Farming/ Ploughing Landis planted/ploughed along the topographical contours (horizontalrather than yp and down) oe Reduce surface water runolf Bsol, ‘increases pereclaticn tine & retention, Maybe combined with strip farm... /AdeptableAlows hily area 19 be farmed, jeune ES ON Serie @perizaragured. Hebocmadtinery hard 10 use on nity Terracing The hilside is ext into horizontallevalled platformalo ‘eate leveled shelves to hold water and soil. Crops are Planted in furrows that run along the flat platform the edges of the vertical section can be planted with sol anchering planis, Da ned 12 ‘Adaptable to hilly Caribbean lads Reduces cil ertion and wafer‘anott:\ a \ Requires removal af natural vegetation enhillies. Technology, machinery, cost & expertise required in ectng the tern. Difficult to mecharize farming eg. Ploughs | | crop rotation ‘Several different crops are planted successively in the sdme field with one area left fallow or planted with a cover c1 legume Improves sol fecity, Controls pest (indécts & weeds], diseases. Farm labour and equipment utiized [throughout the year. Ieome for farmer and workers maintained ‘through the year. Farm equisrrent ised for tre cultvatien of one cep right net be suitasle for another ie mere ecuicren: needed Incommer=~':zemt Bean be gifficul to find another coe tat provides the samme coonemicrerns | Lands suede se less ond seaceand | smaller yield is crcvided. | » Conservation Preparing the sal by ploushing, raping orturag evo In comparizon to canvent age where mést of the land is ploughed in conzervationaltilage lees ploughing Is done and more crop tesiduels left an the land, In éxtreme ses 00 tillage farming It used where the land Is not ploughed at al and all the previous crop remains induding 10016 véhich are used to bind the wil and add aeration, Reduces soll compaction and erosion, Increases water holding capacity organic ‘matter in soll also crop yield, Reduces expense; ess labour, fuel, equipmest. (Decreases foi 38 Promste rests infestation hatitat of ests ate nat destroyed By ploughing) Agto- Forestry Faring, wdich ay Crops and Tiina berately planted vith woody perennlaly/ ever green tre aries trees} Prevent soll ereslon, at ay wind bbiwas, provide that for anions an crops! provide timber, cates income teow fils nie fered for plants tron golinal waste Hogle Iaiyeraity, punted pinot Arey ees wien ules con attract ast fou C1996 (Rds, Insects). frees ke wp much “ Scanned with CamScanner 1