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Hw1,2

The document consists of a series of mathematical problems and proofs related to linear algebra, including topics such as supplier selection using vector notation, linearity of functions, projections onto lines, and properties of matrices. It also explores inequalities, Givens rotations, and transformations in vector spaces. Each problem requires analytical reasoning and justification for the conclusions drawn.

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amirmohammadahmadizad83
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26 views4 pages

Hw1,2

The document consists of a series of mathematical problems and proofs related to linear algebra, including topics such as supplier selection using vector notation, linearity of functions, projections onto lines, and properties of matrices. It also explores inequalities, Givens rotations, and transformations in vector spaces. Each problem requires analytical reasoning and justification for the conclusions drawn.

Uploaded by

amirmohammadahmadizad83
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HW1,2

1- You must buy n raw materials in quantities given by the n-vector q,


where qi is the amount of raw material i that you must buy. A set of K
potential suppliers offer the raw materials at prices given by the n-
vectors p1, . . . , pK. (Note that pk is an n-vector; (pk)i is the price that
supplier k charges per unit of raw material. We will assume that all
quantities and prices are positive. If you must choose just one
supplier, how would you do it? Your answer should use vector
notation.

2- The function φ : R3 → R satisfies


φ(1, 1, 0) = −1, φ(−1, 1, 1) = 1, φ(1, −1, −1) = 1.
Choose one of the following, and justify your choice: φ must be linear;
φ could be linear; φ cannot be linear.

3- Determine whether each of the following scalar-valued functions of


n_vectors is linear. If it is a linear function, give its inner product
representation, i.e., an n-vector a for which f(x) = a T x for all x. If it is
not linear, give specific x, y, α, and β for which superposition fails, i.e.,
f(αx + βy) 6= αf(x) + βf(y).
(a) The spread of values of the vector, defined as
f(x) = argmax(𝑥 ) − argin(𝑥 )
(b) The difference of the last element and the first, f(x) = xn − x1.
(c) The median of an n-vector, where we will assume n = 2k + 1 is
odd. The median of the vector x is defined as the (k + 1)st largest
number among the entries of x. For example, the median of (−7.1,
3.2, −1.5) is −1.5
(d) The average of the entries with odd indices, minus the average of
the entries with even indices. You can assume that n = 2k is even.
(e) Vector extrapolation, defined as xn + (xn − xn−1), for n ≥ 2. (This
is a simple prediction of what xn+1 would be, based on a straight line
drawn through xn and xn−1.)
4- Let a and b be different n-vectors. The line passing through a and b is
given by the set of vectors of the form (1 − θ)a + θb, where θ is a
scalar that determines the particular point on the line.
Let x be any n-vector. Find a formula for the point p on the line that is
closest to x. The point p is called the projection of x onto the line.
Show that (p − x) ⊥ (a – b).

5- Suppose that a and b are any n-vectors. Show that we can always
find a scalar γ so that (a − γb) ⊥ b, and that γ is unique if b ≠ 0

6- Let A and B be two m × n matrices. Under each of the assumptions


below, determine whether A = B must always hold, or whether A = B
holds only sometimes.
(a) Suppose Ax = Bx holds for all n-vectors x
(b) Suppose Ax = Bx for some nonzero n-vector x

7- We consider an application with n different job (types), each of which


consumes m different resources. We define the m × n resource
matrix R, with entry Rij giving the amount of resource i that is needed
to run one unit of job j, for i = 1, . . . , m and j = 1, . . . , n. (These
numbers are typically positive.) The number (or amount) of each of
the different jobs to be processed or run is given by the entries of the
n-vector x. (These entries are typically nonnegative integers, but they
can be fractional if the jobs are divisible.) The entries of the m-vector
p give the price per unit of each of the resources.
(a) Let y be the m-vector whose entries give the total of each of the m
resources needed to process the jobs given by x. Express y in terms
of R and x using matrix and vector notation
(b) Let c be an n-vector whose entries gives the cost per unit for each
job type. (This is the total cost of the resources required to run one
unit of the job type.) Express c in terms of R and p using matrix and
vector notation
8- If every row of a 4 by 4 matrix contains the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 in
some order, can the matrix be symmetric?

9- If A and B have nonzeros in the positions marked by x, which zeros


(marked by 0) stay zero in their factors Land U?

10- Could a 4 by 4 matrix A be invertible if every row contains the


numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 in some order? What if every row of B contains 0, 1,
2, -3 in some order?

11- There are sixteen 2 by 2 matrices whose entries are 1 's and O's.
How many of them are invertible?
12- Which of the following matrices are guaranteed to equal (A - B) 2 :
A2 – B2 , (B - A)2 , A2 - 2AB + B2 , A(A - B) - B(A - B), A2 - AB - BA+ B2
13- The following equation describes a Givens rotation in R3 . Find a
and b.
14- find vectors 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝐑2 such that 𝑢 is a scalar multiple of (1, 3), 𝑣 is
orthogonal to (1, 3), and (1, 2) = 𝑢 + 𝑣.
15- Suppose 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are positive numbers.
(a) Prove that (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)( 1 𝑎 + 1 𝑏 + 1 𝑐 + 1 𝑑 ) ≥ 16.
(b) For which positive numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 is the inequality above an
equality?

16- Suppose 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 are such that 𝑢 = 3, 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 4, 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 6. What


number does 𝑣 equal?

17- If the product C = AB is invertible ( A and B are square), then A itself is


invertible. Find a formula for A- 1 that involves c-1 and B.

18- Suppose 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ∈ 𝑉. Prove that

2
19- Find a matrix A such that the transformation 𝑥 → 𝐴𝑥 maps and
3
5 1 4
[ ]into [ ] and [ ], respectively.
8 2 9

20- Suppose 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉. Prove that 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑎𝑣 for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐑 if


and only if 𝑢 = 𝑣 .

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