Name Date Period Microscope Lab Objectives: To learn the parts of the microscope. To find specimens using low and high power, To make a wet mount To view your own human cheek cells under the microscope. ‘To compare plant and animal cells. Procedure: Letter “e” 1. Cut out the letter “e” and place it on the 2. Add a drop of water to the slide. 3. Place the cover slip on top of the “e” and drop of water at a 45-degree angle and ower. Draw what is on the slide in Figure 1 le face up. Figurel Figure 2 . Place the slide on the stage and view in low power (4x). Center the “e” in your field of view. Draw what you see in Figure 2. 5. Move the slide to the left, what happens? Move the slide to the right, what happens? Move the slide up, what happens? _ Move the slide down’? View the specimen in high power (10x). Use the fine adjustment only to focus. Draw what you see in Figure 3.Name Date Period _ 7. View the specimen in high power (40x). Use the fine adjustment only to focus. Draw what you see in Figure 4, Figure 3 ~~ Figure 4 Analysi 1. How does the letter “e’ normally appears? as seen through the microscope differ from the way an “e” 2. How does the ink appear under the microscope compared to normal view? 3. Why does a specimen placed under the microscope have to be thin?Name: Date: Period: Pond Water Lab Introduction: Why Study Pond Microlife? Right, what are all those little things really good for? Well, for one thing, without bacteria no fish, no frogs, no birds, no pretty pond lilies, cat tails, or sedges would survive. Bacteria are essential because they break down dead organic ‘material, allowing raw materials once locked up in animal and plant bodies to recycle through the pond community. The bacteria themselves, become food for protozoans such as Paramecium and Vorticela , and these organisms, in tur, feed the insects, crustaceans, and baby fish, building up food chains and creating a pond community. The green and yellow algae (diatoms) are examples of microscopic producers that convert solar energy into complex molecules that can be passed on to consumers. The same principles apply toa forest, grassland, or ocean. The simple fact is that ‘microorganisms ereate the ecological foundation for life on planet earth — a foundation that supports humans and all of life! Protiss, Single Cells That Do It All ‘An amazing world exists just beyond the naked eye. Pond water is one place to investigate this landscape of single cells that behave as independent organisms. Biologists have named this group protists. Protists have both animal-like and plant-like characteristies, Stepping Stones Protist were around long before plants and animals appeared. Fossil protists have been found in rocks dated at ‘moze than 1.8 billion years old. Infact, your local pond is very good place to find protsts very similar to those that stared the lines of multicelluiar fife — and these organisms seem relatively unchanged from that ancient time. The transition from single cell life to multicellular life is one of the most fascinating questions of modem biology. This step is exemplified by the colonial alga Volvox. All animal life is now thought 10 have evolved from a simple colonial organism that lived over 700 million years ago. Ancient Branching of the Tree OF Life Protists represent some of the most diverse branches in the tee of lif. The evolutionary branch leading to Closterium may have split from the yellow pigmented diatoms as far back as two billion years ago. The line leading to ciliated protists such as Blepharisma or ‘Stentor probably branched even earlier. Although amoebas share the characteristics tha their cell membrane is flexible, there is even a great diversity among this protist group. Evidence from molecular biology studies shows that some amoebas are much more closely related to Euglena than they are to the classic textbook amoeba, Amoeba proteus. Compared to these diverse lines of protist life, we animals are actually more closely related to our cousins, the fungi! Have a Look at How Life Works Single-celled pond life gives us a unique chance to study the processes of life right in the living cell! A close study of Paramecium with & microscope allows for the observation of phagocytosis, digestion, water balance, ciliary action, cll excretion and a variety of responses to stimuli Four common groups of protozoa - from Greek: proto (first), zoa (animals) Listed below are four common groups of protozoa that you may see during this lab. 1. Ciliates — single celled, free swimming, smooth and well coordinated. Usually covered with many small hairtike projections ~ cilia 2, Flagellaes ~ single celled, jerky free swimmers. Have one or two longer hair-like projections ~ flagella. 3. Amoeboids ~ move by streaming their eytoplasm. 4, Sporozoans ~ parasitic protozoa that spend most or all of thei life cycles in a host organism. Plantike protists Algae ~ single celled, but may form groups, green in color, often in filaments. Does not swim or move So much more! There is so much more to see in a single drop of pond water! This lab is just an introduction to the amazing world of protozoa and other microscopic and macroscopic organisms that can be found in ponds, lakes, and streams,Remember to be careful with the microscopes and follow all directions. Always start and end with the low ‘power and use the course adjustment only under low pow Procedure (Make all drawings on the drawings page!): 1) Carefully observe the pond water sample in the collection jar. Look for movement and any green organisms. Organisms that are green contain the pigment chlorophyll and are probably algae. 2) Following the teachers directions, use the pipette to collect water from the sample jar and make a slide. Observe your slide under low power. Using your colored pencils, sketch in detail what you see. 3) When directed by the teacher, switch to medium power and observe your slide. Remember to use only the fine adjustment to focus under medium and high powers. Using your colored pencils, sketch in detail what you see. 4) When directed by the teacher, switch to high power. Remember to use only the fine adjustment under medium and high powers. Using your colored pencils, sketch in detail what you see. Also, if you lose or are tunable to focus, you must switch back to low power and refocus. Always begin with low power, then medium power, and lastly high power. Never begin with medium or high power! 3) Focus on one type of algae, identify and make a detailed sketch of it. Make sure to include any structures and organelles that you see. You can use medium or high power — remember to follow correct procedure. 6) Focus on a single celled animal like organism, identify it and make a detailed sketch of the organism. Make sure to include any structures, internal and external, that you see. You can use medium or high power ~ remember to follow correct procedure. 7) Describe how the organism that you observed in #6 above moved. Be detailed in your description. Include any structures that the organism has and describe its movement (straight line, spins, etc.)Name: Date: Period: Drawings Page ~ Use colored pencils to draw the organisin(s) thal you are viewing under the microscope. You must SHOW. DETAIL! Use as much ofthe rectangle as you can for each drawing (do not draw a circle in the rectangle and then draw the organisms in the circle). At the bottom of each rectangle identify the organisms) that you see. 1. Low Power 2. Medium Power — 7 | High Power ‘Algae 5. Animal-like organism 6. One other organism of your choice!2of2 Draw any organism that you saw that is not in the above table, Analysis and Conclusions 1 10. How many different microorganisms did you discover? Which kind of microorganism had the highest population?(refer to your drawings) What do you think microorganisms eat? Do you think there is any competition between microorganisms for food?” (Wat does docombgse Mean? seeuemusmeeseusmuaneanneennee How many cells make up a paramecium and an amoeba? Humans have cells that ditferentate and become specialized. Does this same process occur in a Paramecium or an amoeba? Explain what cell differentiation means. Look closely inside the rotfer cell, Are organelles present? What structures do you see inside the water flea that are similar to human organs? 7 LAB Pond Water Organisoslof LAB Pond Water Organi Last Name , First per, Microscopic photos of microorganisms found in pond water. Draw each organism found. [ Drawing: | Microorganism Drawing Stentor Philodena a. Volvox Spirogyra Ostrocods 7 LAB Pond Water Organisms