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lecture03 - basic operations on signals

The document outlines basic operations on signals in a Signals and Systems course, focusing on operations performed on dependent and independent variables. Key operations include amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration, time scaling, reflection, and time shifting. Examples are provided for each operation, illustrating their applications in continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) signals.

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Abdullah Ahmed
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7 views

lecture03 - basic operations on signals

The document outlines basic operations on signals in a Signals and Systems course, focusing on operations performed on dependent and independent variables. Key operations include amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration, time scaling, reflection, and time shifting. Examples are provided for each operation, illustrating their applications in continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) signals.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems Course # EE 2235

Lecture #3 Topic: Basic Operations on Signals


• Operations performed on dependent variables
• Amplitude scaling
• Addition
• Multiplication
• Differentiation
• Integration
• Operations performed on the independent variables
• Time scaling
• Reflection
• Time shifting
(1) Operations performed on dependent variables
(i) Amplitude or Magnitude Scaling: Example – electronic amplifier
CT signal: y (t )  cx (t ) , where c is the scaling factor ; voltage = resistor*current
DT signal: y[n]  cx[n]
(ii) Addition : Example - audio mixer, which combines music and voice signals

CT signal: y (t )  x1 (t )  x 2 (t )
DT signal: y[n]  x1[n]  x 2 [n]

(iii) Multiplication: Example – AM radio signal


CT signal: y(t )  x1 (t ) x 2 (t ) ; x1(t) = audio signal + a dc component, x2(t)=sinusoidal signal (carrier)
DT signal: y[n]  x1[n]x 2 [n]

(iv) Differentiation: Inductor performs differentiation

d d
CT signal: y (t )  x(t ) , v(t )  L i (t )
dt dt

(v) Integration: A capacitor performs integration

CT signal: y(t )   x( )d , where τ is the integration variable



t

 i( )d
1
Voltage develop across the capacitor, v(t ) 
C

(2) Operations performed on independent variables

(i) Time scaling: output is obtained by scaling of the independent variable


CT signal: y(t )  x(at )
DT signal: y[n]  x[kn] , k>0
If a>1, the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t).
If 0<a<1, the signal y(t) is an extended (stretched) version of x(t)

(ii) Reflection:

CT signal: y(t )  x(t )


DT signal: y[n]  x[n]
The signal y(t) represents a reflected version of x(t) about the amplitude axis
Two cases:
Even signals: x(-t) = x(t) for all t; an even signal is same as the reflected version
Even signals: x(-t) = – x(t) for all t; an odd signal is the negative of its reflected version

Here, x(t) = 0 for t < –T1 and t > T2


y(t) = 0 for t > T1 and t < –T2

(vii) Time-shifting: Time-shifted version of x(t) is defined by

CT signal: y(t )  x(t  t 0 ) , where t0 is the time shift


If t0 > 0, waveform representing x(t) is shifted intact to the right, relative to the time axis
If t0<0, it is shifted to the left
DT signal: y[n]  x[n  m] , where the shift m must be positive or negative integer

Answer: After drawing figure, it can be easily shown that

Example: Amplitude scaling - Let g(t)=0 |t|>5


Example: Time-shifting: t → t–t0 : Shifting the function to the right or left by t0

Example: Time-scaling (i) Expands the function horizontally by a factor of |a|

Example: Time-scaling (ii) If a < 0, the function is also time inverted. The time inversion means flipping the
curve 1800 with the g axis as the rotation axis of the flip.
 t  t0 
Multiple transformations: g (t )  Ag  : Amplitude scaling, time scaling and time shifting can be
 a 
applied simultaneously. How?

Answer: A multiple transformation can be done in steps

amplitude
t / a  t  t t0  t  t0 
g (t )  Ag (t ) t
scaling , A
 Ag  t  Ag 
a  a 
The order of the changes is important. For example, if we exchange the order of the time-scaling and time-
shifting operations, we get:

amplitude
t   t  t0 
g (t )  Ag (t ) t
scaling , A
 Ag t  t0  t
t t0 t / a
 Ag  t0   Ag 
a   a 
 t  t0 
#A sequence of amplitude scaling, time scaling and time shifting: g (t )  Ag 
 a 
Answer:

Answer:

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