CLASS IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER – 6
TISSUES (Module 1)
Plant Tissues
Tissues :-
A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or
work together to achieve a particular function forms a
tissue.
Eg :- In human beings the cells of the muscular tissue
contract and relax and help in movements.
In plants the cells of the vascular tissue conduct water
and food from one part of the plant to the other.
Are Plants and Animals Made of Same
Types of Tissues?
a) Plant tissues :-
i) Plants do not move from place to place. Most of the
cells and tissues in plants provide mechanical
support and strength. So most of the tissues
consists of dead cells because they provide
mechanical support and strength to the plant.
ii) The growth of plants takes place only in some
regions. So plants have tissues called meristematic
tissues which divide and help in growth and
permanent tissues which do not divide.
III) Plants are differently adapted for a sedentary
existence, contributing to difference in organ system
design.
b) Animal tissues :-
i) Animals move from place to place and
need more energy than plants. So most
cells and tissues in animals are living
cells.
ii) The growth of animals is more uniform so
animals do not have separate dividing and
non dividing cells. Animals have organs
having specialised functions. So the organs
have specialised tissues.
III)Active locomotion by the animals
contributing to difference in organ system
design.
Plant Tissues:Classification
Plant tissues are of two main types. They are
Meristematic tissues and Permanent
tissues.
i) Meristematic tissues :- are of three types.
They are Apical meristematic tissues,
Intercalliary meristematic tissues and
Lateral meristematic tissues.
ii) Permanent tissues :- are of two types .
They are Simple permanent tissues and
Complex permanent tissues. Simple
permanent tissues are of three types. They
are Parenchyma, Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma. Complex
permanent tissues are of two types. They
are Xylem and phloem
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Cells of meristematic tissue are very active,they
have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and
prominent nuclei. They lack vacuoles.
The growth of plants occurs only in certain
specific regions because of the presence of the
dividing tissue, known as meristematic tissue.
Meristematic tissues are found in the growing
regions of the plant like the tips of root, stem and
branches. They divide continuously and help in the
growth of the plant.
Characteristics of Meristematic Tissue
They have very small and few vacuoles.
The meristematic tissue are living and thin-walled.
The protoplasm of the cells is very dense.
The cells of the meristematic tissue are young and immature.
They do not store food.
They exhibit a very high metabolic activity.
They possess a single, large and prominent nucleus.
Depending on the region where they are present,
meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral and
intercalary.
i) Apical meristematic tissues :- are present in the tips
of stems and roots. They help in the growth of stems
and roots.
ii) Lateral meristematic tissues :- are present in in the
sides of stems and roots. They help to increase the
girth of the stems and roots.
iii) Intercalary meristematic tissues :- are present at
the base of leaves and internodes and help in the
growth of those parts.
Location of meristematic tissue in plant
body diagramatically
PERMANENT TISSUE
Permanent tissues are formed from
meristematic tissues. They do not
divide and have permanent shape
and size. They differentiate into
different types of permanent
tissues. Permanent tissues are of
two main types. They are Simple
permanent tissues and Complex
permanent tissues.
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
Simple permanent tissues are
made up of one type of cells.
They are of three types called
Parenchyma, Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma consists of relatively
unspecialised cells with thin cell walls. They are
living cells. They are usually loosely arranged,
thus large spaces between cells (intercellular
spaces) are found in this tissue.
Functions of parenchyma
[Link] store materials like starch, proteins, hormones etc.
And waste product such as tanins, resins etc
[Link] Parenchyma cells perform the metabolic
activities of the cell.
[Link] parenchyma cells in leaves contain chloroplast
and prepares food by photosynthesis.
[Link] parenchyma cells have large air cavities
(arenchyma) which help the plant to float on water.
5. Some parenchyma cells of roots and stem store
water and minerals.
Collenchyma
The cells of collenchyma tissue are living,
elongated and irregularly thickened at the corners.
There is very little intercellular space.
Functions of Collenchyma :-
1. They give flexibility and
allows easy bending of
different parts like stem, leaf
etc.
2. They also give mechanical
support to the plant.
Sclerenchyma tissue
The cells of sclerenchyma tissue are dead. They are
long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to
lignin. Often these walls are so thick that there is no
internal space inside the cell. The cell walls contain
lignin a chemical substance which act like cement and
hardens them
Functions of Sclerenchyma
[Link] cells provide mechanical
support to the plant and allows the organs to
withstand bending, shearing, compression and
pull caused due to environmental factors.
[Link] also supports transportation of water and
nutrients to the plants.
[Link] rigidity provided by the sclerenchyma also
prevents leaves of the plant to collapse due to
wilting.
[Link] a major part of fruit pitshard outer
shells of nuts.
Comparision of parenchyma,collenchyma
and sclerenchyma tissue.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PARENCHYMA,COLLENCHYMA AND
SCLERENCHYMA
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Made up of cells having They are plant tissues that Made up of a thick and rigid
very thin cell. Consists of consist of living elongated cell wall. Consists of dead
living cells at maturity. cells with unevenly thickened cells at maturity and thus
walls. Consists of living cells why protoplast is absent.
at maturity.
Usually isodiametric in Cells are usually polygonal Cells are tubular in shape.
shape, however they can in shape.
still have other various
shapes.
Cell wall is made up of Cell wall is made up of pectin Cell wall is made up of
cellulose. and hemicelluloses. waterproofing lignin.
Cells have no intercellular
Cells have little space spaces present between
Cells are loosely packed.
between cells. them, cells are tightly
packed.
Cells provide mechanical
Plays a role in providing
Plays a major role in gas support to the plant. It also
mechanical support to the
Epidermis
Epidermis is the outermost layer. The
epidermis is usually made of a single layer
of cells. The entire surface of a plant has
an outer covering epidermis. Since it has a
protective role to play, cells of epidermal
tissue form a continuous layer without
intercellular spaces. Most epidermal cells
are relatively flat. Often their outer and
side walls are thicker than the inner wall.
Epidermal cell in leaves and
Stomata
Functions of Epidermis
1. The Epidermis and its waxy cuticles
provides a protective a protective barrier
against mechanical injury, water loss and
infection .
[Link] protects the underlying tissues.
3. It regulates gaseous exchange through
stomata.
[Link] secretes metabolic compounds.
[Link] absorbs water and mineral nutrients.
Cork Cells
As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue,
epidermis is lost and is replaced by Cork cells.
Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged
without intercellular spaces. They also have a
substance called suberin in their walls that makes
them impervious to gases and water.
Complex permanent tissues
Complex permanent tissues are made
up of more than one type of cells.
There are two types of complex
tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem.
They are called vascular or conducting
tissues.
Xylem
➢Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem
parechyma and xylem fibres.
➢ Tracheids and vessels have thick walls, and
many are dead cells when mature.
➢Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures.
This allows them to transport water and
minerals vertically.
➢ The xylem parenchyma stores food.
➢ Xylem fibres are mainly supportive in function.
Xylem Elements
Phloem
❖Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres
❖ Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated
walls. The sieve tubes and companion cells
transports food from leaves to all parts of the
plant.
❖Phloem parenchyma stores food and fibres help
in support.
❖ Except phloem fibres, other phloem cells are
living cells.
Phloem
Difference between Xylem And
Phloem.
Xylem Phloem
It helps in the transportation of It transports food and water to
water from the soil to the roots all parts of the plant.
and to the leaves of the plant.
Its movement of water is only in Its transportation is in all
upward direction. directions.
Xylem consist of tracheids, Phloem consist sieve tubes,
vessels, xylem parenchyma and companion cells, phloem fibres
xylem fibres and phloem parenchyma
Only Xylem parenchyma is Only Phloem fibres are dead
That’s all for today students,lets recap
what we have learnt
❖Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and
function.
❖Plant tissues are of two main types – meristematic
and permanent.
❖Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in
the growing regions of the plant.
❖Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic
tissue once
they lose the ability to divide. They are classified as
simple and complex tissues.
❖ Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are
three types of simple tissues.
❖Xylem and phloem are types of complex tissues.
Thank You
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