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The Absolute
Beginner’s
Guide to Python
Programming
A Step-by-Step Guide with Examples
and Lab Exercises
—
Kevin Wilson
The Absolute
Beginner’s Guide to
Python Programming
A Step-by-Step Guide
with Examples and Lab
Exercises
Kevin Wilson
The Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Python Programming: A Step-by-Step
Guide with Examples and Lab Exercises
Kevin Wilson
London, UK
Introduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv
iii
Table of Contents
Output������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
Escape Characters�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
Writing a Program�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Lab Exercises������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30
iv
Table of Contents
Bitwise Operators�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45
Lab Exercises������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
Shapes��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������155
Basic Animation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������156
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������164
viii
Table of Contents
F or Loop������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������187
L oop Control������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������187
M
odules������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������187
B
uilt-In Functions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������187
D
eclare a Class�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������188
C
hild Class��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������188
C
reate Object����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������188
C
all Object Method��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������188
A
ccess Object Attributes�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������188
E xceptions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������188
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������189
ix
About the Author
With over 20 years’ experience in the computer industry, Kevin Wilson
has made a career out of technology and showing others how to use it.
After earning a master’s degree in computer science, software engineering,
and multimedia systems, Kevin has held various positions in the IT
industry including graphic and web design, digital film and photography,
programming and software engineering, developing and managing
corporate networks, building computer systems, and IT support. He
currently teaches computer science at college and works as an IT trainer in
England while researching for his Ph.D.
xi
About the Technical Reviewer
Joos Korstanje is a data scientist, with over
five years of industry experience in developing
machine-learning tools. He has a double M.Sc.
in applied data science and environmental
science and has extensive experience working
with geodata use cases. He currently works at
Disneyland Paris, where he develops machine
learning for a variety of tools. His project
experience includes forecasting, recommender
engines, optimization, machine learning on
GPS tracking data, and more. Joos is also an active blogger on Medium and
has worked on multiple book publications.
xiii
Introduction
The aim of this book is to provide a first course in the use of Python to
develop programs.
It provides a foundation for those who wish to write computer
programs based on sound programming principles, and because the book
is intended to be a primer, it allows the beginner to become comfortable
with basic programming tasks.
As it is a first course, no previous experience of computer
programming is assumed.
Throughout the book, we’ll explore the Python programming language
with worked examples and lab exercises for you to complete yourself.
For this purpose, we’ve included all the source code for this book in the
following repository: github.com/apress/absolute-beginners-guide-python
xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Computer
Programming
What is a computer program? A computer is a device that processes
instructions to achieve a task. This set of instructions is called a computer
program.
A computer program usually takes some data such as a string or a
number and performs calculations to produce results. We usually refer to
the data as the program’s input and the results as the program’s output.
To write computer programs, we use a computer programming
language. There are many different languages such as BASIC, C, C++,
and Python. In this guide, we are going to concentrate on the Python
programming language.
Every computer program manipulates data to produce a result, so
most languages allow the programmer to choose names for each item of
data. These items are called variables or constants. A variable, as the name
suggests, is an item that can contain different values as the program is
executed. A constant stays the same.
What Is Python
Python is a high-level language developed by Guido van Rossum in the
late 1980s and is used in web development, scientific applications, gaming,
AI, and is well suited to education for teaching computer programming.
Python is designed to be an easily readable language. Therefore, it uses
an uncluttered formatting style and often uses English keywords where
other languages use a symbol.
Python is an interpreted programming language, meaning Python
programs are written in a text editor and then put through a Python
interpreter to be executed.
Python is used in the field of artificial intelligence and can be found
in many day-to-day applications. Streaming services such as Spotify use
Python for data analysis, particularly users’ listening habits in order to
offer suggestions on which artist to follow, other music a particular user
might be interested in, and so on. Python is also used within Netflix’s
machine-learning algorithms for recommending relevant content to users,
monitoring browsing habits, and marketing.
2
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
Getting Started
In this section, we’ll take a look at how to install the Python interpreter
and development environment. You can install Python on Windows, Mac,
or Linux.
Setting Up
Before we start writing programs, we need to set up our development
environment. We’ll take a look at installing Python on Windows, Mac,
and Linux.
Install on Windows
In our lab, we’re using Windows workstations, so we’ll need to install the
Python integrated development environment for Windows.
Open your web browser and navigate to the following website:
www.python.org/downloads/windows
From the Downloads page, select the “executable installer” of the latest
stable release.
4
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
5
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
Once the installer starts, make sure “Add Python 3.x to PATH” is
selected, and then click “Customize installation” to run through the steps
to complete the installation.
Make sure you select all the tick boxes for all the optional features.
6
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
Click “Next.”
Make sure “Install for all users” is selected at the top of the dialog box.
Click “Install” to begin.
7
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
Click “Disable path length limit” to make sure Python runs smoothly
on Windows and allow long filenames.
8
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
Here, you can write your code in the editor and then execute and
debug your code. You’ll also notice the code editor provides syntax
highlighting, meaning keywords and text are highlighted in different
colors, making code easier to read.
I nstall on MacOS
To install Python 3 with the official installer, open your web browser and
navigate to the following website:
www.python.org/downloads/macos
9
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
10
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
I nstall on Linux
If you are running a Linux distribution such as Ubuntu or have a Raspberry
Pi, you can install Python using the terminal. You’ll find the terminal app
in your applications. You can also press Control+Alt+T on your keyboard.
11
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
idle
12
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Programming
Arrange your windows so you can see your code window and the shell.
S
ummary
• Python is a high-level language whose code is executed
by an interpreter to produce output.
• Python is a multi-platform language and is available for
Windows, MacOS, Linux, and the Raspberry Pi.
• To write our programs, we use IDLE Python. This is
Python’s integrated development environment.
13
CHAPTER 2
The Basics
Python programs are written in a text editor, such as Notepad, PyCharm, or
the code editor in Python’s integrated development environment (IDLE),
and saved with a .py file extension.
You then use the Python interpreter to execute the code saved in
the file.
Let’s start at the beginning.
Language Classification
There are different levels of programming language: low-level languages
and high-level languages.
Low-Level Language
A low-level language is a programming language whose functions often
refer directly to the processor’s instructions and is commonly written in
machine code or assembly language. Assembly language is known as a
second-generation programming language, machine code being the first
generation.
Let’s take a look at a simple program. Here, we have a little adder
program written in assembly language for our processor, and might look
something like this:
LDA 12H
ADD 07H
STA 09H
STP
High-Level Language
Python is an example of a high-level language. Rather than dealing directly
with processor registers and memory addresses, high-level languages deal
with variables, human-readable statements, loops, and functions.
High-level language code is either compiled into a machine code
executable program or interpreted. Languages such as C or C++ are
often compiled, meaning the code is written and then converted into an
executable file. This makes them ideal for software development to write
applications such as Microsoft Word that run on a computer.
16
Chapter 2 The Basics
When you attempt to run your program, the interpreter will convert
and execute your code, but will only do this if it doesn’t contain any errors.
17
Chapter 2 The Basics
If your program runs, there could still be errors. These could be logical
errors and can produce unexpected results and are sometimes called
bugs in the program. This could be a divide by 0 error which can cause the
program to crash.
The process of eliminating these errors is called debugging.
R
eserved Words
These are words reserved by the programming language that define the
syntax and structure. Here are some of the most common ones:
18
Chapter 2 The Basics
For example, the word “while” indicates a while loop. The word “if”
defines an “if statement.” You can’t use a reserved word as a variable name
or function name.
19
Chapter 2 The Basics
I dentifiers
An identifier is a name given to a class, function, or a variable. Identifiers
can be a combination of uppercase or lowercase letters, numbers, or
an underscore (_). Try to keep the identifiers meaningful, so that they
describe what they’re used for.
I ndentation
Most other programming languages such as C and C++ use braces { } to
define a block of code. Python uses indentation. Use the tab key.
C
omments
A comment is an explanation or annotation in the source code of a
computer program for the purpose of making the source code easier for
other programmers to understand. Comments are intended to be human
readable for the programmer’s benefit and are ignored by the Python
interpreter during execution.
Comments are very important while writing a program. You should
clearly document all your code using comments, so other developers
working on a project can better understand what your code is doing.
20
Chapter 2 The Basics
Input
You can obtain input from the user using the input( ) function. This
function prompts the user to type in some data.
Output
You can display information on the screen with the print( ) function.
You can print the contents of a variable or enclose a string within the
parameters of the print( ) function. For example:
print (number)
Escape Characters
An escape character tells the interpreter to perform a specific operation
such as a line break or tab or a reserved character such as a quote mark or
apostrophe.
21
Chapter 2 The Basics
Escape characters start with the a backslash (\) and are used to format
a string. Table 2-1 lists escape characters and their function.
\n Line break
\t Tab (horizontal indentation)
\ New line in a multiline string
\\ Backslash
\’ Apostrophe or single quote
\” Double quote
For example, you could use the tab escape and break line character to
format some text:
John 45
Joanne 15
Writing a Program
To write a program, open IDLE Python from the start menu. Select the File
menu and then click “New File.”
22
Chapter 2 The Basics
A new blank window will appear. This is the code editor. Here, you can
write all your Python code.
23
Chapter 2 The Basics
a = 5
b = 5
Next, we need a piece of code that will add the two numbers together
and store the result. In this case, the values assigned to the variables “a”
and “b” will be added together and stored in the variable “result.”
result = a + b
print (result)
24
Chapter 2 The Basics
To run the program, press F5, or go to the “Run” menu in your code
editor and click “Run Module.”
25
Chapter 2 The Basics
You can see in the following image the output of the program, in this
case “10.”
26
Chapter 2 The Basics
Now, because the input function reads the values entered as text
(called a string), we need to convert these to numbers. So we need to
modify the code that adds the two numbers together. We can use the int
function – this converts the text to an integer which is a fancy name for a
whole number.
27
Chapter 2 The Basics
You can see in the following image the output of the program. The
program prompted the user for two numbers, added them together, and
then displayed the result underneath.
28
Chapter 2 The Basics
Lab Exercises
What is the output produced by the following code fragment?
num1 = 2
num2 = 3
print (num1 + num2)
num1 = 2
num2 = 3
print ("num 1 + num 2 = ", num1 + num2)
Num1 = 2
num2 := 3
Sum = num1 + num2;
printf(sum)
Num1
time-of-day
tax_rate
x5
int
7th_Rec
yield
29
Chapter 2 The Basics
S
ummary
• Python programs are written in a text editor, such as
Notepad, PyCharm, or the code editor in Python’s
development environment (IDLE), and saved with a .py
file extension.
• Python is an example of a high-level language.
• Python is an interpreted language, meaning the code
you write is translated into machine code directly,
making it well suited to web development.
• An identifier is a name given to a class, function, or a
variable.
• Python uses indentation to mark a block of code. Use
the tab key to indent.
• A comment is an explanation or annotation in the
source code of a computer program for the purpose of
making the source code easier for other programmers
to understand.
• You can obtain input from the user using the input( )
function.
• You can display information on the screen with the
print( ) function.
30
CHAPTER 3
Variables
A variable is a labeled location in memory that is used to store values
within a computer program. There are two types of variables: local
and global.
Local Variables
Variables defined within a function are called local variables, as they are
local to that particular function. These variables can only be seen by the
function in which they are defined. These variables have local scope.
Figure 3-1 shows an example of local variables.
Global Variables
Global variables are defined in the main body of the program outside any
particular functions. These variables can be seen by any function and are
said to have global scope.
Here in the example below, “a” and “b” are global variables, while
“firstnum,” “secondnum,” and “sum” are local variables.
Integers
An integer is a whole number and can be positive or negative. Integers can
usually be of unlimited length.
score = 45
32
Chapter 3 Working with Data
temperature = 44.7
S
trings
In Python code, a string must be enclosed in quotes “...” or ‘...’:
L ists
A list is an ordered sequence of data items usually of the same type, each
identified by an index (shown in the circles). This is known as a one-
dimensional list.
print (shoppingList[1])
You can assign another value to an item in the list (e.g., change cereal):
shoppingList[3] = "chocolate"
33
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I.
On the deck of Patrick Lynch’s boat I sit in woful plight,
Through my sighing all the weary day, and weeping all the night.
Were it not that full of sorrow from my people forth I go.
By the blessed sun, ’tis royally I’d sing thy praise. Mayo!
II.
When I dwelt at home in plenty, and my gold did much abound.
In the company of fair young maids the Spanish ale went round—
’Tis a bitter change from those gay days that now I’m forced to go,
And must leave my bones in Santa Cruz, far from my own Mayo!
III.
They are altered girls in Irrul now, ’tis proud they’re grown and high,
With their hair-bags and their top-knots, for I pass their buckles by—
But it’s little now I heed their airs, for God will have it so,
That I must depart for foreign lands, and leave my sweet Mayo!
IIII.
’Tis my grief that Patrick Loughlin is not Earl in Irrul still,
And that Brian Duff no longer rules as Lord upon the hill,
And that Colonel Hugh Mac Grady should be lying dead and low,
And I sailing, sailing swiftly from the county of Mayo!
For the satisfaction of our Gaelic readers, we annex the original Irish words:
Condae Maiġeó.
Is ar an loingseo Phaidi Loingsiġ do ġnimse an dubron
Ag osnaḋ ann san oiḋche is ag siorġol san ló
Muna mbeiḋ gur dallaḋ minntleacht is me a ḃḟad om ṁuinntir
Dar a maireann! is maiṫ a chaoinfinnsi condae Mhaiġeo.
Cameo-cutting.—This art is of great antiquity, and is pursued with most success in Rome,
where there are several very eminent artists now living. Cameos are of two descriptions,
those cut in stone, or pietra dura, and those cut in shell. Of the first, the value depends
on the stone, as well as in the excellence of the work. The stones most prized now are
the oriental onyx and the sardonyx, the former black and white in parallel layers, the
latter cornelian, brown and white; and when stones of four or five layers of distinct
shades or colours can be procured, the value is proportionably raised, provided always
that the layers be so thin as to be manageable in cutting the cameo so as to make the
various parts harmonize. For example, in a head of Minerva, if well wrought out of a
stone of four shades, the ground should be dark grey, the face light, the bust and helmet
black, and the crest over the helmet brownish or grey. Next to such varieties of shades
and layers, those stones are valuable in which two layers occur of black and white of
regular breadth. Except on such oriental stones no good artist will now bestow his time;
but, till the beginning of this century, less attention was bestowed on materials, so that
beautiful middle-age and modern cameos may be found on German agates, whose
colours are generally only two shades of grey, or a cream and a milk-white, and these not
unfrequently cloudy. The best artist in Rome in pietra dura is the Signor Girometti, who
has executed eight cameos of various sizes, from 1½ to 3½ inches in diameter, on picked
stones of several layers, the subjects being from the antique. These form a set of
specimens, for which he asks £3,000 sterling. A single cameo of good brooch size, and of
two colours, costs £22. Portraits in stone by those excellent artists Diez and Saulini may
be had for £10. These cameos are all wrought by a lathe with pointed instruments of
steel, and by means of diamond dust.
Shell cameos are cut from large shells found on the African and Brazilian coasts, and
generally show only two layers, the ground being either a pale coffee-colour or a deep
reddish-orange; the latter is most prized. The subject is cut with little steel chisels out of
the white portion of the shell. A fine shell is worth a guinea in Rome. Copies from the
antique, original designs, and portraits, are executed in the most exquisite style of finish,
and perfect in contour and taste, and it may be said that the Roman artists have attained
perfection in this beautiful art. Good shell cameos may be had at from £1 to £5 for
heads, £3 to £4 for the finest large brooches, a comb costs £10, and a complete set of
necklace, ear-rings, and brooch cost £21. A portrait can be executed for £4 or £5,
according to workmanship.
Venetian Pavements.—A most beautiful art may be mentioned here in connection with the
last, I mean that of making what are termed Venetian pavements which might
advantageously be introduced into this country. The floors of rooms are finished with this
pavement, as it is somewhat incongruously termed, and I shall briefly describe the mode
of operation in making these, but must first observe that they are usually formed over
vaults. In the first place, a foundation is laid of lime mixed with pozzolana and small
pieces of broken stone; this is in fact a sort of concrete, which must be well beaten and
levelled. When this is perfectly dry, a fine paste, as it is termed by the Italians, must be
made of lime, pozzolana, and sand; a yellow sand is used which tinges the mixture; this
is carefully spread to a depth of one or two inches, according to circumstances. Over this
is laid a layer of irregularly broken minute pieces of marble of different colours, and if it is
wished, these can be arranged in patterns. After the paste is completely covered with
pieces of marble, men proceed to beat the floor with large and heavy tools made for the
purpose; when the whole has been beaten into a compact mass, the paste appearing
above the pieces of marble, it is left to harden. It is then rubbed smooth with fine
grained stones, and is finally brought to a high polish with emery powder, marble-dust,
and, lastly, boiled oil rubbed on with flannel. This makes a durable and very beautiful
floor, which in this country would be well adapted for halls, conservatories, and other
buildings.—The Civil Engineer and Architect’s Journal.
How destitute of humanity is he, who can pass a coarse joke upon the emblem of
unfeigned sorrow.
Printed and published every Saturday by Gunn and Cameron, at the
Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green,
Dublin.—Agents:—R. Groombridge, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row,
London; Simms and Dinham, Exchange Street, Manchester; C. Davies,
North John Street, Liverpool; Slocombe & Simms, Leeds, John Menzies,
Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; & David Robertson, Trongate, Glasgow.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY
JOURNAL, VOL. 1 NO. 44, MAY 1, 1841 ***
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