1/28/2025 Assignment No 1

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Prof. Sujit Gulhane

CENTRE FOR TEXTILE FUNCTIONS
 Assignment No 1

Q.1 Define

An electric conductor is a material that allows electric current to flow through it easily
because it has free electrons. Examples include metals like copper, silver, and aluminum.

Poor conductors. A poor conductor is a material that allows only a small amount of electric
current to flow through it because it has very few free electrons. Tungsten—a metal used for
light bulb filaments—and carbon—in diamond form—

Insulators: An insulator is a material that does not allow electric current to flow through it
because it has no free electrons or very few that cannot move easily. Examples include
rubber, glass, and ceramic.

Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between that

of a conductor and an insulator. Its conductivity can be controlled by adding impurities
(doping) or changing temperature. Examples include silicon and germanium.

Q.2 Define state symbol, units and formula

1. Voltage : Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit.

 Symbol: VVV
 Unit: Volt (V)
 Formula: V=I×RV = I \times RV=I×R

2. Current : Current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit.

 Symbol: III
 Unit: Ampere (A)
 Formula: I=V/ R

3. Resistance : Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.

 Symbol: RRR
 Unit: Ohm (Ω\OmegaΩ)
 Formula: R=V/ I

4. Power : Power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced in a circuit.

 Symbol: PPP
 Unit: Watt (W)
 Formula: P=V×I

5. Energy : Energy is the total amount of work done or power consumed over time.

 Symbol: EEE
 Unit: Joule (J) or Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
 Formula: E=P×tE = (Power in watt X Time in hour)/1000
6. Series Connection : In a series connection, components are connected end-to-end, and the
same current flows through each component.

 Symbol: -
 Formula for total resistance: Rtotal=R1+R2+⋯+Rn

7. Parallel Connection : In a parallel connection, components are connected across the same
voltage source, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each branch.

 Symbol: -
 Formula for total resistance: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ... + 1/Rn

8. Wavelength of a Sine Wave

 Definition: Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points in a wave that
are in phase (e.g., two peaks or troughs).
 Symbol: λ lambda
 Unit: Meter (m)
 Formula: λ= fv, where v is the wave speed and f is the frequency.

9. Frequency of a Sine Wave

 Definition: Frequency is the number of complete cycles of a wave that occur in one
second.
 Symbol: fff
 Unit: Hertz (Hz)
 Formula: f=1/T , where T is the period of the wave.

Q.3 What is Kirchhoffs Laws of Voltage? Explain with formula.

 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the sum of all voltages around any closed loop in
a circuit is equal to zero. This is based on the principle of energy conservation.
 In a closed loop, the total energy gained (voltage from power sources) must equal the
total energy lost (voltage drops across resistors and other components).
 Formula:

∑V=0 OR

Example:
In a loop containing a 10V battery and two resistors causing voltage drops of 6V and
4V:

10−6−4=0 OR 10 = 6 + 4

Q.4 What is Kirchhoffs Laws of Current? Explain with formula.

Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the total current entering a junction is equal to the total
current leaving the junction. This is based on the principle of conservation of charge.At any
point (junction) in a circuit, the sum of currents flowing into the junction equals the sum of
currents flowing out.

 Formula:

∑Iin=∑Iout
  Example: What is i5? 1+4+3=2+i5 i5 = -6

Q.5 What is Electromagnetic induction? Draw label diagram indicating

electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field produces an

electric current in a conductor. This phenomenon was discovered by Michael Faraday and is
the principle behind generators, transformers, and induction motors.

1. When a conductor (e.g., a coil of wire) is exposed to a changing magnetic field, an

electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the conductor.
2. The induced current's direction is given by Lenz's Law and the magnitude by Faraday's Law
of Induction.
3. Faraday’s Law:

EMF=−dΦ/ dt where Φ is the magnetic flux.

Q.6 What Is Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule?

According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when a conductor moves through a

magnetic field, an electric current is induced in it. Fleming’s right-hand rule is used to
determine the direction of the induced current.

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule states that if we arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle finger
of the right-hand perpendicular to each other, then the thumb points towards the direction of
the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field, the forefinger points towards the
direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the direction of the
induced current.

Q.7 What is Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule?

When a current-carrying conductor is placed in an external magnetic field, the conductor

experiences a force perpendicular to both the field and the current flow’s direction. Fleming’s
left-hand rule is used to find the direction of the force acting on the current carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule states that if we arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle finger of
the left-hand perpendicular to each other, then the thumb points towards the direction of the
force experienced by the conductor, the forefinger points towards the direction of the
magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the direction of the electric current.

Q.8 Draw and explain the Series R-L circuits and their phasor diagram.

A circuit that contains a pure resistance R ohm connected in series with a coil having a pure
inductance of L (Henry) is known as RL Series Circuit. When an AC supply voltage V is
applied, the current, I flows in the circuit.

So, IR and IL will be the current flowing in the resistor and inductor respectively, but the
amount of current flowing through both the elements will be same as they are connected in
series with each other. The circuit diagram of RL Series Circuit is shown below:
Phasor Diagram of the RL Series Circuit

The phasor diagram of the RL Series circuit is shown below:

Q.9 Draw and explain the Series R-C circuits and their phasor diagram.

A circuit that contains pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a pure capacitor of
capacitance C farads is known as RC Series Circuit. A sinusoidal voltage is applied and
current I flows through the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C) of the circuit.

The RC Series circuit is shown in the figure below:

1. Phasor Diagram of RC Series Circuit

The phasor diagram of the RC series circuit is shown below:

2.

Q.10 What is Power Factor?

Power factor is the ratio of the real power used in a circuit to the apparent power flowing
through the circuit. It indicates how effectively electrical power is being converted into useful
work.

Formula:

Power Factor (PF)=Real Power (P)/ Apparent Power (S)

 Real Power (P): Power that actually performs work, measured in watts (W).
 Apparent Power (S): Total power supplied to the circuit, measured in volt-amperes
(VA).

The power factor can also be expressed as:

PF=cosϕ

where ϕ is the phase angle between voltage and current.

Range:

 Power factor ranges from 0 to 1.

 A power factor of 1 means the circuit is 100% efficient (purely resistive load).
 A lower power factor (closer to 0) indicates inefficiency due to reactive components
like inductors or capacitors.

Significance:

1. High Power Factor: More efficient energy usage.

2. Low Power Factor: Leads to energy losses and increased utility costs.

Example:
If a motor has a power factor of 0.8, only 80% of the power supplied is being used to perform
useful work. The rest is wasted in reactive components.

Q.11 Explain the method of power factor improvement by capacitor.

In an electrical circuit, a low power factor is caused by inductive loads (e.g., motors,
transformers) that consume reactive power, leading to inefficiency. Capacitors are used to
improve the power factor because they produce reactive power with the opposite phase to the
reactive power consumed by inductive loads. This cancels out some of the reactive power,
thus improving the power factor.

1. Inductive Loads:
o Inductive devices create a lagging power factor because the current lags the
voltage.
o They consume reactive power, which does not perform useful work but
increases the apparent power.
2. Capacitors:
o Capacitors create leading reactive power because the current leads the voltage.
o When connected to a circuit with an inductive load, the capacitor supplies
reactive power that cancels out the lagging reactive power from the inductive
load.

Advantages of Using Capacitors:

1. Improved Efficiency: Reduced energy losses in the system.

2. Cost Savings: Lower electricity bills due to reduced apparent power.
3. Increased Load Capacity: The same system can handle more load.
4. Reduced Voltage Drop: Improved voltage regulation.

Q.12 Compare Single Phase and Three Phase Power Supply.

Parameter Single Phase Power Supply Three Phase Power Supply

Number of 1 phase 3 phases
Phases
Voltage Typically 120V or 230V Typically 400V or 415V depending
depending on the region on the region
Power Delivery Provides power in a single, Provides continuous power with three
 alternating current (AC) cycle
alternating currents
Efficiency Less efficient for heavy loads
More efficient, especially for larger
loads
Power Supply Commonly used for small Commonly used for industrial,
Type appliances, homes, and small commercial, and high-power
businesses applications
Current Flow The current alternates between Current is distributed among three
positive and negative values. phases, resulting in a more stable
power flow

Transmission Higher transmission losses over Lower transmission losses over long
Loss long distances distances
Cost Lower initial installation cost Higher initial installation cost due to
the need for three-phase equipment
Complexity of Simpler wiring and installation More complex wiring and installation
Wiring required for three-phase systems
Power Higher fluctuation of voltage and More consistent power flow with
Fluctuation power flow minimal fluctuations
Application Suitable for residential and small Suitable for industrial machinery,
commercial use large motors, and high-power
equipment

2. Key Advantages of Three-Phase Power:

 Stable Power Supply: Continuous power without fluctuations, making it ideal for
heavy machinery.
 Lower Cost for Large Loads: More cost-effective for supplying power to large
industrial machinery compared to single-phase systems.
 Efficiency: Better power factor, especially for motors, and more efficient energy
transmission.

3. Key Advantages of Single-Phase Power:

 Simplicity: Easier and cheaper to install and maintain for small-scale applications like
homes and small businesses.
 Lower Cost: Ideal for lower power consumption needs.