ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM

FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE

Cellular Physiology
Introduction to the Human Body
- Studies body cells

OUTLINE Importance of Anatomy & Physiology

- Responds to stimuli; environmental
I. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology changes; environmental cues; disease &
II. Structure and Function injury
III. Evolution and Human Variation
IV. FLOW
TYPES OF ANATOMY
V. Homeostasis
Systemic - Studies body organ-system
VI. Structural Organization of Human
Body Surface - Studies external features,
VII. Anatomical Terminology for example, bone projections

Regional
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology - Studies body regions (med school for
Human anatomy cadaver)
-is the scientific study of the body’s Anatomical Structures in a variety of
structures. Imaging Techniques
a. Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
-brain considers structures visible
Some of these structures are very small
with naked eye
and can only be observed and analyzed
b. Microscopic Anatomy
with the assistance of a microscope
-can deal with the same structures,
though at a different scale. This is a
Gross Anatomy Micrograph of nerve cells from the
Larger structures can readily be seen, brain.
manipulated, measured, and weighted. c. Functional MRI (Fmri)
-shows regions of the brain actives
Anatomy during particular activities.
- Investigates body structure d. Ultrasound
- The term means to dissect -visualization of the fetal brain.
e. X-rays
Physiology -best for illustrating hard structures
- Investigates the process and functions such as skull.
– Human Physiology: f. CT Scans
- Studies human organism -show brain and body structures in
a variety of planes.

Systemic Physiology
- Studies body-organ systems
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
• Eg… Respiratory tubes increase
The themes of anatomy and Physiology: surface area available for gas
• Structure exchange
• Evolution and human variation • Branching increases speed of
• Flow molecular transport
• Homeostasis
2.3 Evolution and Human Variation
2.2 Structure and Function Evolution
Form is closely related to function in all • Caused by random changes in gene
living things. The harmony between form expression that occur from
and function can be seen in every aspect of generation to generation
human life from molecular structure to • Leads to variation among a species
physical traits of the whole organism. • Becomes more frequent when the
• Structure and function are closely variation offers an advantage
related • Variation less likely to be seen in
• Structure determines function traits that affect the ability
• Human pelvis evolved to support Anatomical variation occurs more
abdominal and thoracic organs frequently than represented
• Does not affect the function
• For example, the number of
pulmonary veins and lumbars may
vary from person to person
Physiological variation
• More diverse and widespread than
anatomical variation
• Affects function of an organ, organ
system, or organism
• Physiological variation can be
based on age or gender
Phosphorylation causes changes in protein
shape • Necessitates diversity when health
studies are conducted
• This illustrates how form is related
2.4 Flow
to function
• Adding a phosphate group to a • Flow is movement of a substances
protein changes the shape of the or molecule
protein • Dependent on a gradient
• Common form of molecular -Examples of gradients in nature
regulation -Electrical, pressure, and
concentration gradients
Branching Structures in Nature
-Flow is directly proportional to
• Branching maximizes surface area
size of a gradient
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
• Resistance opposes or stops the - Group of organs contributing to some
flow function
-Flow is inversely proportional to - Example: digestive system, reproductive
resistance system
-An increase in resistance will
decrease flow 6.Organism
ANATOMY OF FLOW - All organ systems working together -
• Gradient determine the direction Includes associated microorganisms such as
of flow intestinal bacteria
-Molecules flow down their STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
concentration gradients BODY (STEP BY STEP)
-Pressure gradients move food,
blood and air through the body.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION
Six levels from chemical to organism:
1.Chemical:
- Smallest level
- Atoms, chemical, molecules

2. Cellular
- Cells: basic units of life
- Compartments and organelles ORGAN SYSTEM OF THE BODY
- Examples are mitochondria, nucleus 1. Integumentary System
- Provides protection, regulates
3. Tissues temperature, prevent water loss, and helps
- Group of cells with similar structure and produce vitamin D. Consists of the nails,
function plus extracellular substances they hair, skin, sebaceous glands and sweat
release glands.
- Four broad types: epithelial, connective,
muscular, and nervous.

4. Organs
- Two or more tissues types acting together
to perform function(s)
- examples : stomach, heart, liver, ovary,
bladder, kidney
2. Skeletal System
5. Organ-System
- Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells,
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
Consist of bones, associated cartilages,
ligaments, and joints

5. Endocrine System
- A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
other functions. Consist of the endocrine
glands such as the pituitary glands that
secrete hormones.

3. Muscular System
- Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat. Consists
of muscles attached to the skeleton by
tendons

6. Cardiovascular System
- Transports nutrients, waste products ,
gasses and, and hormones throughout the
body; plays a role in the immune response
and the regulation of body temperature.
Consists of the heart, blood, and blood
vessels.

4. Nervous System
- A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
psychological processes , and intellectual
functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE

7. Lymphatic System
- Removes foreign substances from the
blood and lymph, combats disease,
maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs
dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Consist of the lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, & other lymphatic organs.
11. Female Reproductive System
- Produces oocytes is the site of fertilization
and fetal development; produces milk for
the newborn; produces hormones that
influence sexual function and behaviors.
Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and
associated structure.

8. Respiratory System
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
12. Male reproductive System
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH. Consists of the lungs and - Produces and transfers sperm cell to the
respiratory passages. female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of the testes, accessory structure,
ducts, and penis

10. Urinary System

- Removes waste product from the blood
and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and
water balance. Consists of the kidneys,
urinary bladder, and ureters.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
Chapter 1: The Human Organism
HOMEOSTASIS Positive Feedback
- Maintenance of constant environment - Mechanisms occur when the initial
despite fluctuations in the external or stimulus further stimulus further stimulates
internal environment the response
❖ System response causes progressive
Variables deviation away from;
- Measures of body properties that may ❖ Set point, outside of normal range
change in value ❖ Not directly used for homeostasis
- heart rate
❖ Some positive feedbacks occurs under
- Blood pressure normal conditions ex: childbirth
- Blood glucose level
❖ Generally associated with injury, disease
Normal Range
❖ unable to maintain homeostasis
- A normal extent of increase or decrease
around a set point.
THE COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK
1. Receptor:
Set Point
- Detects changes in variable
- Normal or average value of a variable
overtime, body temperature fluctuates
around a set point. 2. Control Center:
● Set point for some variables can be - Receives receptor signal
temporarily adjusted depending on body - Establishes set point
activities, as needed - Send signal to effector
Examples Common cause
of Change 3. Effector:
• Body Fever - Directly causes change in variable
Temperature
• Heart rate, Exercise
blood
pressure,
respiratory
rate

Negative Feedback
- Is the mechanism used for homeostatic
regulation.
- A negative feedback response involves:
- Detection: of deviation away from set TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
point and; Anatomical Position
- correction: reversal of deviation toward - Person standing erect with face and palms
set point and normal range forward
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
- All recreational descriptions based on the Median Plane
anatomical position, regardless of body - A sagittal plane along the midline that
Orientation divides body into equal left and right halve

Transverse Plane
- A horizontal plane that separates the
body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal Plane
- A vertical plane that separates the body
into anterior and posterior parts
Directional Terms
- Superior: above
- Inferior: below
- Anterior: front ( also: ventral)
- Posterior: back (also: dorsal)
- Medial: close to midline
- Lateral: away from midline
- Proximal: close to point of attachment
- Superficial: structure close to the surface
Note: in four-legged animals, the terms
ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond
to anterior and posterior in humans.

BODY PARTS & REGIONS

Upper Limbs
- Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower Limbs
- Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central Region
- Head, neck, trunk

Body Planes
Sagittal Plane
- separates the body into right and left
parts
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN

SEROUS MEMBRANE
Line trunk cavities, cover organs structure:
● Visceral serous membrane covers organ
● Parietal serous membrane is the outer
membrane
● Cavity- a fluid-filled space between the
membranes

BODY CAVITIES
1. Thoracic Cavity
- Space within chest wall and diaphragm
Three sets of serous membranes and
- Contains heart, lungs, thymus gland,
cavities:
esophagus, trachea
Membrane Cavity
2. Mediastinum
Pericardium around Pericardial Cavity
- Space between lungs heart
- Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, Pleura around lungs Pleural Cavity
trachea Peritoneum around Peritoneal cavity
3. Abdominal Cavity abdominopelvic
- Space between diaphragm and pelvis cavity and its
- Contains stomach, intestines, liver, organs
spleen, pancreas, kidney
4. Pelvic Cavity PERICARDIUM & PERICARDIAL CAVITY
- Space within pelvis Pericardium
- Contains urinary bladder, reproductive ● Visceral pericardium- covers heart
organs, part of large intestine ● Parietal pericardium- thick, fibrous
● Pericardial Cavity- reduces friction
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE

PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY

Pleura
● Visceral pleura- covers lungs
● Parietal pleura- lines inner wall of thorax
● Pleural Cavity - Reduces friction -
Adheres lungs to thoracic wall

PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY

Peritoneum
● Visceral peritoneum - Covers, anchors
organs - Double layers called mesenteries
● Parietal Peritoneum - Lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic cavity
● Peritoneal Cavity - Reduces friction