AN

ASSIGNMENT
ON
LAB REPORT
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
Course Title: Special Functions
Course Code: MATH-4113 ON
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Dr. Mohammad Wahiduzzaman STUDENT ID
Professor 211203 211205
Mathematics Discipline
Khulna University, Khulna. 211208 211210
211212 211214
211216 211218
211222 211224
211226 211229
211231 211233
211235 211237

Date of Submission:14/03/2025 211239 211242

211244 211246
211248 211250
211255 211258
211260 201219
201238 201256
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Book: Special Functions by Raisinghania

1. Recurrence Relations (Formulae)

Theorem:
Proof
1.𝐻𝑛′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻𝑛 (𝑥), (𝑛 ≥ 1); 𝐻0′ (𝑥) = 0
2.𝐻𝑛+1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻𝑛 (𝑥) − 2𝑛𝐻𝑛−1 (𝑥), (𝑛 ≥ 1); 𝐻1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻0 (𝑥).
3.𝐻𝑛′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝐻𝑛+1 (𝑥)
4.𝐻𝑛′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻′𝑛 (𝑥) − 2𝑛𝐻𝑛 (𝑥) = 0

Ex. 1. Express 𝐻(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 in terms of Hermite’s polynomials

𝑑𝑚 2𝑚 .𝑛!
Ex.2 Prove that, if 𝑚 < 𝑛 , 𝑑𝑚 {𝐻𝑛 (𝑥)} = (𝑛−𝑚)! 𝐻𝑛−𝑚 (𝑥).

∞ 2 1
Ex.3 Prove that, ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝐻𝑛 (𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = (√𝜋)2𝑛 𝑛! (𝑛 + 2) .
∞ 2
Ex.4 Evaluate ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥)𝐻𝑚 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 ∞ 2
Ex.5 Show that 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = ( ∫ 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
√𝜋)𝑛! 0

−𝑥2
Ex.6 If Ψ𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑒 2 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛,
Then prove that
∞
(a) ∫−∞ Ψ𝑚 (𝑥) Ψ𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑛 √𝜋𝛿𝑚,𝑛

0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 ± 1
∞
(b) ∫−∞ Ψ𝑚 (𝑥) Ψ′ 𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 2𝑛−1 𝑛! √𝜋, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 1
−2𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)! √𝜋, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 + 1
Ex.7 Using the Rodrigue’s formula for 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥) integrating by parts iteratively,
∞ 2
Show that,Ψ = ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥)𝐻𝑚 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛

= 2𝑛−1 𝑛! √𝜋.
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2. Relation with Legendre Polynomials

Example 1.
Express f(x) = x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 – x – 3 in terms of Legendre’s polynomials.

Example 2.

Prove that |𝑃𝑛 (𝑥)| ≤ 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 – 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Example 3.

(i) Show that 𝑃𝑛 (− 𝑥) = (− 1)𝑛 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥). Hence, deduce that 𝑃𝑛 (− 1) = (− 1)𝑛 .

3.Pohhammer symbol
Q 1. Define Pohhammer symbol and deduce Pohhammer symbol.

4.Hypergeometric Differential Equation

1. Write the hypergeometric differential equation. [7(A), (2022-2023)]

The hypergeometric differential equation is a second-order linear differential equation that arises
in various areas of mathematics, particularly in the theory of special functions. It is typically
written as:

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑧(1 − 𝑧) 2 + [𝑐 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1)𝑧] − 𝑎𝑏 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

Where:

• 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑧) is the unknown function,

• 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are constants (often referred to as the parameters of the equation),
• 𝑧 is the independent variable.

𝑑 𝛼𝛽
2. Show that 𝐹(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝑥) = 𝐹(𝛼 + 1, 𝛽 + 1, 𝛾 + 1, 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝛾
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and deduce that

𝑑𝑛 (𝛼)𝑛 (𝛽)𝑛
(i) 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝐹(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝑥) = 𝐹(𝛼 + 𝑛, 𝛽 + 𝑛, 𝛾 + 𝑛, 𝑥) [7(B), (2021-2022)]
(𝛾)𝑛

𝑑𝑛 (𝛼)𝑛 (𝛽)𝑛
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑛 𝐹(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝑥)𝑟=0 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝛾)𝑛

5.Hypergeometric equation
Solution of hypergeometric function and its properties:
1. Define the general hypergeometric function.
2. Define hypergeometric equation.
3. Find the solution of the hypergeometric equation.
4. Write down the properties of the hypergeometric function.
5. Explain the symmetric property of hypergeometric function.

6.Kummer’s function:
1. State and prove Kummer’s theorem.
2. State and prove Kummer’s relation.
Or, show that 𝐹(𝛼; 𝛽; 𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝐹(𝛽 − 𝛼; 𝛽; −𝑥).

7. Integral representation for the hyper geometric function

Γ(Υ) 1
Q: Prove that 𝐹(𝛼, 𝛽; 𝛾, 𝑥) = Γ(𝛽)Γ(𝛾−𝛽) ∫0 𝑡𝛽−1 (1 − 𝑡)(𝛾−𝛽−1) (1 − 𝑥𝑡)−𝛼 𝑑𝑡

1 1
Or, 𝐹(𝛼, 𝛽; 𝛾, 𝑥) = 𝐵(𝛽,𝛾−𝛽) ∫0 𝑡𝛽−1 (1 − 𝑡)(𝛾−𝛽−1) (1 − 𝑥𝑡)−𝛼 𝑑𝑡

8.Confluent Hypergeometric Functions

1. Definition and Motivation

• Q1: Define the Confluent Hypergeometric Function of the first kind 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); How does
it arise as a limiting case of the Gauss hypergeometric function 𝐹1 (𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑐; 𝑧)?
• Q2: Discuss the significance of the confluent process in the transition from the
hypergeometric differential equation to the confluent hypergeometric differential equation.
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2. Differential Equation and Solutions

• Q3: Derive the differential equation satisfied by the Confluent Hypergeometric Function
𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); Explain the nature of its singular points.
• Q4: The Confluent Hypergeometric Equation has two linearly independent solutions.
Identify these solutions and describe their behaviors near the singular points 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 =
∞.

3. Integral Representations

• Q5: Discuss the integral representation of 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); What are the conditions on the
parameters 𝑎 and 𝑏 for the representation to be valid?
• Q6: Explain how the integral representation of 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧) can be used to study its analytic
continuation.

4. Series Representations and Convergence

• Q7: Present the series expansion of 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); around z=0. Discuss the radius of
convergence of this series.
• Q8: How does the convergence behavior of 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); differ from that of the Gauss
hypergeometric function 𝐹1 (𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑐; 𝑧)?

5. Transformations and Functional Equations

• Q9: State and explain Kummer’s transformations for 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧);. What do these
transformations imply about the symmetry of the function?
• Q10: Discuss the recurrence relations satisfied by 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); with respect to the
parameters a and b.

6. Asymptotic Behavior and Analytic Continuation

• Q11: Describe the asymptotic behavior of 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); as ∣ 𝑧 ∣→ ∞ along different

directions in the complex plane.
• Q12: Explain how Tricomi’s function 𝑈(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑧) complements 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); to form a
fundamental set of solutions for the confluent hypergeometric equation.
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7. Applications

• Q13: Discuss the role of confluent hypergeometric functions in quantum mechanics,

particularly in solving the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom.
• Q14: Explain how Laguerre polynomials can be derived as a special case of the confluent
hypergeometric function 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧);

8. Special Cases and Reductions

• Q15: Identify values of aa and bb for which 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); reduces to elementary functions,
and give examples of such reductions.
• Q16: Discuss how the behavior of 𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧); changes when aa is a non-positive integer.
What does this imply about the nature of the series?

9. Connection with Other Special Functions

• Q17: Explain the relationship between the confluent hypergeometric functions and the
Bessel functions.
• Q18: How is the Gamma function involved in the definition and analytic continuation of
𝐹1 (𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑧);