NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

NWFP UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXP. NO. EXPERIMENT TITLE

Experiment 1 OSCILLOSCOPE AND FUNCTION GENERATOR OPERATION

Experiment 2 PSPICE TUTORIAL

Experiment 3 DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Experiment 4 ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Experiment 5 WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

Experiment 6 CLIPPER CIRCUITS

Experiment 7 BJT CHARACTERISTICS

Experiment 8 COMMON-EMITTER TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

Experiment 9 BJT BIASING CIRCUITS

Experiment 10 JFET CHARACTERISTICS

Experiment 11 JFET COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

Experiment 12 FET BIASING CIRCUITS

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SAFETY

Safety in the electrical laboratory, as everywhere else, is a matter of the knowledge of

potential hazards, following safety precautions, and common sense. Observing safety
precautions is important due to pronounced hazards in any electrical/computer
engineering laboratory. Death is usually certain when 0.1 ampere or more flows through
the head or upper thorax and have been fatal to persons with coronary conditions. The
current depends on body resistance, the resistance between body and ground, and the
voltage source. If the skin is wet, the heart is weak, the body contact with ground is large
and direct, then 40 volts could be fatal. Therefore, never take a chance on "low" voltage.
When working in a laboratory, injuries such as burns, broken bones, sprains, or damage
to eyes are possible and precautions must be taken to avoid these as well as the much less
common fatal electrical shock. Make sure that you have handy emergency phone
numbers to call for assistance if necessary. If any safety questions arise, consult the lab
demonstrator or technical assistant/technician for guidance and instructions. Observing
proper safety precautions is important when working in the laboratory to prevent harm to
yourself or others. The most common hazard is the electric shock which can be fatal if
one is not careful.

Electric shock

Shock is caused by passing an electric current through the human body. The severity
depends mainly on the amount of current and is less function of the applied voltage. The
threshold of electric shock is about 1 mA which usually gives an unpleasant tingling. For
currents above 10 mA, severe muscle pain occurs and the victim can't let go of the
conductor due to muscle spasm. Current between 100 mA and 200 mA (50 Hz AC)
causes ventricular fibrillation of the heart and is most likely to be lethal.

What is the voltage required for a fatal current to flow? This depends on the skin
resistance. Wet skin can have a resistance as low as 150 Ohm and dry skin may have a
resistance of 15 kOhm. Arms and legs have a resistance of about 100 Ohm and the trunk
200 Ohm. This implies that 240 V can cause about 500 mA to flow in the body if the skin
is wet and thus be fatal. In addition skin resistance falls quickly at the point of contact, so
it is important to break the contact as quickly as possible to prevent the current from
rising to lethal levels.

Safety Precautions

Always observe the following safety precautions when working in the laboratory:

1. Do not work alone while working with high voltages or on energized electrical
equipment or electrically operated machinery like a drill.

2. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled,

disassembled, or modified. Discharge any high voltage points to grounds with a
well insulated jumper. Remember that capacitors can store dangerous quantities
of energy.

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 3. Make measurements on live circuits or discharge capacitors with well insulated
probes keeping one hand behind your back or in your pocket. Do not allow any part
of your body to contact any part of the circuit or equipment connected to the circuit.

4. After switching power off, discharge any capacitors that were in the circuit. Do not
trust supposedly discharged capacitors. Certain types of capacitors can build up a
residual charge after being discharged. Use a shorting bar across the capacitor, and
keep it connected until ready for use. If you use electrolytic capacitors, do not :
 put excessive voltage across them
 put ac across them
 connect them in reverse polarity

5. Take extreme care when using tools that can cause short circuits if accidental contact
is made to other circuit elements. Only tools with insulated handles should be used.

6. If a person comes in contact with a high voltage, immediately shut off power. Do not
attempt to remove a person in contact with a high voltage unless you are insulated
from them.

7. Check wire current carrying capacity if you will be using high currents. Also make
sure your leads are rated to withstand the voltages you are using. This includes
instrument leads.

8. Make sure that the lab instruments are at ground potential by using the ground
terminal supplied on the instrument. Never handle wet, damp, or ungrounded
electrical equipment.

9. Never touch electrical equipment while standing on a damp or metal floor.

10. Wearing a ring or watch can be hazardous in an electrical lab since such items make
good electrodes for the human body.

11. Never open field circuits of DC motors because the resulting dangerously high speeds
may cause a "mechanical explosion".

12. Keep your eyes away from arcing points. High intensity arcs may seriously impair
your vision or a shower of molten copper may cause permanent eye injury.

13. In an emergency all power in the laboratory can be switched off from the main
circuit breaker panel.

14. Chairs and stools should be kept under benches when not in use. Sit upright on
chairs or stools keeping the feet on the floor. Be alert for wet floors near the
stools.

15. Horseplay, running, or practical jokes must not occur in the laboratory.

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 16. Never use water on an electrical fire. If possible switch power off, then use CO2
or a dry type fire extinguisher. Locate extinguishers and read operating
instructions before an emergency occurs.

17. Never touch even one wire of a circuit; it may be hot.

18. Avoid heat dissipating surfaces of high wattage resistors and loads because they can
cause severe burns.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS LAB

1. Basic Guidelines
2. Lab Instructions
3. Lab Reports
4. Grading

1. Basic Guidelines

A few guidelines will help you conduct the experiments quickly and successfully.
1. Each experiment has been written so that you follow a structured logical sequence
meant to lead you to a specific set of conclusions. Be sure to follow the
procedural steps in the order which they are written.
2. Read the entire experiment and research any required theory beforehand. Many
times an experiment takes longer that one class period simply because a student is
not well prepared.
3. Once the circuit is connected, if it appears “dead’’ spend few moments checking
for obvious faults. Some common simple errors are: power not applied, switch
off, faulty components, lose connection, etc. Generally the problems are with the
operator and not the equipment.
4. When making measurements, check for their sensibility.
5. It’s unethical to “fiddle” or alter your results to make them appear exactly
consistent with theoretical calculations.

2. Lab Instructions

1. Each student group is responsible in submitting 1 lab report upon completion of

each experiment.
2. A permanent record in ink of observations as well as results should be maintained
by each student and enclosed with the report.
3. The recorded data and observations from the lab manual need to be approved
and signed by the lab instructor upon completion of each experiment.

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4. Before beginning connecting up, it is essential to check that all sources of supply
at the bench are switched off.
5. Start connecting up the experiment circuit by wiring up the main circuit path, then
add the parallel branches as indicated in the circuit diagram.
6. After the circuit has been connected correctly, remove all unused leads from the
experiment area, set the voltage supplies at the minimum value, and check the
meters are set for the intended mode of operation.
7. The students may ask the lab instructor to check the correctness of their circuit
before switching on.
8. When the experiment has been satisfactory completed and the results approved by
the instructor, the students may disconnect the circuit and return the components
and instruments to the locker tidily. Chairs are to be slid in properly.

3. Lab Reports

The following format should be adhered to by the students in all their laboratory reports:
(i) Objective (1 mark)
(ii) Brief Theory (2 marks)
(iii) Results (4 marks)
(iv) PSPICE (4 marks)
(v) Discussion and Conclusion (4 marks)

Of those listed above each section included in a report should be clearly nominated with
the appropriate heading. The information to be given in each section is set out below:

(i) Objective
This should state clearly the objective of the experiment. It may be the verification of
law, a theory or the observation of particular phenomena. Writing out the objective of the
experiment is important to the student as it emphasizes the purpose for which the
experiment is conducted.

(ii) Brief Theory

In this section, the related theory of the experiment must be discussed briefly. This
section is important to assist student in making conclusion by comparing the
experimental results to the theory.

(iii) Results
All experimental results which have been approved by the lab instructor (including
graphs) must be attached in the report.

(iv) PSPICE
PSPICE output (as instructed in the lab manual) must be attached in the report to show
the comparison of simulation results and experimental results.

(v) Discussion & Conclusion

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Once the analysis of the results is complete, the student must forms some deductions on
the results of his analysis. Usually this involves deducing whether the final results show
that the aim of the experiment has been achieved or not, and if they verify some law or
theory presented to the student during the lectures. Comments and comparison asked in
the lab manual must be discussed in this section. In making a decision on the former
point, the student should reread the aim; and on the latter, the text book should be
referred to, to ascertain whether there is theoretical agreement or not.

The student should give considerable thought to the material that he intends to submit in
this section. It is here that he is able to express his own ideas on the experiment results
and how they were obtained. It is the best indication to his teacher of whether he has
understood the experiment and of how well he has been able to analyze the results and
make deductions from them.

It is recommended that the conclusion should be taken up by the student’s clear and
concise explanation of his reasoning, based on the experimental results that led to the
deductions from which he was able to make the two statements with which he began the
conclusion.

It is very rare for an experiment to have results which are entirely without some
discrepancy. The student should explain what factors, in his opinion, may be the possible
causes of these discrepancies. Similarly, results of an unexpected nature should form the
basis for a discussion of their possible nature and cause.
The student should not be reluctant to give his opinions even though they may not be
correct. He should regard his discussion as an opportunity to demonstrate his reasoning
ability.

Should the results obtained be incompatible with the aim or with the theory underlying
the experiment, then an acceptable report may be written suggesting reasons for the
unsatisfactory results. It is expected that the student should make some suggestions as to
how similar erroneous results for this experiment might be avoided in the future. The
student must not form the opinion that an unsatisfactory set of results makes a report
unacceptable.

4. Grading
The distribution of marks for Electronics Lab is as follows:

Lab Report 70%

Quiz 30%
Total 100%

EXP NO : 1 Oscilloscope and Function Generator Operation

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Objective:
 To become familiar with the operation and use of the oscilloscope and
function generator

Equipment:

Oscilloscope
Function Generator
Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Introduction:

Since students come from different backgrounds; therefore, this section may seem easy
for some, while others may want to spend more time becoming familiar with the
equipment. If you have not used the equipment before, spend some time with the
equipment in this lab to insure you know how to correctly use it.

1. Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is the most widely used general-purpose measuring instrument because
it allows you see a graph of the voltage as a function of time in a circuit. Many circuits
have specific timing requirements or phase relationships that can be measured with a
two-channel oscilloscope. One can measure almost anything with the two-dimensional
graph drawn by an oscilloscope like the average value, rms value, frequency and period
of a sinusoidal or a non-sinusoidal signal. The screen is divided into centimeter divisions
in vertical and horizontal directions. Vertical sensitivity is set in volts/cm while
horizontal sensitivity is set in time (sec)/cm.

If a particular signal occupies 6 vertical divisions and vertical sensitivity is set to 5

mV/cm, the magnitude of the signal can be determined from the following equation:

Signal voltage = voltage sensitivity (V/cm) x deflection (cm)

Vs = (5mV/s) x (6 cm) = 30 mV

If one cycle of the same signal occupies 8 cm on horizontal scale with a horizontal
sensitivity of 5µs/cm, the period and frequency of the signal can be determined by the
following equations:

Period of waveform = horizontal sensitivity (s/cm) x deflection (cm)

T = (5 µs/cm) x (8cm) = 40 µs
F = 1/T = 1/40 µs = 25 kHz

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The GOS-6112 is a 100MHz, two-channel, dual-sweep, portable oscilloscope for general
purpose use. A microprocessor-based operating system controls most of the functions of
the instrument, including cursor readout and digitized panel setting. On-screen
alphanumeric readout and cursor function for voltage, time, frequency and phase
measurement provide extraordinary operational convenience.
The vertical deflection system has two input channels. Each channel has 11 basic
deflection factors from 2mV to 5V per division. The horizontal deflection system
provides single, dual or delayed sweeps from 0.5s to 50ns per division (delayed sweep,
50ms to 50ns per division). The trigger system provides stable triggering over the full
bandwidth of the vertical deflection system. The details of operation can be explored by
referring to the User Manual.

The instructor will provide a brief description of various sections of the oscilloscope and
function generator. In your own words, describe the function and use of the following:

a. focus:

b. Intensity:

c. Vertical sensitivity:

d. Horizontal sensitivity:

e. Vertical mode selection:

f. AC-GND-DC switch:

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 g. Trigger section:

h. External trigger input:

i. Input resistance and capacitance of oscilloscope:

j. Probe:

2. Function Generator

Function Generator is a supply that typically provides a sinusoidal, square-wave and

triangular waveform for a range of frequencies and amplitudes. Although the frequency
of the function generator can be set by the dial position and appropriate multiplier, the
oscilloscope can be used to precisely set the output frequency. The scope can also be
used to set the amplitude of the function generator.

Setup

a. Turn on the oscilloscope and adjust the necessary controls to establish a clear,
bright, horizontal line across the centre of the screen.
b. Connect the function generator to one vertical channel of the oscilloscope and
set the output of the generator to a 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform.
c. Set the vertical sensitivity of the scope to 1 V/cm and adjust the amplitude
control of the function generator to establish a 4 V peak to peak (p-p)
sinusoidal waveform on the screen.

Horizontal sensitivity

d. Determine the time period of 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform in ms using the

equation T=1/f. Show all your calculations:

e. Set the horizontal sensitivity of the scope to 0.2 ms/cm. Using the results of
above part, calculate and predict the number of horizontal divisions required
to properly display one full cycle of the 1000 Hz signal

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 Calculated No. of divisions =

Using the oscilloscope, measure the number of required divisions and insert below:

Measured No. of divisions =

f. . Change the horizontal sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 0.5 ms/cm

without touching any of the controls of the function generator. Using the
results of part
(d) above, how many horizontal divisions will now be required to display one full
cycle of the 1000 Hz signal?

Calculated No. of divisions =

Using the oscilloscope, measure the number of required divisions and insert below:

Measured No. of divisions =

g. Change the horizontal sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 1 ms/cm without

touching any of the controls of the function generator. Using the results of part
(d) above, how many horizontal divisions will now be required to display one full
cycle of the 1000 Hz signal?

Calculated No. of divisions =

Using the oscilloscope, measure the number of required divisions and insert below:

Measured No. of divisions =

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 h. What was the effect on the appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the
horizontal sensitivity was changed from 0.2 ms/cm to 0.5 ms/cm and finally to
1 ms/cm?

Did the frequency of the signal on the screen change with each horizontal
sensitivity?

i. Give a sequence of steps to calculate frequency of a sinusoidal waveform

appearing on the screen of oscilloscope.
Vertical sensitivity

j. Do not touch the controls of the function generator, but return the horizontal
sensitivity of the scope to 0.2 ms/cm and change the vertical sensitivity to 2
V/cm. Calculate peak to peak value of the waveform on the screen.

Calculated peak to peak value =

k. Change the vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 0.5 V/cm and repeat part
(j).

Calculated peak to peak value =

1. What was the effect on the appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the
vertical sensitivity was changed from 2 V /cm to 0.5 V/cm?

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 Did the peak to peak vale of the signal on the screen change with each
horizontal sensitivity?

m. Can the peak or p-p output voltage of a function generator can be set without
the aid of an auxiliary instrument like an oscilloscope or a DMM? Explain:

Exercises

a. Make all the necessary adjustments to clearly display a 5000 Hz, 6 V p-p
sinusoidal signal on the oscilloscope. Establish the zero volt line at the centre
of the screen. Record the chosen sensitivities:

Vertical sensitivity =

Horizontal sensitivity =

Draw the waveform below clearly mentioning the dimensions:

Calculate the time period of the waveform on the screen using the resulting
number of required horizontal divisions for a full cycle.

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 Calculated T =

b. Repeat part (a) above for a 200 Hz 0.8 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform:

Vertical sensitivity =

Horizontal sensitivity =

Calculated T =

Draw the waveform below clearly mentioning the dimensions:

c. Repeat part (a) for a 100 kHz 4 Vp-p square waveform:

Vertical sensitivity =

Horizontal sensitivity =

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 Calculated T =

Draw the waveform below clearly mentioning the dimensions:

Effect of DC Levels:

a. Re-establish the 1 kHz 4 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform on the screen. Calculate

the effective value of the sinusoidal waveform.

Calculated Vrms =

b. Disconnect the function generator from the scope and measure the effective
(rms) value of the output of the function generator using DMM.

Measured Vrms =

c. Determine the magnitude of the percent difference between the calculated and
measured levels using the following equation:

% Difference = [{V(calc) – V(meas)} ÷ V(calc)] x 100%

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 % Difference =

d. Reconnect the function generator to the scope with the 1 kHz 4 Vp-p signal
and switch the AC-GND-DC coupling switch of the vertical channel to GND.
What is the effect?

Explain? How can this scope function be used?

e. Now move the AC-GND-DC coupling switch to AC position. What is the

effect on the screen? Explain.

f. Then move the AC-GND-DC coupling switch to DC position. What is the

effect on the screen? Explain.

EXP NO : 2 PSPICE Tutorial

Objective:

 To learn how to construct and simulate electric circuits in PSpice

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Steps:

1. Opening PSpice

2. Drawing the circuit

a. Getting the Parts
b. Placing the Parts
c. Connecting the Circuit
d. Changing the Name of the Part
e. Changing the Value of the Part
f. Making Sure You Have a GND
g. Voltage and Current Bubbles

3. Voltage Sources
a. VDC
b. VAC
c. VSIN
d. VPULSE

4. Analysis Menu
a. DC Sweep
b. Bias Point Detail
c. Transient

5. Probe
a. Before you do the Probe
b. To Start the Probe
c. Graphing
d. Adding/Deleting Traces
e. Finding Points

6. Measuring DC Analysis

7. Exercise

Procedure:

1. Opening PSpice

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  Find PSpice installed on the computer (C-Drive). Open Schematics or you can
go to PSpice A_D and then click on the schematic icon.
 You will see the window as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

2. Drawing the circuit

a. Getting the Parts

 The first thing that you have to do is get some or all of the parts you need.
 This can be done by
o Clicking on the 'get new parts' button , or
o Pressing "Control+G", or
o Going to "Draw" and selecting "Get New Part..."
 Once this box is open, select a part that you want in your circuit. This can be
done by typing in the name (part name) or scrolling down the list until you
find it.

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 Figure 2

 An important prerequisite to building a schematic is the availability of the

necessary parts (in the form of symbols) for assembly. Schematics have an
extensive symbol libraries and a fully integrated symbol editor for creating
your own symbols or modifying existing symbols. For the labs you will be
using the existing symbols.
 Some common parts are:
o r - resistor
o C - capacitor
o L - inductor
o d - diode
o GND_ANALOG or GND_EARTH -- this is very important, you MUST
have a ground in your circuit
o VAC and VDC
o Q2N – bipolar transistor
o VSIN –Transient sine voltage source
 Upon selecting your part (you will also see description of the part below part
name and you can see the symbol of that part when you click on advanced in
the above figure), click on the place button (you will see the part attached to
the mouse pointer) then click where you want it placed (somewhere on the

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 white page with the blue dots), if you need multiple instances of this part click
again, once you have selected that part right click your mouse the part will not
be attached to the mouse pointer. Don't worry about putting it in exactly the
right place, it can always be moved later.
 If you want to take a part and close then you just select the part and click on
place & close.
 Once you have all the parts you think you need, close that box. You can
always open it again later if you need more or different parts. (The parts you
have selected will be listed on the menu bar for quick access)

b. Placing the Parts

 You should have most of the parts that you need at this point.
 Now, all you do is put them in the places that make the most sense (usually a
rectangle works well for simple circuits). Just select the part (It will become
Red) and drag it where you want it.
 To rotate parts so that they will fit in you circuit nicely, click on the part and
press "Ctrl+R" (or Edit "Rotate"). To flip them, press "Ctrl+F" (or Edit
"Flip").
 If you have any parts left over, just select them and press "Delete".

c. Connecting the Circuit

 Now that your parts are arranged well, you'll have to attach them with wires.
 Go up to the tool bar and
o select "Draw Wire" or
o "Ctrl+W" or
o go to "Draw" and select "Wire".
 With the pencil looking pointer, click on one end of a part, when you move
your mouse around, you should see dotted lines appear. Attach the other end
of your wire to the next part in the circuit.
 Repeat this until your circuit is completely wired.
 If you want to make a node (to make a wire go more then one place), click
somewhere on the wire and then click to the part (or the other wire). Or you
can go from the part to the wire.
 To get rid of the pencil, right click.
 If you end up with extra dots near your parts, you probably have an extra
wire, select this short wire (it will turn red), then press "Delete".
 If the wire doesn't go the way you want (it doesn't look the way you want),
you can make extra bends in it by clicking in different places on the way (each
click will form a corner).

d. Changing the Name of the Part

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  You probably don't want to keep the names C1, C2 etc., especially if you
didn't put the parts in the most logical order. To change the name, double
click on the present name (C1, or R1 or whatever your part is), and then a box
will pop up (Edit Reference Designator) see Figure 3. In the top window, you
can type in the name you want the part to have.

Figure 3

 Note that if you double click on the part or its value, a different box will
appear.

e. Changing the Value of the Part

 If you only want to change the value of the part (if you don't want all your
resistors to be 1K ohms), you can double click on the present value and a box
called "Set Attribute Value" will appear see Figure 4. Type in the new value
and press OK. Use u for micro as in uF = microFarad.

Figure 4

f. Making Sure You Have a GND

 This is very important. You cannot do any simulation on the circuit if you
don't have a ground. If you aren't sure where to put it, place it near the
negative side of your voltage source.

g. Voltage and Current Bubbles

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  These are important if you want to measure the voltage at a point or the
current going through that point.
 To add voltage or current bubbles, go to the right side of the top tool bar and
select "Voltage/Level Marker" (Ctrl+M) or "Current Marker". To get either of
these, go to "Markers" and either "Voltage/Level Marker" or "Current
Marker".

3. Voltage Sources

a. VDC

 This is your basic direct current voltage source that simulates a simple battery
and allows you to specify the voltage value.

b. VAC

 A few things to note about the alternating current source, first PSpice takes it
to be a sine source, so if you want to simulate a cosine wave you need to add
(or subtract) a 90° phase shift. There are three values which PSpice will allow
you to alter, these being:
o ACMAG which is the rms value of the voltage.
o DC which is the DC offset voltage
o ACPHASE which is the phase angle of the voltage
 Note that the phase angle if left unspecified will be set by default to 0°

c. VSIN

 The SIN type of source is actually a damped sine with time delay, phase shift
and a DC offset (see Figure 5). If you want to run a transient analysis you
need to use the VSIN see how AC will affect your circuit over time. Do not
use this type of source for a phasor or frequency sweep analysis, VAC would
be appropriate for that.

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 Figure 5

o DC the DC component of the sine wave

o AC the AC value of the sine wave
o VOFF is the DC offset value. It should be set to zero if you need a pure
sinusoid.
o Vamplitude is the undamped amplitude of the sinusoid; i.e., the peak
value measured from zero if there were no DC offset value.
o FREQ is the frequency in Hz of the sinusoid.
o TD is the time delay in seconds. Set this to zero for the normal sinusoid.
o DF is the damping factor. Also set this to zero for the normal sinusoid.
o PHASE is the phase advance in degrees. Set this to 90 if you need a
cosine wave form.
 Note that the normal usage of this source type is to set VOFF, TD and DF to
zero as this will give you a 'nice' sine wave.

d. VPULSE

 The VPULSE is often used for a transient simulation of a circuit where we

want to make it act like a square wave source. It should never be used in a
frequency response study because PSpice assumes it is in the time domain,
and therefore your probe plot will give you inaccurate results. Details of
VPULSE are (see Figure 6):
o DC the DC component of the wave.
o AC the AC component of the wave.
o V1 is the value when the pulse is not "on", so for a square wave, the value
when the wave is 'low'. This can be zero or negative as required. For a
pulsed current source, the units would be "amps" instead of "volts."
o V2 is the value when the pulse is fully turned 'on'. This can also be zero or
negative. (Obviously, V1 and V2 should not be equal.) Again, the units
would be "amps" if this were a current pulse.
o TD is the time delay. The default units are seconds. The time delay may
be zero, but not negative.

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 o TR is the rise time of the pulse. PSpice allows this value to be zero, but
zero rise time may cause convergence problems in some transient analysis
simulations. The default units are seconds.
o TF is the fall time in seconds of the pulse.
o TW is the pulse width. This is the time in seconds that the pulse is fully
on.
o PER is the period and is the total time in seconds of the pulse.
 This is a very important source for us because we do a lot of work on with the
square wave on the wave generator to see how various components and
circuits respond to it.

Figure 6

4. Analysis Menu

To open the analysis menu click on the Setup Analysis button in the tool bar. The Analysis
Setup dialog box opens:

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 Figure 7

a. DC Sweep

 The DC sweep allows you to do various different sweeps of your circuit to see
how it responds to various conditions.
 For all the possible sweeps,
o voltage,
o current,
o temperature, and
o parameter and global
 You need to specify a start value, an end value, and the number of points you
wish to calculate.
 For example you can sweep your circuit over a voltage range from 0 to 12
volts. The main two sweeps that will be most important to us at this stage are
the voltage sweep and the current sweep. For these two, you need to indicate
to PSpice what component you wish to sweep, for example V1 or V2.
 Another excellent feature of the DC sweep in PSpice, is the ability to do a
nested sweep.
 A nested sweep allows you to run two simultaneous sweeps to see how
changes in two different DC sources will affect your circuit.
 Once you've filled in the main sweep menu, click on the nested sweep button
and choose the second type of source to sweep and name it, also specifying
the start and end values. (Note: In some versions of PSpice you need to click
on enable nested sweep). Again you can choose Linear, Octave or Decade,
but also you can indicate your own list of values, example: 1V 10V 20V. DO
NOT separate the values with commas.

b. Bias Point Detail

- 25 -
  This is a simple, but incredibly useful sweep. It will not launch Probe and
so give you nothing to plot. But by clicking on enable bias current display
or enable bias voltage display, this will indicate the voltage and current at
certain points within the circuit.

c. Transient

The transient analysis is probably the most important analysis you can run in PSpice, and
it computes various values of your circuit over time
 Choose Analysis…Setup from the menu bar, or click on the Setup Analysis
button in the toolbar. The Analysis Setup dialog box opens.
 Click on the Transient button in the Analysis Setup dialog box. The Transient
dialog box opens.
 Two very important parameters in the transient analysis are (see Figure8):
o print step
o final time

Figure 8

 The ratio of final time: print step (Keep print step atleast 1/100th of the final
time) determines how many calculations PSpice must make to plot a wave
form. PSpice always defaults the start time to zero seconds and going until it
reaches the user defined final time. It is incredibly important that you think
about what print step you should use before running the simulation, if you
make the print step too small the probe screen will be cluttered with
unnecessary points making it hard to read, and taking extreme amounts of

- 26 -
 time for PSpice to calculate. However, at the opposite side of that coin is the problem
that if you set the print step too high you might miss important phenomenon that
are occurring over very short periods of time in the circuit. Therefore play with
step time to see what works best for your circuit.
 You can set a step ceiling which will limit the size of each interval, thus
increasing calculation speed. Another handy feature is the Fourier analysis,
which allows you to specify your fundamental frequency and the number of
harmonics you wish to see on the plot. PSpice defaults to the 9th harmonic
unless you specify otherwise, but this still will allow you to decompose a
square wave to see it's components with sufficient detail.

5. Probe

a. Before you do the Probe

 You have to have your circuit properly drawn and saved.

 There must not be any floating parts on your page (i.e. unattached devices).
 You should make sure that all parts have the values that you want.
 There are no extra wires.
 It is very important that you have a ground on your circuit.
 Make sure that you have done the Analysis Setup and that only the things you
want are enabled.

b. To Start the Probe

 Click on the Simulate button on the tool bar (or Analysis, Simulate, or F11).
 It will check to make sure you don't have any errors. If you do have errors,
correct them.
 Then a new window will pop up. Here is where you can do your graphs.

c. Graphing

 If you don't have any errors, you should get a window with a black
background to pop up.
 If you did have errors, in the bottom, left hand side, it will say what your
errors were (these may be difficult to understand, so go To "View - Output
File").

d. Adding/Deleting Traces

 PSpice will automatically put some traces in. You will probably want to
change them.
 Go to Trace - Add Trace or on the toolbar. Then select all the traces you want.
 To delete traces, select them on the bottom of the graph and push Delete.

e. Finding Points

- 27 -
  There are Cursor buttons that allow you to find the maximum or minimum or
just a point on the line. These are located on the toolbar (to the right).
 Select which curve you want to look at and then select "Toggle Cursor".
 Then you can find the max, min, the slope, or the relative max or min.

6. Measuring DC Analysis

 If you want to measure DC levels you can use two parts to view these levels.
These parts are placed on the schematic drawing the same way any other part
is placed. VIEWPOINT is a voltage viewing point, which will show the value
after the circuit is simulated. You place VIEWPOINT on a node. IPROBE is a
current probe, which will show the value after the circuit is simulated. You
need to put this part between two parts, so that current flowing in that branch
can be measured. If you have measurements that are time-varying (i.e. a
sinusoid) then you need to run Probe.

7. Exercise

Read Pspice Tutorial before you start this Session:

Parts to be used in the PSpice:

Part Name Pspice Name

Resister R
Diode D1N4148
Zener Diode D1N750
DC source VDC
Electrical Ground EGND

Diode Characteristic: (TUTORIAL)

1. Click on Start → Program → MicroSim Eval 6.3 → Schematic

2. Open the Draw menu by clicking once on the Draw menu. Choose Get New Part, and
then Browse.
3. Get part DC battery VDC from the source.slb library
4. Get part resistance R from the analog.slb library
5. Get part diode D1N4002 from the eval.slb library.
6. Get part earth ground AGND from the port.slb library.
7. To Rotate the part first select it, then press Ctrl-R.
8. Draw and complete the diode circuit shown in Figure 1 in which R = 200 mΩ. You
can click the left mouse on the device or element and choose Attributes from the Edit
menu. Alternatively, you can change the attributes of any devices or elements by
double clicking the left mouse and giving new values.
9. Analyze the circuit of Figure 1 by choosing Analysis from Schematic menu.
 Click once on the Analysis menu and then choose Setup menu.

- 28 -
 Choose the analysis type – DC Sweep and give the sweep information: sweep
name – VDD, start value – 0V, Sweep end value – 0.8V, and Sweep increment –
0.01.

Figure 1

 Run the simulation by choosing Simulate from the Analysis menu.

 After successful simulation, PSPICE will automatically run Probe and move to
Probe menu. Choose Add from the Trace menu of Probe and select the plot
variable, the diode current. e.g. I(D1).
 Repeat the same procedure for reverse bias by selecting diode D1N750, changing
the polarity of the dc source, and changing the sweep values. Attach a copy of
the probe output and schematic with this output.

- 29 -
 EXP NO : 3 Diode Characteristics

Objective:

 To study the characteristics of silicon and germanium diodes.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply
Function Generator
Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Components
Diodes : Silicon (D1N4002), Germanium (D1N4148) Resistors:
1kΩ, 1MΩ

Procedure:

Part A : Forward-bias Diode Characteristics

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 3.1 with the supply (E) is set at 0 V.
Record the measured value of the resistor.

+ VR -
+
1 V
DC Supply E k S
i D
-

Fig. 3.1

2. Increase the supply voltage until VD reads 0.1 V. Then measure current
ID and record the results in Table 3.1
3. Repeat step 2 for the remaining settings of VD shown in the Table 3.1.
4. Replace the silicon diode by a germanium diode and complete Table
3.2.
5. Plot on a graph paper ID versus VD for the silicon and germanium
diodes. Complete the curves by extending the lower region of each
curve to the intersection of the axis at ID = 0 mA and VD = 0 V.
6. How the two curves differ? What are their similarities?

- 30 -
 Part B : Reverse-bias Diode Characteristics

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 3.2 with E is set at 20V. Record the
measured value of the resistor.

+ VR -
+
1 V
DC Supply M Si
E=20V D
-

Fig. 3.2

2. Measure the voltage VD. Measure the reverse saturation current, Is.
3. Repeat the above step for germanium diode.
4. How do the results of Step 2 compare to Step 3? What are the
similarities?

PSPICE Instructions:

1. Construct the circuit in Fig. 3.1 using PSPICE.

2. From PSPICE simulation, obtain the forward bias characteristics for
both Silicon and Germanium diodes.

Results and Calculations:

Part A (Forward Bias)

1. R (measured) =

2. ID (measured). Fill in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2

VD
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75
(V)
ID
(mA)

Table 3.1(Silicon Diode)

VD
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75
(V)
ID
(mA)

Table 3.2 (Germanium Diode

- 31 -
Part B (Reverse Bias)

1. R (measured) =

2. Silicon Diode

VD (measured) =

IS (measured) =

3. Germanium Diode

VD (measured) =

IS (measured) =

- 32 -
 EXP NO : 4 Zener Diode Characteristics

Objectives:

 To study the characteristics of Zener diode.

 To study the voltage regulation in Zener diode regulation circuit.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply
Function Generator
Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Components
Diode : Zener (10-V)
Resistors: 0.1kΩ, 1kΩ(2 pcs), 3.3kΩ

Procedure:

Part A : Zener Diode Characteristics

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 4.1. Set the DC supply to 0 V and record
the measured value of R.
+ VR -
0.1k +
DC Supply E Zene V
r Z
-

Fig. 4.1

2. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 4.1 and
measure both VZ and VR. Calculate the Zener current, I Z using the
Ohm’s law given in the table and complete the table.
3. Plot IZ versus VZ using the data in Table 4.1 on a graph paper.

Part B : Zener Diode Regulation

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 4.2. Record the measured value of each
resistor.

- 33 -
 + VR -
R=1
k + +
Zene V V
DC Supply E=15 r RL=1
V Z k L
-

Fig. 4.2

2. Measure the value of VL and VR. Using the measured values, calculate
the
value for current across R, IR, current across RL, IL, and current across
the zener
diode, IZ.
3. Change RL to 3.3 kΩ and repeat Step 2.
4. Comment on the results obtained in Steps 2 and 3.

PSPICE Instructions:

1. Construct the circuit in Fig. 4.2 using PSPICE.

2. Find the values of VL, VR, IZ, IL and IR when RL=1 kΩ.
3. Change RL to 3.3 kΩ, find the same values as Step 2.

Results and Calculations:

Part A

1. R (measured) =

2.
E (V) 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
VZ ( V )
VR ( V )
IZ = VR / Rmeas ( mA )
Table 4.1

Part B

1. R (measured) = , RL (measured) =

2. VR (measured) = , VL (measured) =
IR = V R / R = , IL = V L / R L = ,
IZ = IR – IL =

- 34 -
 3. Change RL to 3.3kΩ;

RL (measured) = ,
VR (measured) = , VL (measured) =

IR = V R / R = , IL = V L / R L = ,

IZ = IR – IL =

EXP NO: 5 Wave Rectifier Circuits

Objectives:

 To calculate and draw the DC output voltages of half-wave and full-wave

rectifiers.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Function Generator
Oscilloscope

Components
Diode : Silicon (D1N4002)
Resistors: 2.2kΩ, 3.3kΩ

Procedure:

Part A : Half Wave Rectification

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 5.1. Set the supply to 9 V p-p sinusoidal
wave with the frequency of 1000 Hz. Put the oscilloscope probes at
function generator and sketch the input waveform obtained.
2. Put the oscilloscope probes across the resistor and sketch the output
waveform obtained. Measure and record the DC level of the output
voltage using the DMM.

- 35 -
 Function
Generator
Fig. 5.1

3. Reverse the diode of circuit of Fig. 5.1. Sketch the output waveform
across the resistor. Measure and record the DC level of the output
voltage.
4. Comment on the results obtained from step 2 and 3

Part B: Full-Wave Rectification

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 5.2. Set the supply to 9 V p-p with the
frequency of 1000 Hz. Put the oscilloscope probes at function
generator (trainer board) and sketch the input waveform obtained.
2. Put the oscilloscope probes across the resistor and sketch the output
waveform obtained. Measure and record the DC level of the output
voltage using the DMM.

Function
Generator
(Trainer Board)

Fig. 5.2

3. Replace diodes D3 and D4 of circuit of Fig. 5.2 by 2.2 kΩ. Draw the
output waveform across the resistor. Measure and record the DC level
of the output voltage.
4. What is the major effect of replacing the two diodes (D 3 and D4) with
resistors?

PSPICE Instructions:

Get the expected output waveform for circuits in Fig. 5.1 (Part A) & Fig. 5.2 (Part B) using
PSPICE Simulation?

- 36 -
Results and Calculations:

Part A

1. Input waveform, Vi :

V(volt)

Time (s)

2. Output waveform, Vo :

V(volt)

Time (s)

DC level of Vo (measured) =

Part A (reversed diode)

3. Output waveform, Vo :
V(volt)

Time (s)

- 37 -
 DC level of Vo (measured) =
Part B

1. Input waveform, Vi :
V(volt)

Time (s)

2. Output waveform, Vo :
V(volt)

Time (s)

DC level of Vo (measured) =

Part B (diodes replaced with resistors)

3. Output waveform, Vo :
V(volt)

Time (s)

DC level of Vo (measured) =

- 38 -
 EXP NO: 6 Clipper Circuits

Objectives:

 To calculate and measure the output voltages of Parallel & Series clipper
circuits.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Function Generator
Oscilloscope

Components
Diode : Silicon (D1N4002)
Resistors: 2.2kΩ, 3.3kΩ

Procedure:

Part A : Parallel Clippers

1. Construct the circuit in Fig. 6.1. The input signal is an 8 V p-p square
wave at frequency of 1000 Hz. Record the measured resistance value.
2. Set the oscilloscope in DC mode.
3. Put the oscilloscope probes at function generator and sketch the input
waveform obtained.

DC
Function
Generator
Supply

Fig. 6.1

4. Sketch the output waveform obtained from the oscilloscope.

5. Reverse the battery of the circuit and sketch the output waveform.
6. How do the waveforms differ? What is the function of the battery in
the circuit?

- 39 -
 7. Change the input signal of the circuit of Fig. 6.1 to an 8 V p-p
sinusoidal signal with the same frequency of 1000 Hz. Repeat step 3
and 4 for this circuit.

Part B : Series Clippers

1. Construct the circuit in Fig. 6.2. The input signal is an 8 V p-p square
wave at frequency of 1000 Hz. Record the measured resistance value.
2. Set the oscilloscope in DC mode.
3. Put the oscilloscope probes at function generator and sketch the input
waveform obtained.
DC Supply

Function
Generator
Fig. 6.2
4. Sketch the output waveform obtained from the oscilloscope.
5. Reverse the battery of the circuit and sketch the output waveform.
6. Change the input signal of the circuit of Fig. 6.2 to an 8 V p-p
sinusoidal signal with the same frequency of 1000 Hz. Repeat step 3
and 4 for this circuit.
7. How does the series clipper differ from the parallel clipper?

PSPICE Instructions:

Get the expected output waveform for circuits in Fig. 6.1 (Part A) & Fig. 6.2 (Part B) using
PSPICE Simulation.

- 40 -
Results and Calculations:

Part A (vin square-wave)

1. R (measured) =

2. Input waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

3. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part A (vin square-wave, battery reversed)

4. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

- 41 -
Part A (vin sine-wave)

5. Input waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

6. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part A (vin sine-wave, battery reversed)

7. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

- 42 -
Part B (vin square-wave)

1. R (measured) =

2. Input waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

3. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part B (vin square-wave, battery reversed)

4. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

- 43 -
Part B (vin sine-wave)

5. Input waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

6. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part B (vin sine-wave, battery reversed)

7. Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

- 44 -
 EXP NO: 7 BJT Characteristics

Objectives:

 To graph the collector characteristics of a transistor using experimental

methods.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC Power Supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Function Generator
Oscilloscope

Components
Resistors: 1 k, 330 k, 10 k potentiometer, 1M potentiometer
Transistors: 2N3904

Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7.1. Vary the 1M potentiometer to set IB
= 10 A as in Table 7.1.
20V
DC Supply

A
- VRC B
10k
+
A
B Bas RC=1 C
RB=33 e
1 0k Emitte
M r
IB

Fig. 7.1

2. Set the VCE to 2V by varying the 10k potentiometer as required by

the first line of Table 7.1.
3. Record the VRC and VBE values in Table 7.1.

- 45 -
 4. Vary the 10 k potentiometer to increase V CE from 2V to the values
appearing in Table 7.1. (Note: IB should be maintained at 10 A for the
range of VCE levels.)
5. Record VRC and VBE values for each of the measured V CE values. Use
the mV range for VBE.
6. Repeat step 2 through 5 for all values of IB indicated in Table 7.1.
7. Compute the values of IC (from IC = VRC/RC) and IE (from IE = IB+IC).
Use measured resistor value for RC.
8. Using the data of Table 7.1, plot the collector characteristics of the
transistor on a graph paper. (Plot IC versus VCE for the various values
of IB. Choose an appropriate scale for IC and label each IB curve).

PSPICE Instructions:

1. Obtain the collector characteristics for the BJT circuit shown in Fig. 7.1.
Results and Calculations:

Table 7.1

IB VCE VRC IC VBE IE (mA)

(μA) (V) (V) (mA) (V) (calc)
meas meas (calc) meas
2
4
10 6
8

2
4
30 6
8

2
50 4
6
8

Graph IC versus VCE for each value of IB (use graph paper).

- 46 -
 EXP NO: 8 Common-Emitter Transistor Amplifier

Objectives:

 To measure AC and DC voltages in a common-emitter amplifier.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC Power Supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
Components
Capacitors: 15 μF, 100 μF
Resistors: 1 k, 3 k, 10 k, 33 k
Transistors: 2N3904

Procedure:

1. Measure all resistor values (R1, R2, RC and RE) from circuit in Fig. 8.1
using DMM.
2. Calculate DC Bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) and record them.
3. Calculate AC dynamic resistance, re.
4. Construct circuit as of Fig. 8.1 and set VCC = 10 V.
5. Measure the DC bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) and record them.
6. Calculate IE using values obtained in Step 5.
7. Calculate re using the value of IE from Step 6.
8. Compare value of re obtained both from Step 3 & 7.
VCC=10V

DC Supply

33k R1
3k
C2
RC Vo
15u F

C1 Base Collec tor

15u Emitter
F To
Oscilloscop
Vsig 10k
e Or DMM
1k RE
R2

Function 10u F CE

Generat
or
Fig. 8.1

- 47 -
PSPICE Instructions:

Using PSPICE Simulation, find the DC Bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) for the circuit in
Fig. 8.1. Compare the values obtained from PSPICE with the experimental ones.

Results and Calculations:

1. R1 (measured) = , R2 (measured) = ,
RC (measured) = , RE (measured) =

2. VB (calculated) = , VE (calculated) =
VC (calculated) = , IE (calculated) =

3. re (calculated) =

5. VB (measured) = , VE (measured) =
VC (measured) = ,

6. IE (calculated) using measured values of VE and RE =

I E  VE / RE

7. re (measured) = , using IE from Step 6.

- 48 -
 EXP NO: 9 BJT Biasing Circuits

Objectives:

To determine the quiescent operating conditions of the fixed-bias and voltage-divider-bias

BJT configurations

Equipment:

Instruments
DC Power Supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Components
Resistors: 680 , 1.8 k, 2.7 k, 6.8 k, 33 k, 1 M
Transistors: 2N3904, 2N4401

Procedure:
Part A : Fixed-Bias Configuration

1. Measure all resistor values (RB and RC) from circuit in Fig. 9.1 using DMM.
Record them.
2. Construct circuit as of Fig. 9.1 using 2N3904 transistor and set VCC = 20 V.
3. Measure the voltages VBE and VRC. Record them.
4. Calculate the resulting base current, IB and collector current, IC. Using the values
obtained, find β.
5. Using the values obtained in Step 4, calculate the values of VB, VC, VE and VCE.
6. Energize the network in Fig. 9.1, measure VB, VC, VE and VCE.
7. How do the measured values (Step 6) compare to the calculated values (Step 5)?
8. Simply remove the 2N3904 transistor and replace with 2N4401 transistor.
9. Then, measure the voltages VBE and VRC. Using the same equations, calculate the
values of IB and IC. From the values obtained, determine the β value for
2N4401 transistor.
10. Compile all the data needed for both transistors in Table 9.1.

- 49 -
 IC

IB
+
VC
+ E
VBE -
- IE

Fig. 9.1
11. Calculate the magnitude (ignore the sign) of the percent change in each quantity
due to a change in transistors.
12. Place the results of your calculations in Table 9.2.

Part B : Voltage-Divider-Bias Configuration

1. Measure all resistor values (R1, R2, RB and RC) from circuit in Fig. 9.2 using
DMM. Record them.
2. Using the β determined for 2N3904 transistor in Part B, calculate the theoretical
values of VB, VE, IE, IC, VC, VCE and IB for the network shown in Fig. 9.2. Record
them in Table 9.3.
3. Construct the network of Fig. 9.2 and measure VB, VE, VC and VCE. Record them
in Table 9.3.

I1

IC
IB
+
VC
+ E
I2 VBE
-
- IE

Fig. 9.2

4. Measure the voltages VR1 and VR2 (take readings to the hundredth or thousandth
place). Calculate the currents IE and IC and the currents I1 and I2. Using Kirchoff’s current
law, calculate the current IB. Record IE, IC and IB values in Table 9.3.

- 50 -
 5. How do the calculated and measured values of Table 9.3 compare?
6. Compile the measured values of VCE (Step 3), IC and IB (Step 4) along with the
magnitude of β in Table 9.4.
7. Simply remove the 2N3904 transistor and replace with 2N4401 transistor.
8. Then, measure the voltages VCE and VRC. Also, measure the voltages VR1 and VR2
(take readings to the hundredth or thousandth place). Calculate the current IC and
the currents I1 and I2. Using Kirchoff’s current law, calculate the current IB.
9. Complete Table 9.4 with the values of VCE, IC, IB and β.
10. Calculate the magnitude (ignore the sign) of the percent change in each
quantity due to a change in transistors.
11. Place the results of your calculations in Table 9.5.

PSPICE Instructions:

Using PSPICE Simulation, find the values of VB, VE, VC, VCE, IC, IB and IE for the circuit in
Fig. 9.2. Compare the values obtained from PSPICE with the experimental ones.
Results and Calculations:

Part A

1. RB (measured) = , RC (measured) =

3. VBE (measured) = , VRC (measured) =

4. IB = , IC = ,β=

I V V  VBE
R  CC
B B 
RB R B

I  
VRC
C
RC

IC
β 
IB

5. VB (calculated) = , VC (calculated) =

VE (calculated) = , VCE (calculated) =

Show your works!

- 51 -
6. VB (measured) = , VC (measured) =

VE (measured) = , VCE (measured) =

7. Comparison of results from Step 5 & Step 6 :

9. VBE (measured) = , VRC (measured) =

IB = , IC = ,β=

I V V  VBE
R  CC
B B 
RB R B
IC
β 
I  
VRC
C
RC IB

10.
Trans. Type VCE (V) IC (mA) IB (μA) β
2N3904
2N4401
Table 9.1

β4401  β3904
11. %β x100% 
β3904

I C 4401  I C 3904
%IC  x100% 
I C 3904

VCE 4401  VCE 3904

%VCE  x100% 
VCE 3904
- 52 -
 I B 4401  I B 3904
%IB  x100% 
I B 3904

12.

%Δβ %ΔIC %ΔVCE %ΔIB

Table 9.2

Part B

1. R1 (measured) = , R2 (measured) = ,

RC (measured) = , RE (measured) =

2. VB (calculated) = , VE (calculated) =

IE (calculated) = , IC (calculated) =

VC (calculated) = , VCE (calculated) =

IB (calculated) =

Show your works!

2N3904 VB(V) VE(V) VC(V) VCE(V) IE(mA) IC(mA) IB(μA)

Calculated (Step 2)
Measured (Step 3&4)
Table 9.3

4. Show your works for calculating IE and IC (using measured values recorded in
Table 9.3).

I1 = , I2 =

- 53 -
 VR1
I1  
R1

VR 2
I  
2 R2

Using KCL, IB =

(Currents calculated from measured values; considered as measured IE, IC & IB)

5. Comparison of calculated and measured values of Table 9.3:

6.
T rans. Type VCE (V) IC (mA) IB (μA) β
2N3904
2N4401
Table 9.4

8. VCE (measured) =

VCC  VCE
I  
C
RC  RE

I1 = , I2 =

VR1
I1  
R1

VR 2
I  
2 R2

Using KCL, IB =

9. Complete Table 9.4 (Step 6) with the values obtained in Step 8 and β value
Obtained for 2N4401 transistor.

10.
β4401  β3904
%β x100% 
β3904

- 54 -
 I C 4401  I C 3904
%IC  x100% 
I C 3904

VCE 4401  VCE 3904

%VCE  x100% 
VCE 3904

I B 4401  I B 3904
%IB x100% 
 I B 3904

11.
%Δβ %ΔIC %ΔVCE %ΔIB

Table 9.5

EXP NO : 10

- 55 -
 JFET Characteristics

Objectives:
 To establish the output and transfer characteristics for a JFET transistor.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply : 9V, 25V
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Components
Resistors : 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100Ω, 10kΩ Potentiometer, 1MΩ potentiometer
Transistor : 2N3819

Procedure:

Part A : Measurement of the Saturation Current IDSS and Pinch-Off Voltage

VP for JFET
VCC=25V

DC Supply

1k

A
R B
10 10k
k 10
A Drai 0 C
B Gat +
n
DC Supply 9V 1 e VD
M S
C - -
VGS+

Fig. 10.1

1. Referring to Fig. 10.1, construct the circuit. The function of 10kΩ resistor in the
input circuit is to protect the circuit if the 9V supply is connected with wrong
polarity and the potentiometer is set on its maximum value.
2. Measure R value.

- 56 -
 3. Vary the 1MΩ potentiometer until VGS = 0V. Measure ID at this time. (ID = IDSS
when VGS = 0V). Record ID measured.
4. Set VDS to 8V by varying the 10kΩ potentiometer. Measure the voltage across R,
VR.
5. Calculate the saturation current, IDSS using the measured resistor, R and VR
values. Record IDSS calculated.
6. Maintain VDS at about 8V and reduce VGS until VR drops to 1mV. At this level, ID
= VR/R = 1mV/100Ω = 10µA ≈ 0 mA. Record VGS value. The VGS value (when ID is 0
mA) is the pinch-off voltage VP.
7. Using the values of IDSS and VP, sketch the transfer characteristics for the device
using Shockley’s equation given (in the results section). Plot at least 5 points on
the curve. (Use VP < VGS < 0V)

Part B : Output Characteristics (JFET)

1. Referring to Fig. 10.1, vary the two potentiometers until V GS = 0V and VDS = 0V.
Determine ID from ID = VR/R using the measured value of R and record in Table
10.1.
2. Maintain VGS at 0V and increase VDS from 0 to 14V and record the calculated
value of ID at every 1V increment (refer to Table 10.1). (Be sure to use the
measured value of R in your calculations)
3. Vary the 1MΩ potentiometer until VGS = -1V. Maintaining VGS at -1V, vary VDS
through the levels of Table 10.1 and record the calculated value of ID.
4. Repeat Step 3 for the values of V GS in Table 10.1. Discontinue the process if V GS
exceeds VP.
5. Plot the output characteristics for the JFET.
6. Compare the IDSS and VP values obtained from Step 5 with those measured in Part
A. Give comments.

Part C : Transfer Characteristics (JFET)

1. Using the data from Table 10.1, record the values of ID for the range of VGS at VDS
= 3V in Table 10.2.
2. Repeat step 1 for VDS = 6V, 9V and 12V.
3. For each level of VDS, plot ID vs VGS on the graph. Plot each curve carefully and
label each curve with the value of VDS.
PSPICE Instructions:

2. Obtain the output characteristics for the n-channel JFET circuit shown in Fig.
10.1.
3. Obtain transfer characteristics for the same circuit.

- 57 -
Results and Calculations:

Part A

2. R (measured) =

3. IDSS (measured) =

4. VR (measured) =

5. IDSS (calculated) =

IDSS = ID = VR/R

6. VGS (measured) = VP =
2
 V 
7. I D  I 1  GS 
DSS
 VP 

5 points for plot (calculated):

VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

Note : VP < VGS < 0

Sketch ID vs VGS:

- 58 -
Part B

1. R (measured) from Part 1 :

VGS (V) 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5

VDS (V) ID (mA)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
Table 10.1

5. Output characteristics (use graph paper).

Part C

1.
VDS (V) 3 6 9 12
VGS (V) ID (mA)
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
Table 10.2

4. Plot of ID vs VGS (use graph paper).

- 59 -
 EXP NO : 11 JFET Common Source Amplifier

Objectives:

 To measure DC and AC voltages in a common-source amplifier.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply : 9V, 25V
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Components
Capacitors : 10μF, 100μF
Resistors : 510Ω, 1kΩ, 2.4kΩ, 10kΩ, 1MΩ
Transistor : 2N3819

Procedure:

Part A : Measurement of IDSS and VP (Common-Source Amplifier)

1. Referring to Fig. 11.1, construct the circuit (VDD = +20V, RG = 1MΩ, RD = 510Ω
and RS = 0Ω). Measure VD and record.
2. Calculate IDSS using the measured VD from Step 1. Then, measure IDSS
3. Connect RS = 1kΩ. Measure and record the values of VGS and VD.
4. Calculate ID and VP using the measured values from Step 3.

VCC=20V

DC
Supply

RD 510
V
D
C Gate
1
10u Drain Sourc
Func tion F e
-
Generato
r
Vsig=100m 1kHz RG 1M RS CS 100u F
V

Fig. 11.1

- 60 -
Part B : DC Bias of Common-Source Amplifier

1. Calculate the DC bias expected in the circuit of Fig. 11.1 using IDSS and VP values
from Part A. Draw graph of the equations to graphically obtain the equation
intersection which will be the calculated values of VGS and ID.
2. Using the calculated ID from Step 2, calculate VD.
3. Construct the circuit of Fig. 11.2 using VDD = +20V, RG = 1 MΩ, RS = 510Ω and
RD = 2.4kΩ.
4. Measure the DC bias voltages which are VG, VS, VD and VGS. Record the values.
5. Calculate ID using the measured VD from Step 5.
6. Compare the DC bias values calculated in Step 2 & Step 3 with those measured in
Step 5 & Step 6. Give comments.

PSPICE Instructions:

Using PSPICE Simulation, find the DC Bias values (VG, VS, VD and VGS) for the circuit in
Fig. 11.1. Compare the values obtained from PSPICE with the experimental ones.

Results and Calculations:

Part A

1. VD (measured) =

2. IDSS (calculated) =
V  VD
I  DD 
D RD

IDSS (measured) = ID (at VGS = 0V) =

3. VGS (measured) =

VD (measured) =

4. ID (calculated) =

VDD  VD
I  
D RD

VP (calculated) =
VGS
VP  
ID
1
I DSS

- 61 -
Part B

1. VGS (calculated) =

ID (calculated) =

VGS = -IDRS

VGS = 0 V ID =

VGS = -1V ID =

2. VD (calculated) =

VD = VDD - IDRD

4. VG =

VS =

VD =

VGS =

5. ID (calculated) =

ID = V S / R S

- 62 -
EXP NO : 12 FET Biasing Circuits

Objective:
 To analyze fixed-, self-, and voltage-divider-bias JFET circuits.

Equipment:

Instruments
DC power supply
Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Components
Resistors : 1kΩ, 1.2kΩ, 2.2kΩ, 3kΩ, 10kΩ,10MΩ, 1kΩ potentiometer
Transistor : 2N4416

Procedure:

Part A : Fixed-Bias Configuration

ID

+
VRD
-

+
VDS
-
-
VGS
+

Fig. 12.1

1. Referring to Fig. 12.1, construct the circuit. Measure RD value.

2. Set VGS to 0V and measure the voltage VRD. Calculate ID from ID = VRD / RD using
the measured RD value. Since VGS = 0V, the resulting drain current ID = IDSS
(saturation current). Record the value.
3. Make VGS increasing negatively until VRD = 1mV (and ID = VRD / RD ≈ 1 μA).
Since ID is very small (ID ≈ 0A), the resulting value of VGS = VP (pinch-off
voltage). Record the value.

- 63 -
 4. Using the values obtained in Step 2 & Step 3, sketch the transfer curve using
Schokley’s equation. (Use graph paper)!
5. Referring to the transfer curve plotted in Step 4, determine I DQ if VGS = -1V. Show
all your works. Label the straight line defined by VGS as the fixed-bias line.
6. For the circuit in Fig. 12.1, vary the potentiometer to set VGS = -1V. Measure VRD.
Calculate IDQ using the measured RD value. The IDQ obtained is the measured
value of ID.
7. Compare the measured (Step 6) and calculated (Step 5) values of IDQ.

Part B : Self-Bias Configuration

1. Referring to Fig. 12.2, construct the circuit. Measure RD and RS values. Record
them.

ID

+
- VDS
VGS -
+

Fig. 12.2

2. On the same graph in Part A, draw the self-bias line defined by V GS = -IDRS and
find the Q-point. Show all your works. Record the quiescent values of I DQ and
VGSQ. Label the straight line as the self-bias line.
3. Calculate theoretical values of VGS, VD, VS, VDS, and VG. Record them.
4. Measure the voltages VGS, VD, VDS, and VG from the circuit. Record them.
5. Compare the measured (Step 4) and calculated (step 3) values.

Part C : Voltage-Divider-Bias Configuration

1. Referring to Fig. 12.3, construct the circuit. Measure R1, R2, RD and RS values.
Record them.
2. On the same graph in Part A, draw the voltage-divider-bias line defined by V GS =
VG - IDRS. Find the Q-point. Show all your works. Record the quiescent values of
IDQ and VGSQ. Label the straight line as the voltage-divider-bias line.
3. Calculate theoretical values of VD, VS, and VDS. Record them.
4. Measure the voltages VGS, VD, VS, and VDS from the circuit. Record them.
5. Compare the measured (Step 4) and calculated (step 3) values.

- 64 -
 +
- VDS
VGS -
+

Fig. 12.3

PSPICE Instructions:

1. Perform a DC analysis of the circuit of Fig. 12.3 using PSPICE by finding the
values of VGS, VD, VS, and VDS.
2. Compare the values obtained from PSPICE simulation with the experimental
ones

Part A

1. RD (measured) =

2. VRD (measured) =
VRD
I  
D RD

Since VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS =

3. VGS (measured) =

VRD = 1mV; V
I RD  1μA  0 A
D
RD

Since ID ≈ 0A, VGS = VP =

4. Sketch transfer curve using Shockley’s equation on graph paper. To draw

the Curve, find for at least 4 points. Show all works below.

- 65 -
 2
 V 
I D  I 1  GS 
DSS
 VP 

5 points for plot (calculated):

VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

VGS = , ID =

Note : VP < VGS < 0

5. From transfer curve in Step 4, if VGS = -1V, IDQ = (This is IDQ

calculated)

6. If VGS = -1V, VRD (measured) =

VRD
I  
D RD

(This is IDQ measured)

7. Comparison of IDQ measured (Step 6) & IDQ calculated (Step 5):

Part B

1. RD (measured) = , RS (measured) =

2. On the same transfer curve in Part A, draw the self-bias line which is given by
VGS  I D RS (To draw the line, find at least 2 points). Show all your works
below.

- 66 -
 From the graph, IDQ (calculated) = , VGSQ (calculated) =

3. VGS (calculated) = , VD (calculated) = ,

VS (calculated) = , VDS (calculated) = ,

VG (calculated) =

(Show your calculations)

4. VGS (measured) = ,

VD (measured) = , VS (measured) = ,

VDS (measured) = , VG (measured) =

5. Compare the difference of measured (Step 4) and calculated (Step 3) values

Vmeas  Vcalc
using %difference x100%
 Vcalc

%VGS = , %VD = , %VS =

%VDS = , %VG =

Part C

1. R1 (measured) = , R2 (measured) =

RD (measured) = , RS (measured) =

2. On the same transfer curve in Part A, draw the voltage-divider-bias line which is
RV
given by V  V  I R where VG  2 DD
GS G D S
R1  R2
(To draw the line, find at least 2 points). Show all your works below.

- 67 -
 From the graph, IDQ (calculated) = ,VGSQ (calculated) =

3. VD (calculated) = , VS (calculated) = ,

VDS (calculated) = ,

(Show your calculations below!)

4. VGS (measured) = , VD (measured) =

, VS (measured) = , VDS (measured) = ,

5. Compare the difference of measured (Step 4) and calculated (Step 3) values

Vmeas  Vcalc
using %difference x100%
 Vcalc

%VGS = , %VD = ,

%VS = , %VDS = ,

- 68 -
- 69 -