Running head: Examining an Intersection in Kuwait City: Traffic Flow and

Sustainable Solutions

College of Engineering and Technology

B.Sc. Civil Engineering

Capstone Project
Report PD1
Examining an Intersection in Kuwait City:
Traffic Flow and Sustainable Solutions
Academic Year: 2024 – 2025
Semester: Spring 2025
Course Code and Title: CVL 498- Civil Engineering Design Project

Prepared by:
(ID)

Supervised by: Dr. Muhammed Yasin CODUR

Abstract

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Table of Contents

Abstract................................................................................................................................1

Table of Figures...................................................................................................................4

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................5

1.1 Problem Definition Statement.............................................................................5

1.2 Objectives............................................................................................................5

2. PROJECT FORMULATION......................................................................................7

2.1 Background Research..........................................................................................7

2.2 Literature Review................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Introduction to Urban Traffic Challenges.......................................................9

2.2.2 Traffic Flow and Intersection Management..................................................11

2.2.3 Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Intersection Improvement.....14

2.2.4 Case Studies on Intersection Traffic Management........................................16

2.2.5 Research Gap.................................................................................................17

2.3 Standards and Codes..........................................................................................18

2.4 Project Requirements.........................................................................................19

2.5 Realistic Constraints..........................................................................................20

3. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS......................................................................21

3.1 Methodology......................................................................................................21

3.2 Generation of Conceptual Design Alternatives.................................................21

3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of conceptual designs.......................................21

3.4 Selection of best conceptual design...................................................................21

4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK..................................................................21

4.1 Conclusion.........................................................................................................21

4.2 Future work........................................................................................................21

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REVERENCES..........................................................................................................22

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 Table of Figures

Figure 2.1 (“Vicious Circle of Congestion | the Geography of Transport Systems”, 2022b).........7
Figure 2.2 Real-time adaptive traffic control system components (Priyono et al., 2005)...............9
Figure 2.3 Intelligent Transport Systems at a Glance (Hess et al., 2009).....................................10
Figure 2.4 Block diagram of the Adaptive Traffic Light control system (George et al., 2015)....12
Figure 2.5 Intersection layout. (a) Overall layout. (b) Channelization design. (Zhu et al., 2024).
.......................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 2.6 IoT and MARL approach for ATSC (Damadam et al., 2022).....................................13

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Definition Statement

Traffic congestion on its roads is one of the major issues worldwide in booming cities and
Kuwait City is no different. The number of vehicles on the vehicles has increased due to the
population and ongoing urban expansion, resulting in extreme traffic functionality at major
intersections. Intersections, as the points of egress for multiple roads, typically serve as critical
bottlenecks of the transportation lattice, resulting in longer transit times, more air pollution,
inefficient combustion and increased likelihood of traffic accidents. The stalling at intersections
like vehicle and pedestrian congestion exacerbates traffic problems with the desire for efficient
traffic. This intersection has been carefully chosen as it is considered a representation of the
traffic problems encountered in the City of Kuwait. During peak hours, it suffers from heavy
congestion, long queues, delays, and lower overall traffic efficiency. The implementation of
effective solutions would necessitate the application of principles from traffic engineering, the
use of advanced simulation tools, and the implementation of sustainable urban planning
strategies. This study seeks to explore how this information can be turned into actionable design
elements through the review of existing work, the causes of congestion, and potential solutions
to create a better system in terms of traffic flow, safety, and sustainability.

1.2 Objectives

Our project aims to achieve the above objectives.

 To recognize and study two main congested intersections in Kuwait City
 For seeking and analyzing traffic data including vehicular volume, traffic congestion
pattern, and peak hours.
 Identify and define the problems linked to each intersection, and select one issue that
will be presented and analyzed further.
 To suggest and evaluate three alternative solutions by using a Decision-Making
Matrix (DMM) to find the best solution.
 To implement and evaluate the selected solution using PTV-Vissim-Vistro for
adequate simulation performance.

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 To evaluate the environmental and economic effects of the proposed solutions — for
example, reductions in fuel use, travel time, and greenhouse gas emissions.
 To recommend improvements and strategies for future research and urban planning.

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 2. PROJECT FORMULATION

2.1 Background Research

One of the significant challenges facing many cities globally is traffic congestion, especially
in urban areas that have seen rapid growth and increased vehicle usage. Kuwait City is not
immune to this problem, with explosive population and economic growth and a corresponding
boom in private car ownership. With no effective public transportation system in place, people
must rely significantly on private cars for their daily commute (Litman, 2020). The reliance on
automobiles has resulted in perennial road congestion, particularly at intersections where several
routes meet, resulting in bottlenecks, delays, and inefficiencies in travel (Small & Verhoef,
2007).
As shown in Figure 2.1, traffic congestion is cyclical in nature, and the roads evolve with
increased road capacity that always initially relieves friction but reintroduces congestion with
any higher traffic numbers as vehicle manufacturers either build wider vehicles or as urban
sprawl takes root.

Figure 2.1 (“Vicious Circle of Congestion | the Geography of Transport

Systems”, 2022b).
The regulation of traffic at intersections is vital because all vehicles and pedestrians must
move through an intersection without any Accidents or waiting. Well-managed intersections,
however, can become significant choke points. The situation is aggravated by static-time traffic
signals that do not adapt to actual traffic conditions, insufficient road infrastructure, and poor

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merging lanes (Gao et al., 2019). The interaction between pedestrians and vehicles adds to the
delays in the performance of the intersection, especially when pedestrian crossings are missing or
poorly designed as part of the intersection (Levinson & Krizek, 2018). The resultant issues result
in longer travel times, lower road capacity, and a higher chance of accidents (Sharma &
Mathew,2011).

Traffic congestion can also have economic as well as social effects on society. From an
economic perspective, congestion leads to fuel waste as well as costs associated with increased
vehicle maintenance and financial loss for companies owing to late deliveries and decreased
productivity (Goodwin, 2004). From an environmental perspective, idling vehicles emit more
carbon dioxide and other pollutants which aggravate air quality and climate problems (Schrank
et al., 2019). At the same time, long travel times create social problems such as commuter
frustration, loss of quality of life, and increased driver and passenger stress (Ma et al., 2017). It
means that making intersection congestion less of a problem is an improvement not only
concerning traffic flowing more efficiently but also an important step toward the overall growth
of economic productivity, environmental sustainability, and public welfare.

Interest in intersection management strategies has led to successful implementations of

various approaches in cities worldwide to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow. One such
solution is adaptive traffic signal control, which adjusts the traffic lights according to traffic
density and patterns in real-time (Gao et al., 2019). Other methods include adaptive control
where one detects whether vehicles are idling at the intersection for a long time and eliminates
such behavior to reduce congestion in general. Another outcome that is very useful in preventing
accidents is to replace all intersections with roundabouts. More specifically roundabouts enable a
constant movement of traffic and reduce conflict points which significantly reduces accident
rates (Sharma & Mathew, 2011). In addition, dedicated bus and bicycle lanes promote alternative
transport modes, which reduce the number of units of private transport on the road (Litman,
2020). Alternative solutions may be to build multi-level interchanges that help separate traffic
flow between interchanges or build pedestrian bridges and underpasses to improve the safety and
economic efficiency of pedestrians (Small & Verhoef, 2007).

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 2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Introduction to Urban Traffic Challenges

Due to rapid urbanization, big cities faced a never-ending increase in traffic jams which
needed innovative solutions for urban mobility management (Smith, 2020). Cities with rapidly
increasing metropolitan areas like Kuwait City experience an increase in vehicle ownership as
well as population growth, which creates an increased need for the control of traffic flow (Al-
Fadhli, 2019). The intersection of urban areas is another key point because it can be a bottleneck,
which will lead to increased congestion and road safety problems (Chen & Wang, 2021).
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a solution to these challenges while enhancing
the efficiency and sustainability of roads (Ahmed et al., 2022).
Due to rapid urbanization, big cities faced a never-ending increase in traffic jams which
needed innovative solutions for urban mobility management (Smith, 2020). Cities with rapidly
increasing metropolitan areas like Kuwait City experience an increase in vehicle ownership as
well as population growth, which creates an increased need for the control of traffic flow (Al-
Fadhli, 2019). The intersection of urban areas is another key point because it can be a bottleneck,
which will lead to increased congestion and road safety problems (Chen & Wang, 2021).
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a solution to these challenges while enhancing
the efficiency and sustainability of roads (Ahmed et al., 2022). This is prompting transportation
planners to embrace data-driven traffic management strategies, including real-time monitoring
and predictive analytics for optimized urban mobility (Garcia & Lin, 2022), where analyzing
machine-learning algorithms and big data analytics is being progressively utilized for modeling
and forecasting congestion trends that can aid the authority in being proactive in reducing traffic
delays (Nguyen et al., 2023).
As illustrated in Figure 2.2, an intelligent traffic control system consists of cameras, a CPU,
and PLCs working with each other to automatically control the traffic lights based on real-time
data. This improves the flow of traffic by adjusting signals dynamically to vehicle movement
and congestion levels.

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 Figure 2.2 Real-time adaptive traffic control system components (Priyono et al., 2005).

Intelligent transportation systems use a blend of smart traffic management systems, advanced
vehicular detection techniques, real-time information dissemination, and adaptive signalling to
mitigate congestion across a particular region (Hassan & Lee, 2020). ITS applications have been
successfully demonstrated in cities with automatic tuning of traffic or with smart infrastructure
that, at least quantitatively, reduces time and fuel consumed during journeys (Kim & Omar,
2023). Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication has been especially promising in
enhancing intersection performance and safety (Wang & Zhao, 2022). The implementation of
these solutions, however, varies from city to city depending on its levels of road infrastructure,
policy frameworks, and technological readiness (Gonzalez et al.20121). The smart
transportation infrastructure employs intermodal communications, vehicle-to-vehicle
connectivity, navigation, and intelligent traffic management to improve mobility and efficiency,
as shown in Figure 2.3. These systems leverage technologies such as fleet management, safety
systems, and real-time passenger information systems to gain efficiency in transportation
infrastructure.

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 Figure 2.3 Intelligent Transport Systems at a Glance (Hess et al., 2009).

2.2.2 Traffic Flow and Intersection Management

a) Factors Leading to the Congestion

Various research explored the principal causes of non-flow at intersections. High vehicle
density (vehicle count) is one of the most important factors that substantially increases the delay
time at peak hours (Johnson & Patel, 2020) Traffic congestion is highly prevalent in urban areas,
especially in cities experiencing rapid population growth and rising car ownership rates, where
there is little or no access to public transportation systems (Alvarez et al., 2022). In areas with
high commercial traffic (especially near terminals with a higher share of freight), the mixing of
the freight and private vehicle traffic has been seen as a key contributor to congestion (Garcia et
al., 2023). However, there is also congestion driven by inefficient signal timing with prolonged
stop-go cycles (Kim et al., 2019). Bad synchronization of traffic signals leads to increased idling
time, fuel consumption, and emissions, which have the potential to cause environmental and
economic losses (Chen et al., 2022). Hassan & Wang (2023) state, based on their research that
adaptive traffic signal control can alleviate intersection congestion by adjusting signal timings, in
real-time, around active traffic data.
Without pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, conflicts appear between vehicles and pedestrians
at the intersection (Martinez & Zhou, 2021). Crosswalks that do not conform to the geometric

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design set forth by authorities not only jeopardize the safety of lives but also result in pointlessly
extended waits for vehicle and pedestrian traffic (Kumar & Singh, 2020). To tackle this problem
integrated pedestrian detection systems and dedicated crossings are essential for enhancing
safety (Nguyen et al., 2022). Similar factors of roadway geometry, such as improper lane width
and short turning lanes, have an impact on intersection capacity and throughput (Singh &
Ahmed, 2018). The unorganized layout leads to poor road design that causes stagnant traffic,
ultimately killing time, especially during peak hours (Schneider & Becker, 2021). The research
also suggests that improper merging points and ineffective roundabout designs can create
significant bottlenecks and cause longer travel times (Zhao et al., 2020). It calls for a broader
understanding of traffic flow dynamics and data-driven use of traffic models to improve
intersection performance (Lopez et al., 2021).

b) Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning Systems

Much effort has been put into integrating sustainable urban mobility solutions (SUMS) as a
way to structure more efficient urban transport and to ease traffic congestion (Smith et al.,
2021). Since lights control the flow of traffic, the next best and most accurate strategy has been
shown to work well in these areas: Adaptive Signal Control Systems (ASCS). These systems
change the timing of signals based on real-time traffic conditions, which leads to larger
improvements in traffic flow efficiency and shorter travel times overall (Brown & Chen, 2020).
Different studies have found different results, but new research (free access) shows that cities
that use adaptive traffic signal control see up to a 25% drop in traffic jams during rush hours
(Alvarez et al., 2022). Figure 2.4 shows Block diagram of the Adaptive Traffic Light control
system.

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 Figure 2.4 Block diagram of the Adaptive Traffic Light control system (George et al., 2015).

It has been seen that public transport improvements, especially Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
systems, have a significant effect on decreasing traffic volumes at critical intersections (Kumar et
al., 2019). BRT systems contribute to mobility, sustainability, and improved air quality and road
safety (Garcia & Lin, 2021). The implementation of bus rapid transit and other multimodal
transit networks, like bicycle lanes and pedestrian pathways, also enhances urban mobility and
accessibility (Hassan & Wang, 2023).
Figure 2.5 illustrates that this design possesses the capacity to enhance junction quality via
replaceable and adjustable lane arrangements. Part (a) has a gefabil junction point that
encompasses lanes for turning movements, pedestrian crossings, and traffic signage to enhance
the efficiency of the intersection for both directions of traffic flow. Part (b) addresses variable
approach lanes, wherein the number of lanes used is determined by the demand at that specific
moment to enhance capacity and mitigate congestion.

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 Figure 2.5 Intersection layout. (a) Overall layout. (b) Channelization design. (Zhu et al., 2024).

Additionally, some recent smart traffic management systems employ Internet of Things
(IoT) sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to forecast congestion patterns and
improve traffic allocation (Wang et al., 2021). Intelligently connected writing vehicles, placed
road sensors, and publicly monitored CCTV networks can provide real-time data that is analyzed
by AI-supported traffic monitoring (Chen et al., 2022). Studies have shown (Garcia & Lin, 2022)
that by employing AI-driven traffic management, the throughput for vehicles can increase by
20% and reduce stops made at intersections unnecessarily.
An IoT-based adaptive traffic control framework based on RL is shown in Figure 2.6. Both
intelligent agents (big data processing) and IoT databases (real-time traffic data collection.) store
the intersection of real-time data. It continuously learns by optimizing traffic signal timing
through reinforcement learning that uses the traffic environment and activates signal timings
using IoT actuators. This feedback mechanism improves traffic efficiency and allows the system
to adjust dynamically according to real-time conditions.

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 Figure 2.6 IoT and MARL approach for ATSC (Damadam et al., 2022).

Another relevant technology for sustainable urban mobility is the Geographic Information
System (GIS), which has been extensively used to analyze the efficiency of the road network and
suggest alternative routes to avoid congestion (Hussein et al., 2020). GIS-based models assist
urban planners in visualizing traffic density, anticipating congestion hotspots, and evaluating the
effects of infrastructure changes (Nguyan et al., 2022). Moreover, big data analytics coupled
with GEO & GIS facilitates evidence-based policymaking in urban mobility planning (Schneider
& Becker, 2021).

2.2.3 Simulation and Optimization Techniques for Intersection

Improvement

a) Role of Traffic Simulation in Urban Planning

Schneider et al. (2021) proposed traffic simulation as a powerful method for evaluating and
enhancing the performance of the road network. Simulation models such as PTV-Vissim, Vistro,
and SUMO are used by researchers to analyze different traffic scenarios and the impacts of
anticipated interventions (Omar & Lee, 2022). We trained this model because of the successful
applications of these models in the context of cities, e.g., to optimize for signal timing, lane
configurations, and flow dynamics (Chen et al., 2021). This involves applying simulation-based
traffic assessment so researchers can determine if infrastructure improvements are indeed

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decreasing the occurrence of bottlenecks and congestion (Hussein et al., 2020). Microsimulation
models have been used to analyze several types of intersection control strategies before
deployment, e.g., signal coordination and roundabout conversion, e.g., Alvarez et al. (Alvarez et
al., 2022).
Previous studies have demonstrated that urban planners can benefit from more informed
decision-making when micro-simulation models are used to evaluate intersection modifications
(Nguyen & Park, 2019). By simulating queue lengths, delays, and intersection throughput, a
strong testbed can be provided, and this may allow better testing of the real hotspot strategies
(Ali & Zhang, 2020). In addition, real-time simulation models have been employed for analyzing
incident response times and recommending alternate routing behaviors in the event of disruptions
resulting in congestion (Garcia & Lin, 2021).
Traffic simulation has also been utilized in the design of intelligent city systems, wherein the
data acquisition provided through IoT-driven systems enhances roadway traffic prediction and
optimization (Kumar et al., 2023). Automated signal timing advice is provided based on traffic
simulation models, which integrate with AI and deep learning techniques to mitigate stopping
and delay times (Zhao & Chen, 2022).

b) Intersection Optimization by Decision-Making Models

Decision-making frameworks that will lead to the optimization of traffic and will provide a
dual equilibrium between efficiency, cost, and sustainability (Patel et al., 2020). This latitude
has been shown in the literature to be significant in the context of traffic improvement strategies,
which can be compared using various performance metrics (Hassan & Wang, 2023), including
travel time, fuel consumption, and environmental performance.
GIS has also been used to evaluate alternative routes and detour systems of intersections to
provide for decision-making (Smith & Garcia, 2021). In transportation engineering, real-time
traffic optimization and forecasting future congestion patterns to offer travel recommendations
have been modelled using big data analytics (Schneider & Becker, 2021).
The gradual expansion of advanced machine learning models results in an increase in the
accuracy of traffic forecasting, which is capable of assisting authorities in making actionable
decisions regarding congestion (Liu & Kim, 2022). Towards this, new-age data-driven
techniques such as neural networks, reinforcement learning, etc., are being considered for

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modelling and predicting high-traffic scenes and tuning traffic signals accordingly (Ahmed et
al., 2021).
The Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) has been used in a few studies to select the best
strategies for intersection redesigns according to multiple weighted criteria (Xiao et al., 2019).
The AHP framework has been especially successful in evaluating trade-offs between travel
efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability (Nguyen et al., 2023).
Additionally, techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) aimed at improving tuning of
traffic signal phases with respect to real-time traffic information have also recently yielded
good outcomes, as indicated by reduced congestion and improved efficiency of traffic flow
(Wang et al., 2022). Furthermore, local adjacent flow-based agent-based AI intersection control
has been introduced to accommodate the current failure of the fixed-signal systems used to
control dynamic traffic flow in large, high-density urban areas (Kim & Omar, 2023).

2.2.4 Case Studies on Intersection Traffic Management

There are only a few case studies that focus on the successful application of intersection
traffic management solutions worldwide:

 Singapore: The implementation of an Adaptive Traffic Control System (ATCS) has

decreased intersection delay by 20% (Chong & Lee, 2020) For instance, Singapore
has successfully implemented smart signal systems that allow for real-time
adjustment of traffic lights to improve the efficiency of intersections and to guarantee
a significant reduction in congestion during peak hours (Tan & Lee, 2022).
 Germany: One study using PTV-Vissim simulations showed that optimized lane
configurations improved the congestion level by 15% (Schmidt et al., 2021). More
specifically, lane expansions and improved intersection geometries were specifically
recognized as key strategies for delay reduction at significant urban intersections
(Fischer & Schmitt, 2020).
 United States: The incorporation of AI-powered predictive models into city traffic
systems resulted in 10% less time on the road (Miller et al., 2020). It applied AI-
based traffic management systems to adjust signal timings dynamically, minimizing

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 vehicle idling, and maximizing throughput at heavily congested intersections
(Johnson & Patel, 2021).
 United Arab Emirates: Smart traffic signal control systems were widely
implemented thereby reducing traffic congestion at major intersections significantly
(Hassan & Omar, 2021). The smart controllers adjusted the timing as per flow data
improved distance among vehicles and reduced congestion during peak hours (Al-
Mansoori et al., 2022).
 China: Studies on IoT-infrastructure traffic management revealed an 18% increase in
intersection efficiency through monitoring based on sensors (Zhang & Liu, 2022).
Also, the integration of smart traffic signals with sensor networks allowed for real-
time adjustments in response to traffic volume and environmental factors, improving
overall flow efficiency at key intersection points (Li & Zhang, 2023).

This indicates that data-driven approaches are important for enhancing urban mobility, but
as discussed in the two case studies, further tailored solutions are still needed depending on
regional traffic conditions (Garcia et al., 2021).

2.2.5 Research Gap

However, the literature on intersection traffic management still has several gaps due to
extensive research on the topic. Deep Learning is still limited in developing countries due to
infrastructural limitations which restrict the adoption of AI-based adaptive traffic control, in
most developing regions (Hussein et al., 2022) Moreover, whilst some attention has been given
to the intersection of multiple transport types such as public transit and walkability, this
integration needs additional research (Nguyen & Ali, 2021).
One published gap is in real-time geospatial decision-making models specific to Kuwait City
traffic conditions (Singh et al., 2021). Moreover, it does not integrate real-time data or GIS-based
geospatial decision framework on traffic management models applied in Kuwait, which relies
solely on static congestion analysis (Tan & Lee, 2023). Existing studies offer important
discussion on simulation and optimization methods, but the application of such techniques in the
urban environment of Kuwait remains under-explored (Ahmed & Patel, 2022).

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 This project seeks to fill such gaps by:

 Analysis of traffic problems with critical junctions in Kuwait City

 PTV-Vissim simulation model: A case study of alternative traffic solutions
 Presenting a decision-making framework combining GIS, AI, and sustainable urban
mobility principles

In this study, we adopt a simulation-driven approach for smart traffic management in

sustainable urban planning in Kuwait City (Wang et al., 2022).

2.3 Standards and Codes

The solutions offered, to be effective and legal, must conform to national and international
traffic engineering standards. References used most in this paper are as follows:
 Kuwait Traffic Laws: They follow the local road design, traffic management, and
pedestrian safety laws.
 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials):
Guidelines for highway and intersection design to promote safe roadway operation.
 MUTCD (Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices): Regulations, guidelines, or
standards on traffic signals, road signs, and markings.
 ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Standards: Criteria for designing
effective and safe urban intersections.
Transport systems require standards for safe, sustainable, and efficient road solutions, and
these are provided by the above-mentioned novel standards.

2.4 Project Requirements

The following requirements are developed in order to ensure that the research will be
thorough and provide practical recommendations:
a) Intersection Selection
 Using traffic data and expert consultations, identify two of the most
congested intersections in Kuwait City.
 Accurately identify congestion level, accident rate, and composition of
traffic.

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 b) Data Collection
 Collect real-time data on traffic volume, vehicle types, pedestrian trends, and
congestion time.
c) Simulation and Analysis

Use PTV-Vissim-Vistro to model the existing traffic scenario and test
alternative solutions.
 Consider how the proposed solutions affect congestion, traffic, and emission
levels.
d) Performance Evaluation
Set up your Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), for example:
 Reduced Average Travel Time: Less time to travel.
 Queue Lengths: The amount of time before a traffic build up is cut down
 Vehicle Throughput: More vehicles passing through intersections.
 Safety Improvements: Reduction in accidents and pedestrian conflicts.
e) Stakeholder Engagement
 Work with government agencies, urban planners, and local communities to
do something tangible.
 Keep the public informed about traffic changes and the behaviors they
should adopt when commuting.

With these provisions, the study hopes to suggest reasonable and effective traffic solutions
for the city of Kuwait.

2.5 Realistic Constraints

While building solutions, we must understand and address the real-world constraints. These
constraints include:
a) Economic Constraints
 There are bureaucratic obstacles to upgrading the infrastructure and adopting
smart traffic technologies.
 We are conducting an analysis to guarantee effective implementation.
b) Environmental Constraints
 Call for the sustainable solutions that do not pollute the air anymore and that
decrease carbon emissions.

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  Ensuring solutions are commensurate with Kuwait’s climate and urban
landscape
c) Social and political constraints
 There is public opposition to traffic pattern changes and changes to roads.
 There are administrative and approval procedures in government policy that can
forestall implementation.
d) Safety Constraints
 We are improving pedestrian safety by adding crosswalks, pedestrian signals,
and visibility improvements.
 We are improving signage and lane marking and coordinating signals to close
accident-prone areas.
e) Sustainability Constraints
 These are solutions that last, needing little upkeep or adaptation over time.
 We need designs that will be future-proof to cater to rising population growth
and changing mobility trends.
The study meets the nation's guiding task in that it manages to offer solutions that will be
practical, scalable, and sustainable by overcoming the constraints.

3. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

3.1 Methodology

3.2 Generation of Conceptual Design Alternatives

3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of conceptual designs

3.4 Selection of best conceptual design

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