======================

Linux Architecture
======================

=> Linux is free OS & open source

=> Multi User based os

=> Linux is secured

=> Linux is CLI based os

=> Linux is highly recommended for project related servers

Ex: Database, docker, sonar, jenkins, nexus, k8s....

================================
Linux Architecture Components
===============================

1) Applications / Commands

2) Shell

3) Kernel

4) Hardware components

===================
What is shell ?
===================

=> Shell acts as mediator between user and kernel.

=> Shell is responsible to process user given commands.

Note: when we execute a command, shell verify command syntax. If commad is valid
then shell will convert that command into kernel understable format.

# check default shell of our linux vm

$ echo $SHELL

# display all shells supported by linux vm

$ cat /etc/shells

==========================
What is Kernel in linux ?
==========================

=> Kernel is heart of Linux OS

=> Kernel is a mediator between SHELL and Hardware components.

=> Kernel will get instructions from shell then kernel will convert that command
into hardware understandable format.

# print kernel version

$ uname -r
======================
What is scripting ?
======================

=> Scripting means set of commands we are keeping in a file for execution.

=> Scripting is used to automate our daily routine work

=> For example, i want to execute below commands on daily basis

whoami
pwd
date
cal
ls -l

Note: instead of executing these commands one after other manually we can keep them
inside a file and we can execute that file which is called as Scripting.

=> The process of executing script file using shell is called as shell scripting.

=> Shell scripting is used to automate our daily routine works in the project.

Ex:
a) take backup
b) delete temp files
c) analyze log files
d) system health checks

=> shell script files will have .sh extension

ex : backup.sh, log-analyzer.sh, health-checks.sh

====================================================
What is difference between programming & scripting
====================================================

=> Program requies compilation for executing

Ex: C, C++, Java, C#

=> Script can be executed directley (no compilation).

Ex : Bash, Perl, Python

============================
what is sha-bang in linux ?
============================

=> sha-bang is used to specify which shell we should use to process our script
file.

syntax:

#! /bin/bash

Note: Writing sha-bang is not mandatory but recommended.

##################################################################################
Date : 19-July-2024
Topic : Shell Scripting
##################################################################################

============= 01 : Shell Script ===========

#! /bin/bash

echo "Enter your name"

read NAME

echo "Good Evening, $NAME"

============ 02 : Shell Script =============

#! /bin/bash

echo "Enter your first name"

read FNAME

echo "Enter your last name"

read LNAME

echo "Your Fullname : $FNAME $LNAME"

===========
Variables
===========

=> Variables are used to store the values

=> Variables will represent data in key-value format

a=10
b=20
name=ashok
gender=male
age=20

Note: We don't have data types in shell scripting.

=> We have 2 types of variables

1) System Variables / Environment Variable

2) User Defined Variables

=> The variables which are already defined and using by our system are called as
System variables.

$ echo $SHELL
 $ echo $USER

$ echo $PATH

Note: We can access all the environment variables using below command

$ env

=> The variables which we are creating based on our requirement are called as 'User
Defined Variables'.

name = ashok
id = 101
age = 25
gender = male

Note : To access value of variable we will use below syntax

echo $VARIABLE_NAME

# create variable using terminal

export course=devops

# get variable value

echo $course

# remove variable
unset variable_name

Note: If we use export command in terminal for setting variables then those
variables will be removed once we close our terminal. These are called as temporary
variables.

====================================
How to set variables permanently ?
====================================

=> We will use .bashrc file to set variables permanently for the user.

=> In user home directory, .bashrc file will be available (it is hidden file).

$ ls -la
$ cat .bashrc

# open .bashrc file

vi .bashrc

# add variables at end of the file

COURSE=devops
TRAINER=ashok

# apply .bashrc changes

source .bashrc

# Access variables
echo $COURSE
echo $TRAINER

Note: In linux machine, every user will contain their own .bashrc file.
================================================
How to set variables for all users in linux ?
=================================================

$ cat /etc/profile

Note: If we add variables in /etc/profile then those variables applicable for all
users in linux vm.

==========================
Rules for Variables name
==========================

=> Variable name should not start with digit

=> Variable name should not contain below 3 special symbols

Ex : - (hypen), @, #

Note: It is recommended to use uppercase characters for variable names.

name ==> NAME

age ==> AGE

============
Operators
============

=> Operators are used to perform some operation on the variables.

10 + 20 => 30

10 > 20 => false

20 == 20 => true

========================
Arithematic Operators
========================

Addition : +

Substraction : -

Multiplication : *

Division : /

Modulas : %

Syntax to perform Arithematic Operations :

$((FNUM+SNUM))

================== 03 : Script (addition) ================

#! /bin/bash

echo "Enter first number"

read FNUM

echo "Enter second number"

read SNUM

echo "Result : $((FNUM+SNUM))"

===================================
Relational/Comparision Operators
===================================

Equal : == or eq

Not Equal : !=

Greater than : > or gt or ge

less than : < or lt or le

========================
Conditional Statements
========================

=> Conditional statements are used to execute commands based on condition.

Ex :

read user age

if age is above 18 years then print eligible for vote
if age is below 18 years then print not-elgible for vote

=> To implement conditional stmts we will use "if-elif-else" concept.

Syntax:

if [ conditon-1 ]; then
// stmt-1

elif [ conditio-2 ]; then

// stmt-2

else
// stmt-3

fi

============== 04 : Script (if-else) =================

#! /bin/bash

echo "Enter Your age"

read AGE
if [ $AGE -ge 18 ]; then
echo "Eligible for vote"
else
echo "Not Eligible for vote"
fi

==================================================================================

Requirement : Take a number from user and check weather it is positive or negative
or zero

========================= 05 - Script =======================================

#! /bin/bash

echo "Enter Number"

read A

if [ $A -gt 0 ];then
echo "It is +ve num"

elif [ $A -lt 0 ];then

echo "It is -ve num"

else
echo "It is zero"
fi

==============================================================================
Requirement : Take a number from user and check given number is even or odd
==============================================================================

##################################################################################
Date : 23-July-2024
Topic : Shell Scripting
##################################################################################

-------------------
Looping Statements
-------------------

=> Loops are used to execute statements multiple times.

=> In scripting we can use 2 types of loops

1) Range Based Loop (ex: for)

2) Conditional Based Loop (ex: while)

---------
for loop
----------

for(( initialization; condition; modification ))

do
//stmts
done
================================================
For loop example - Print Numbers from 1 to 10
================================================

#! /bin/bash

for((i=1; i<=10; i++))

do
echo $i
done

================================================
For loop example - Print Numbers from 10 to 1
================================================

#! /bin/bash

for((i=10; i>=1; i--))

do
echo $i
done

==========================================================================
Requiremnt: Write shell script to print even numbers in between 1 to 20.
==========================================================================

#! /bin/bash

for(( i=1; i<=20; i++ ))

do
if(( i%2 == 0)); then
echo $i
fi
done

=============
While Loop
=============

=> While loop is used to execute statements until condition is true

syntax:

while [ condition ]
do

// stms

done

------------------------------------------
print nums from 1 to 10 using while loop
------------------------------------------

#! /bin/bash

N=1
while [ $N -le 10 ]
do
echo $N
let N++
done

============================
Print Numbers from 10 to 1
============================

#! /bin/bash

N=10
while [ $N -gt 0 ]
do
echo $N
let N--
done

======================
Functions / Methods
======================

=> Functions are used to perform some action / task.

=> Using functions we can divide big task into multiple small tasks.

=> Using functions we can divide our work logically

=> Functions are re-usable

-------
syntax
-------

# create function
function funName(){
// stmts (body)
}

# call function for execution

funName

====================== shell script with Function ===============

#! /bin/bash

function welcome(){
echo "welcome to ashokit"
echo "welcome to devops"
echo "welcome to aws"
}

welcome
-------------------------------------------------

========================
Command Line Arguments
========================
=> cmd args are used to supply values to script file at the time of script
execution

sh task.sh 10 20 ashokit devops

=> We can read cmd args in script like below

$# => to get total no.of cmd args we passed

$1 => Read first cmd arg

$2 => Read second cmd arg

$3 => Read third cmd arg

$* => Read all cmd args

-------------------------------------

#! /bin/bash

echo "Total Args : $#"

echo "First Arg : $1"

echo "Second Arg: $2"

echo "================="

echo "All args : $*"

=============================================================================
Requirement: Write shell script to perform sum of two numbers using cmd args
=============================================================================

#! /bin/bash

echo "Result : $(($1+$2))"

===============
Assignments
===============

1) Write shell script to check given number is prime number or not

2) Write shell script to check given string is palindrome or not

Ex: liril, madam, ashok

3) Write shell scritp to print table of given number (Ex: 2)

2 * 1 = 2
2 * 2 = 4
..
2 * 10 = 20

4) Write a shell script to take backup of /home/ec2-user directory

====================
What is Scheduling
====================

shell script file : system-health-check.sh

Requriement :: Everyday @9:00 AM we have to run above shell script file.

=> Instead of running that file manually, we can use scheduling.

=> Scheduling means configuring the tasks to be executed automatically.

=> In linux, we will use CRON to schedule jobs/scripts execution.

=> CRON is an utility in linux to schedule jobs execution.

=> In real-time we will use several jobs on daily/weekly/monthly/yearly basis to

automate our work.

- Delete temp files

- Take backup of files
- System health checks

================
CRON JOB Syntax
================

Syntax: * * * * * <script-file-name>

=> First * will represent minutes (0 - 59)

=> Second * will represent hour ( 0 - 23 )

=> Third * will represent day of month ( 1 - 31 )

=> Fourth * will represent month of year ( 1 - 12 )

=> Fifth * will represent day of week ( 0 - 6 / sun - sat)

==================
What is CROND ?
==================

=> In linux machines, CROND is a deamon process (background process).

=> Every minute, CROND will be checking for CRON Jobs Schedule for the execution.

======================
Sample CRON Schedules
======================

# Run for every 15 mins

*/15 * * * * backup.sh

# Run everday @5:00 AM

0 5 * * * backup.ash
# Run everyday @5:00 PM
0 17 * * * backup.sh

# Run every month on first day @9:00 AM

0 9 1 * * backup.sh

# Run job everyday @4:15 PM Monday - Friday

15 16 * * 1-5 backup.sh

Note: We can write cron expression using below website

URL : https://crontab.guru/

======================================
Where to configure cronjob in linux ?
======================================

-> crontab file is used to configure cronjobs in linux

# open crontab file

crontab -e

# display cronjobs schedules

crontab -l

# remove crontab file

crontab -r

====================
CRONJOB Practicals
====================

1) Launch Linux machine with UBUNTU AMI

2) Connect with Linux VM using SSH client

3) Create shell script file and keep below content

$ vi task.sh

touch /home/ubuntu/f1.txt

touch /home/ubuntu/f2.txt

4) Provide execute permission for script file

$ chmod +x task.sh

5) Open crontab file and configure job schedule

$ crontab -e

Note: Add below job schedule info

*/1 * * * * /bin/bash /home/ubuntu/task.sh

6) Save and close the crontab file (ctrl + x + y + enter)

7) After 1 minute check files got created or not.

$ ls -l

8) To remove crontab file we can use below command

$crontab -r

=========
Summary
=========

1) Linux Architecture
2) What is shell
3) What is kernel
4) What is shell scripting & why ?
5) Proramming vs Scripting
6) Sha-bang
7) Variables (env & user-defined)
8) .bashrc file
9) cmd arguments
11) Operators
12) Conditional Stmts (if-elif-else)
13) Looping stmts (for, while)
14) functions
15) Cronjobs