CHAPTER II

Drawing Concept
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

 Introduction to drawing
 Understand the different types of art forms
 Basics drawing categories
 Drawing methods
 Types of drawing

Introduction
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various
drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium.
Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax
color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers,
markers, various metals and electronic drawing.

In this Chapter, we learn how to draw an image with basic concepts and
techniques. To shade with different pencils, you will start out by using
pencil to do a light touch on the paper and then push down harder to
create a darker shade. Use different pencils to get long and wider lines
from the shading. 4B and 6B pencil will have lines that look the same, but
they are different in the way they apply graphite to the paper. Practice
using all of your pencils to get an idea of how they write, then you can
choose which will be the best for your drawing with an educated decision.
Terminology
Background: The most distant zone of space in a drawing which
creates a three-dimensional illusion. It is helpful to give a
sense of depth and balance of perspective in a drawing.

Chalk: A wide variety of easily crumbled drawing materials

produced in either round or square sticks ranging from
coarse to fine, hard to soft, or dry to greasy. It is originally
obtained from natural coloured limestone.

Charcoal: Carbonized wood; willow (or sallow, a species of willow) twigs

heated with a state of carbon in sealed chambers excluding
oxygen in order that the wood doesn't burn and gets reduced
to ashes.

Conte Crayon: Semi-hard chalks of fine texture and various sizes

containing a sufficient oil in the binder to adhere more or less
permanently to smooth paper—available in black, white,
brown, and sanguine (Venetian red), and three degrees of
hardness.

Floor Plane: The interior horizontal plane that the viewer stands on
which extends to the horizon.

Gesture: The essential line or depicted state of movement of a live or

still form.

Ground Plane: A smooth plane on which the viewer stands, it extends

to the horizon marks.

Life Drawing: Drawing from live forms in order to gain visual

understanding of the movements, gestures, and physical
capabilities of live bodies as aesthetically pleasing art forms.

Sketch: A quick rough drawing with minimum outlines to understand

the basic objects.

Vine Charcoal: The highest quality stick charcoal—named for plant

vines from which it is extracted through heating and
carbonization.
Drawing Concept
Drawing as a verb describes the act of pulling, pushing or dragging a
marking tool across a 2D surface. The line remarks that remain serve as a
document of the action. These marks can vary depending on the type of
marking tool used or the method of applying the image that results from
this marking process is then referred to as a drawing.

Drawings are basically broken down into two categories:

1. Receptive
2. Projective

Receptive drawing is when an artist attempts to capture the

appearance of something observed from our physical world, for this reason
and he was about representational drawing observed from life is also an
example of receptive drawing. Spanish artist Pablo Picasso serves as a
good example of receptive drawing. Picasso was enrolled in the Royal
Academy of San Fernando in Madrid as with most academies of the time
Picasso was taught the strict mimetic tradition of drawing from live models
and plaster casts, the idea was that drafting is a skill that any artist could
master by following a series of strict rules as his career progressed.
Picasso began abandoning the receptive drawing practice entirely, instead
of drawing from the world around him.

Picasso began drawing from his imagination; this type of drawing is

referred to as projective drawing compared to a receptive drawing. The
projective drawings usually have to make generalizations about the
subject being depicted, even if Picasso had drawn images of hundreds of
bowls from life. The moment he drew one from memory it could only be an
approximation of what a bowl looks like. Due to this limitation projective
drawings are often drawn in exaggerated or distorted ways to
acknowledge the limitations of this method. For this reason, abstract
drawings are often projective in nature and of course non-objective
drawings are also projective because, they come straight from the artists
imagination with no reference to the observable world.

Documentation

First, a drawing can be a form of documentation. In this way, a

drawing concerned is a notation sketch for record. This notation can be
about something that an artist observes, remembers or imagines. Visual
artists often want to record their thoughts and they do this by keeping
sketchbooks.
Sketchbooks

Sketchbooks are generally kept from the artist’s reference and serve
a similar role to that of a writer’s journal. Italian Renaissance artist
Leonardo DaVinci was renowned for the large number of sketchbooks he
kept. Leonardo took a great interest in the study of human proportions as
illustrated in his sketch the Vitruvian man. To learn more about human
anatomy, he would also take part in medical dissections as illustrated in
these sketches from observations of the human heart. He also sketched
images of Great machines from his imagination even though the
technology did not exist at the time Leonardo is credited for coming up
with the concepts of modern machinery such as the tank and the
helicopter.

Preparations

Drawings can also function as studies or preparations for a larger or

more complex work. One very traditional form of this preparation is
sketched for Paintings Michelangelo needed to create many studies first
painted fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel because Buon fresco is
such a fast drying process. Michelangelo did not have the leisure to work
through the final orientations of his figures and arranged as he painted
them, the more preparation you could do, the more successful the
outcome and the less frustration would result for his powerful black and
white painting entitled Guernica. Pablo Picasso made at least 45
preliminary studies, each drawing serves a sketch for the next drawing
until the artist felt he was better prepared to depict the tragic events of
1937. The subject of this painting was the Nazi bombing of the Spanish
town Guernica that killed hundreds of unarmed civilians in the case of the
contemporary installation team.

Sketch

The drawings also serve as sketches for architecture because

buildings cost so much to erect, investors want to see finished plans
before any ground is broken. Architectural drawings are usually drawn in
perspective, including things like trees, cars and people to display the
building scale. Even architectural renderings need to start somewhere.
Believe it or not, this is a loose sketch served as the inspiration for Frank
Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao spinning after going through many
other renderings and modelled.

It was transformed into the complex 3D structure that stands today

filmmakers often use drawings called storyboards to plan out the seeds of
their films like building fills take a lot of money and labour to complete.
Scenes having planned for pre-production prevent any unnecessary
confusion or wasted funds although most directors hire artists to draw
their storyboards for them.
The Basics of Other Artforms
Most of the drawings have given inspirations to different kinds of art.
Drawing is, as a general rule, the premise of every single visual art. For
instance, a structural drawing helps in building development, and
markings on a stone piece give foundation for the sculpture that rises.
Most paintings are in the first place a sketch and as the works continue,
they are merged into coloured surfaces. Moreover, researches show that
drawings shape the premise of the wall painting, board, book paintings,
statues, and numerous other types of art.

Drawing Media:

Drawings are produced using instruments such as pen and ink,

graphite point, chalks, pastels, charcoal, silverpoint, coloured crayons,
metalpoint, graver, burin or etching needle for incised types of drawing.
Other alternatives inlcude graphite sticks, wax or conte crayons, markers
and various types of inked pens. Paper gives the most usual support but
other options are card, board, cardboard, canvas, papyrus, leather, vellum
(calfskin), textiles. Also, even plastic or metal will help, and mixed-media
drawings are executed using a combination of these materials.

Categories of Drawing:
Drawing consists of three basic categories:

Casual drawing (portraying, doodling): This indicates incomplete and

generally basic creations. These drawings don’t have the continuous
capacity.

Preparatory drawing: This indicates the production of a particular image

or arrangement of images, shaping the entire thing or part of a creation
the artist wants to finish by including colour (paints, coloured inks and so
on).

Finished drawing: This indicates a finished remain of a solitary,

independent work, for example, an illustration, a cartoon or visual art.

Drawing Methods
Tools and equipments can be utilized to draw, including slate pencils,
metal style, charcoal and chalks, and in addition, traditional pens, pencils,
and brushes, wellspring pens, ball-point pens, and felt pencils; even etches
and jewels are utilized for drawing.

Line drawing
 Stippling
Shading

The surrealist technique for entopic graphomania (in which dots are made
at the destinations of contaminations in a clear sheet of paper, and lines
are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent
paper, for example, tracing paper, around the blueprint of previous shapes
that show through the paper).

A fast and untreated drawing might be known as a sketch.

In fields outside art, specialized drawings or arrangements of structures,

hardware and different things are normally called "drawings" in spite of
when they have been exchanged to another medium by printing.

Charcoal

Charcoal is the result of heating or charring an organic substance

such as wood at a very high temperature, and the dense and dark
substance results are primarily composed of carbon. A drawing medium
charcoal is generally available in two type’s compressed charcoal and vine
charcoal. Compressed charcoal is the heavier of the two types. It is found
in stick or pencil form with a clay binder added. Compressed charcoal is a
relatively unforgiving medium and it gets dark very quickly. Once it is
applied to the paper, it tends to be very difficult to erase because this
medium is so soft and dark. It’s almost impossible to erase the white of
the paper. A firm rubber eraser is best for erasing the thickest areas and
an eatable eraser works better for erasing wider applications. Some artists
even use an eatable eraser too soft and smudge the heavy medium
around the surface of the paper. A German drafts person lost children and
friends in the two world wars in Europe. Her later life self-portraits were
psychologically charged studies of a woman nearing the end of a difficult
life. These emotionally bare drawings are made all the more powerful by
the darkness and moodiness of the medium. Tis drawing entitled the call
of death serves as an allegory to the literal hand of death coming to claim
the sole of the weary artist.

Vine charcoal

Vine charcoal is both harder and physically lighter than compressed

charcoal. For this reason, it is much lighter in value, if compressed
charcoal can be applied to a 100-percent black, vine charcoal may only
reach a sixty or seventy percent gray. Vine charcoal is much more
forgiving than compressed charcoal because it can be easily erased by
any of the aforementioned erasers, charcoal is also available in a fine
powdered form and like vine charcoal. Charcoal powder goes on the
support much lighter than compressed charcoal. For this reason, artists
will often use vine or powdered charcoal as the under layer of a drawing
with compressed charcoal on top white chalk can also be applied to the
surface of a charcoal drawing to create areas of highlight.

Title : Charcoal Stic

Attribution : Mrs Scarborough
Source : Own work
Link : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg

Graphite

Graphite is apparently the most widely recognized drawing medium.

It often comes as pencils, powder or filled sticks and is the thing that a
large number of people essentially allude to as "pencil". Each one makes a
scope of qualities relying upon the hardness or softness of the material.
Hard graphite tones territory from light to dark gray, while softer graphite
permits a range from light gray to almost dark black for that reason a
considerable measure of graphite drawings is basically called pencil
drawings.

Graphite drawing strategies are for all intents and purposes interminable.
In any case that you apply graphite to a surface will deliver some kind of
results. French sculptor Gaston Lachaise's Standing Bare with hanging
cloth is a pencil drawing that fixes the vitality and feeling of development
of the figure to the paper in only a couple strokes. Steven Talasnik's
contemporary extensive scale drawings in graphite, with their whirling,
natural structures and architectural structures are a demonstration of the
energy of pencil on paper.

Dry Media

Dry Media incorporates with charcoal, graphite, chalks and pastels.

Each of these mediums gives the artist an extensive variety of stamp
making capacities and impacts, from thin lines to huge areas of colour,
shading and tone. The artist can control the application of material by
applying required pressure to accomplish required impacts from multiple
points of view, including similar individual weights on the medium against
the drawing's surface, or by eradication, smearing or rubbing.
This procedure of drawing can immediately exchange the feeling of
character to an image. From vigorous to normal, these behaviors are clear
in the least not easy works: the quick and unalloyed strength of the artists
thought. You can observe this in the self-portraits of two German artists;
Kathe Kollwitz and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Injured in the middle of the main
world war, his Self-portraits under the influence of Morphine from around
1916 presents us with a dreadful vision of him wrapped in the mist of
sedative medications. His empty eyes and the realistic brokenness of his
imprints confirm the energy of his drawing.

Title : Portrait of Carl Sternheim.

Lithographie 1916
Attribution :Ernst Ludwig Krichner
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_Bildnis_Carl_ Sternheim_1916.jpg

Pastels

Significantly more prominent color refinement is conceivable with

pastel colored pencils, produced using powdered shades blended with a
base measure of non-oily cover. At the point colors are out on paper, they
perpetually look new and bright, despite the fact that they should be
safeguarded from scattering by being kept under glass. Pastel colors are
connected in straight method with the pastels, or to a region of the paper
specifically with the fingers. Pastels originated in the north of Italy amid
the 16th century, and were utilized by Jacopo Bassano (1515-92) and
Federico Barocci (1526-1612). Pastel drawings were known to the
Accademia degli Incamminati no later than the 17th century, in spite of
the fact that as a work of art it didn't achieve its pinnacle until the 18th
century, eminently in France (with Jean Marc Nattier, Maurice Quentin de
La Tour, Jean-Baptiste Perronneau and Jean Chardin) and in Venice (with
Rosalba Carriera).

Oil Pastels

Oil pastels are a relative of the wax crayons that you may remember
from childhood. They are composed of pigment suspended in non-drawing
oil and wax binder the oil and wax as binders make the colours of oil
pastels much more vibrant than those of chalk pastels like oil paint. Oil
pastels can be layered in a way that chalk pastels cannot, while powdery
chalk pastels never get far from the surface of a drawing. Oil pastels apply
much thicker and can create instances of actual texture for this reason.
Though oil pastels are much more difficult to erase, your racers will often
just smear the medium or smudge the pigment into the paper. Beverly
Buchanan is a contemporary African-American artist who uses oil pastels
to explore aspects of her southern rural tradition. Her work has a
playfulness that embraces the inherent messiness of the media like
Yoshimoto Nara. She adopts a children's art aesthetic that attempts to
view the world through the fresh eyes of youth.

Spray fixative

The use of aerosol spray fixative when applied in thin coats, it holds
dry media from smudging, smearing or rubbing off of the surface like
varnishes for paintings. Spray fixative also protects the media from
moisture, sunlight and time, even after fixing their drawing, artists will
often store their work sandwiched between clean sheets of acid-free
paper. This helps to further ensure that the delicate work will not be
damaged or altered in any way.

Graphite Point

When 16th century was drawing to a close, another drawing medium

showed up and quickly traded metal point for outlining and initial drawing.
Due to its weak stability, it was utilized basically for beginning sketches,
instead of independent drawings. The graphite point appropriately brought
forth the lead pencil, after the revelation in 1790 by Nicolas-Jacques of an
assembling procedure utilized as a part of the creation of artificial chalk.
Cleaned and washed, graphite could from this time forward be fabricated
in any level of hardness. The pencil focuses with their solid, clear, thin
strokes, and was especially suited to the reasons for Neoclassicist artists.
Among the best types of pencil designers was the intellectual painter J-A-D
Ingres, who utilized deliberate pencil drawings as the reason for his oil
works of art.

Chalk

Chalk generally uses inert chalk as a binder told powdered pigments

into a solid stick. Chalk pastel has a similar powdery softness to compress
charcoal. It can be erased more easily than impressed charcoal but not as
easily as vine charcoal. The chalk and chalk pastel gives the pigment a
slightly muted or matted appearance. This is why certain muted colors are
referred to as being pastels. French impressionist Edgar Daga made many
chalk pastel studies in the late 19th century. His intimate drawings were
often related to subjects like ballerinas. There's the matted pastel colors
help convey the softness of early morning light.

Liquid media/ Wet Media

The term liquid media refers to any drawing medium that is wet
during application rather than dry. India ink is a traditional liquid drawing
medium that dates back to India in the 4th century BCE. It is composed of
a carbon black pigment water. India ink is usually applied with either a
brush or with a nib pen. ink and wash is a drawing technique used in
traditional Japanese culture where India ink is applied with a brush and
water. thinning the ink with water, it is a way to create numerous and
subtle values of gray. This process can be used to create very sumptuous
and smooth gradients of tonality. There are many Western fine artists who
borrow the Japanese tradition of ink and wash in their work. The study of a
fountain by Vincent van Gogh serves as a good example, the quick sketch
by Rembrandt Van Rhyn displays all the delicacy on this application of
hair, even the dress of his sleeping subject.

The reason that ink and wash is considered drawing rather than painting is
due to the fact that art uses tonality rather than colour. As we know
before, drawings have been historically viewed as being inferior in some
ways to paintings. Paintings are generally larger and more complex and
concentrated on colour rather than value because of this many Western
fine artists have used ink and wash as a sketching medium. India ink also
be applied precisely with a metal tipped nib pen, the tip or nib has a
grooved channel that allows the ink to flow to the paper, the nib must be
constantly dipped in the equal to ensure the desired flow of ink working
with an ink pen more even lines than the ink and wash technique. The
predecessor to the new pen was a sharpened bird feather called a quill.
Today artists don't need to dip pens or quills into an inkwell unless they
really want.

Ink Pens

Now many different types of ink pens are available, with ink and a
cartridge, built right into the shaft of the pen. Different types of ink pens
will create different kinds of lines, fountain pens which resemble the shape
of nip pens are known for the fluidity of their mark. Ballpoint pens have
crisper more even lines and felt tip pens can be used to create broader
types of marks. The American draftsperson Andrew gory used ink pens to
create his twisted take on children's book illustrations even though his
work looks like a style from a century ago. He was indeed living in the late
20th century these pieces may even seem innocuous unless you read their
captions B is for Basel assaulted by bears. Graphic media like cartoons and
comic books will often be drawn using ink pens graphic artists appreciate
the clean crisp lines that these tools can create. Older cheaper forms of
printing were also unable to print variations in value beyond black and
white. This is why artists who use ink pens to imply a volume need to
utilize a form of hatching or stifling.

Felt tip

Felt tip pens are viewed as a type of wet media. The ink is immersed
into felt strips inside the pen, at that point discharged onto the paper or
other help through the tip. The ink rapidly dries, leaving a perpetual
stamp. The colored marker drawings of Donnabelle Casis have a streaming
natural character to them. The unique nature of the topic gathers body
parts and viscera.

Different fluids can be added to drawing media to upgrade impacts – or

make new ones. Craftsman Jim Dine has sprinkled pop onto charcoal
drawings to make the surface rise with bubbling. The outcome is a visual
surface not at all like anything he could make with charcoal alone, in spite
of the fact that he is well known for his solid control and work. Dine’s
drawings regularly utilize both dry and fluid media. His topic incorporates
creatures, plants, figures and instruments, commonly swarmed together in
thick, dimly sentimental pictures.

Types of Drawing:
Portraits

Title : Portrait of Maximilian I Elector of Bavaria

Attribution : Joachim von Sandrart
Source : Extract of de:Bild:MaximilianI.jpg
Link : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MaximilianI-Bayern.jpg
 Portrait drawings normally include the perfect profile and three-
quarter profile. Cases incorporate 15th century portraits by Pisanello or Jan
van Eyck, and in addition Durer's drawing of the superior Maximilian.
Works of Jean and Francois Clouet in France and of Hans Holbein in
Switzerland and later in Britain have given an exceptional self-rule on
portrait drawing, particularly when finished in chalk of different colours. In
the 18th century, Quentin de La Visit, Francois Boucher, and Jean-Baptiste
Chardin were noted types of chalk. Portraits were more attractive for the
psychological parts of portrait art. Late 19th and 20th century portraitists
supported the soft pastels that all the more rapidly mirrored their
masterful skills.

Landscapes

By the 15th century, landscape drawings had turned into a

satisfactory subject for individual drawing too, as showed by Jacopo
Bellini’s 15th century sketchbooks. Still, not until the approach of Durer
toward the finish of the century was landscape completely regarded as its
very own subject without reference to similar works. Drawings of his two
Italian adventures -- of the area of Nuremberg and his trip to the
Netherlands -- reflect the first flawless landscape drawings. Hundreds of
years were to go before such flawless landscape drawings happened once
more. Landscape components additionally showed up in sixteenth century
German and Dutch drawings and illustrations, eminently those by
individuals from the Danube School like Albrecht Altdorfer and Wolf Huber.
Netherlandish Renaissance painter Pieter Bruegel - The Senior drew
geographical perspectives and free landscape structures too, in both the
cases as an autonomous works. In the 17th century, the landscape
drawings of the Accademia Degli Incamminati, blended classic and
legendary topics with courageous landscapes. What's more, Rome-based
French classicists Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin additionally created
romanticized Arcadian landscape drawings. In the 18th century Italy, the
geographically correct landscape drawing accomplished a high point with
the approach of the Vedutisti, the view painters like the Venetians
Canaletto (1697-1768) and Bernardo Bellotto (1720-80), and the Roman
Giambattista Piranesi (1720-78).landscape drawings achieved a moment
blooming in Britain amid the mid-nineteenth century on account of works
by JMW Turner and Alexander Cozens, while in France the convention was
exemplified by Camille Corot and, later, Van Gogh.

Figurative Genre Works

Of far less significance to independent drawing than portraiture and

landscape, figure drawings are normally tightly associated with what was
going on to painting as a rule. In this way, for instance, drawings of kind
scenes were moderately common amid the 17th century Dutch realism
School, in 18th century France and Britain, and in 19th century France.

Still Life
 Still life drawings, outstandingly the portrayals of blooms, similar to
those of the Amsterdam artist Jan van Huysum (1682-1749), have been
well known as far back as the 17th century. In some of these works, the
equality to painting is close; take for instance, the pastels of the
nineteenth century French artist Odilon Redon (1840-1916), or the work of
the twentieth century German Expressionist Emil Nolde (1867-1956), both
of which cross the separating line amongst drawing and painting.

Fantasy Drawings

Drawing portraying is unbelievable, extraordinary or visionary

subjects, for example, the incredible compositions of Hieronymus Bosch,
have for quite some time been prevalent. See similarly the grotteschi of
Raphael in the 16th century, the symbolic manual worker scenes by Pieter
Bruegel, and the festival etchings of the 17th century French artist Jacques
Callot. Other specialists whose drawings fall outside scene and likeness
include the eighteenth century Italian engraver Giambattista Piranesi, the
English Swiss artist Henry Fuseli (1841-1925), the nineteenth century
English illustrator artist Walter Crane (1845-1915), the compelling French
Symbolist artist Gustave Moreau (1826-98) and the 20th century
surrealists.

Illustrations

The illustrative drawing does not possibly go past a basic pictorial

clarification of a bit of content, yet even it might in any case fulfill the
most elevated creative requests. Repeatedly, awesome artist have
illustrated scriptural messages and in addition writing of numerous types.
Popular cases, the 18th century German sculpture Daniel Nicholas
Chodowiecki (1726-1801), the nineteenth century caricaturist Honore
Daumier (1808-79), the nineteenth century visual artist Wilhelm Busch
(1832-1908) best known for his rhyming picture stories (Max und Moritz),
and the twentieth century Austrian Blaue Reiter painter and artist Alfred
Kubin (1877-1959).

Caricatures

Related with illustrative drawing is the art of

personification/caricature, which, by misrepresenting the visual qualities of
a man or circumstance, makes a capably suggestive picture. This kind of
symbolic drawing is exemplified by such illuminating presences as
Annibale Carracci (1560-1609) - who initially start the word caricatura -
Leonardo daVinci, Durer, and the Extravagant artist Bernini, and by social
reporters like the 18th century Italian artist Wharf Leone Ghezzi (1674-
1755), the 18th century English artist William Hogarth (1697-1764), the
English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827) who worked
fundamentally in ink and watercolor wash, the nineteenth century
Frenchman Jean-Ignace-Isidore Gerard, known as Grandville (1803-47),
and possibly the best caricaturist of all, Honore Daumier.

Summary
In this unit you were introduced to basic types of drawing. You must
be able to identify and use these techniques correctly, neatly and
accurately. You find and build up a remarkable association with a wide
range of drawing mediums -- from primitive charcoal to contemporary
computerized drawing. The aim of the lessons is to give major of drawing
and to likewise move you past the crucial ideas, to enable you to
investigate the unlimited potential outcomes of check making and to
create both one of a kind ways to deal with materials and your stylish
basic leadership. The fundamental point of this unit is simply the longing
to venture outside and find new imaginative ways. These drawing units
are intended for all levels of drawing knowledge, in any case you approach
central drawing procedures.

Assessment
1. Explain the concept and meaning of drawing
2. Explain what is art
3. Who are the best history painters
4. Classify different types of drawing media
5. When "modern art" begin
6. Describe contemporary art.
7. Who are the greatest portrait artists
8. What is fine art
9. Describe art Deco
10. What is figure drawing
11. Describe "fresco"
12. Define and apply the art vocabulary associated with pen and ink
13. State the benefits of using water colours
14. Describe the advantages of using oil paint
15. Define portrait