Selecting the Proper Size Welding Cables

I need to order some welding cable for our shop, but am not sure the correct size to get. I have seen some reference charts, but
would like an explanation on how to use them.

Welding cable is the electrical conductor for the welding current. It consists of a series of fine copper strands wrapped inside a non-
conductive, durable jacket (typically some type of synthetic or natural rubber of various colors). The fine copper strands give welding
cable more flexibility than other types of electrical conductors and the insulating jacket is designed to hold up to repeated movement over
rough surfaces. As the current level increases (measured in amperage or amps), the diameter of the welding cable and resulting cross
sectional area of the copper stranding needs to increase. The concept is similar to the flow of water through a hose. A larger diameter
hose is needed in order to carry a greater volume of water. You use a smaller hose to water your garden, while the fire department uses a
much larger hose to fight fires.

Welding cable “ampacity”, also known as current capacity or amperage rating, refers to the maximum amount of electrical current that a
cable can safely conduct. Besides the cross sectional area, other factors that impact the ampacity of welding cable are its length, ohm
rating (i.e., resistance rating), temperature ratings of the insulation material and the ambient temperature. Shorter cables can carry more
current than longer cables of the same diameter. Welding cable is often rated with a conductor temperature of 75°C (167° F), 90°C
(194⁰F) or 105°C (221°F). While the copper wire itself can handle the high temperatures generated by higher amperages before
sustaining damage, the insulation protecting them would melt. Welding cables are also often rated for an ambient temperature of 30°C
(86°F). Higher ambient temperatures can reduce their ability to dissipate heat into the surrounding environment, and thus reduce their
ampacity. In addition, several cables packed tightly together can also have a reduction in their ability to dissipate heat. Multiple cables
should be slightly spread apart.

Note that while copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, it still has a degree of resistance to the flow of electrons through it.
Therefore, some amount of resistance heating will occur in the cable. It is normal for a properly sized welding cable to feel warm to the
touch after prolonged welding. However, if the diameter of cable is too small for the level of current flowing through it, then the cable will
overheat. This can result in a potential fire hazard, as well as damage to the cable itself (and ultimately to cable breakage and failure). A
breakdown of the insulation jacket can also be an electrical shock hazard. Conversely, cable that is oversized for a given amperage level
does not conduct current any more effectively than properly sized cable. However, larger diameter cable typically costs more per foot or
per meter than smaller diameter cable, because of the increased amount of copper strands. Therefore, oversized cables may not be cost
effective.

Electrical cable is typically categorized by an AWG (American Wire Gauge) size, where the smaller diameter cable has a larger
number. Figure 1 lists the AWG sizes. Gauge (or gage) sizes larger than one are zero, also expressed as 1/0 (pronounced “one aught”),
two zeros, expressed as 2/0 (pronounced "two aught"), 3/0 and 4/0. Cable sizes between #4 and #4/0 are typically used for welding
cable.

Figure 1: Example Wire Gauge Sizes

In the metric system, welding cable size is typically expressed in square millimeters (mm2), representing the cross-sectional area of the
cable. Figure 2 shows a comparison between welding cables in AWG sizes and metric sizes.
 Figure 2: AWG / Metric Cable Size Comparison

Now when selecting the proper cable size for your welding equipment, it is best to choose cable that can handle the maximum output of
the welder. To do this, you need to determine three factors. These include:

• Total length of the welding circuit

The welding circuit is the total path in which the electricity travels. It includes the power source, electrode cable, electrode holder (or TIG
torch or wire feeder and gun), electrical arc, work cable and work clamp. Figure 3 illustrates the welding circuit. For determining proper
welding cable size, you need to add together the full lengths of the electrode cable and the work cable. The electrode cable attaches to
either an electrode holder, TIG torch or wire feeder. The work cable attaches to a work clamp. Note these last two items are often
incorrectly referred to as the “ground cable” and “ground clamp”. However, this is improper terminology, as the "ground" lead only applies
to the primary side of the welding circuit (i.e. the incoming power cable).

Figure 3: Example Welding Circuit

Note that welding polarity does not affect the size of cable needed. It does not matter in which direction the current flows through the
welding circuit, whether it be direct current positive (DC+), direct current negative (DC-) or alternating current (AC). Polarity and direction
of current flow only affects welding characteristics and electrode selection.

Rated output of the power source is simply the maximum current or amperage level in which the machine is indented to be used (note
that some power sources can produce higher currents than their rated output for short periods of time). This rated output level is typically
incorporated into the machine’s name. Examples include the “Idealarc® 250” (rated 250A output), Power Wave® S350 (350A rated
output), Flextec™ 650 (650A rated output), etc.

Duty cycle is a capacity rating of a welding power source, expressed as a percent (%). It is the percentage of a ten minute period that the
power source can operate at a given output current level before exceeding its thermal limit (i.e. the windings get too hot) and shutting
down if it has thermal overload protection. Generally as output levels decrease, duty cycle increases (until 100% or continuous output).
Conversely, as output levels increase (until maximum output capacity), duty cycle decreases. The duty cycle rating(s) can be found on
the power source’s nameplate and/or in the operating manual. The duty cycle rating of a welding power source is typically related to the
welding processes in which it will be used, its intended use and whether it operates off of single phase or three phase power. Figure
4 lists some typical differences between single and three phase power supplies, including their typical duty cycles.

Figure 4: Single vs. Three Phase Power Supplies

Figure 5 is an example of a chart for selecting the proper welding cable size. Other charts are available from cable manufacturers and
welding reference books. As an example, let’s assume you have a 400 amp power source at 60% duty cycle and need a total combined
length of electrode plus work cables of 100 feet. From the chart, the proper cable size to select would be #2/0 cable. Cable sizes are
increased for longer lengths primarily for the purpose of minimizing cable drop. For higher current levels, two or more cables are often
recommended and should be hooked up in parallel or together in order to share the current load.

Figure 5: Selecting the Proper Size Welding Cable

It should also be noted that in addition to proper cable size selection, it is very important to maintain the welding cable and the cable
connections in good condition. Any cracks, cuts, worn spots, etc. in the weld cable can decrease its current carrying capability and create
hot spots. In addition, worn or frayed cable connections to the work clamp, lugs or twist lock connectors can also decrease the ability to
carry the current and create hot spots (see examples in Figure 6). All worn, frayed and damaged sections should be repaired
immediately for proper operation and to minimize any potential safety hazards.
Figure 6: Examples of Frayed and Damaged Welding
Cable