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Literature Review

The document outlines the components and circuitry of a system that includes a power supply unit, microcontroller, RFID, Zig Bee network, MAX 232, and Liquid Crystal Display. It details the function of each component, such as the transformer, rectifier, and RFID reader, and highlights various projects that have utilized RFID technology for applications like inventory management and secure access systems. The document emphasizes the importance of these technologies in enhancing operational efficiency and security.

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7 views

Literature Review

The document outlines the components and circuitry of a system that includes a power supply unit, microcontroller, RFID, Zig Bee network, MAX 232, and Liquid Crystal Display. It details the function of each component, such as the transformer, rectifier, and RFID reader, and highlights various projects that have utilized RFID technology for applications like inventory management and secure access systems. The document emphasizes the importance of these technologies in enhancing operational efficiency and security.

Uploaded by

oneclickcyberservice
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Literature Review

Components, Circuit Blocks and Circuits Used


The system circuitry entails power supply unit, microcontroller, RFID, Zig Bee network, MAX 232 and
Liquid Crystal Display.
Power Supply

Transformer
The AC power input is fed into the transformer of the system where it is stepped down to 12V, which is
a voltage the system will operate with. Most equipment operate at 5V-12V. Therefore, a step down
transformer is required to reduce the voltage to the required amount that is 12V for the system.
Rectifier
The stepped down voltage is then fed into rectifier which will convert the output from the transformer
to a pulsating DC voltage. In the system, a bridge rectifier is used due to its stability.
Filter
Capacitive filter removes ripples in the DC voltage from rectifier
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator ensures a DC constant voltage. The electric components in this set up will be
operated by power from batteries while the entire system will need to be operated by power supply
Microcontroller
A microcontroller unit is a programmable device that is mostly used in embedded systems. It is a small
computer in a metal oxide semiconductor very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit chip. They are used to
control systems such as remote control, implantable devices and automobile engine control. They can
operate at as low as 4 KHz frequency making them low power operating devices. This ensures that their
power unit is long lasting. In this project, 8052 microcontroller is used. This is a single chip with a CPU,
fixed sizes of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer. 8052 is an 8- bit microprocessor. Its CPU can process 8-
bits at a time.
RFID Reader
An RFID reader is a simple system consisting of an antennae, transceiver with a decoder and a
transponder. Some of the applications include payment systems, inventory tracking, robotics, automatic
identification and access control. An RFID reader can read RFID tags at a rate of 9600 bauds per second.
These RFID readers are classified according to their frequencies which include low- frequency 30 KHz-
500 kHz RF ranging from 3-5m, mid- frequency 900kHz- 1500MHz RF ranging from 5-17m and high
frequency 2.4GHz- 2.5GHz RF ranging from 2-17m.When an RFID reader is powered, an RF field is
activated to detect any RFID tag in the ranges specified. If present, it is detected and indicated by a LED
light and a buzzer in the system. The unit needs 200mA at 12Vn to operate. This can be achieved by an
adapter designed to operate at these electrical specifications.
Transponder
Transponder comprises of a microchip programmed to read and recognize the data and a receiving
antennae that will disseminate the information via Zig Bee network.
Transceiver

The function of the RF transceiver is to actuate the RFID labels.

Fig: RFID reader and a transponder with passive tag system


MAX 232
Commonly referred to as line driver. MAX 232 chip is required in the circuitry to standardize voltage
based on RS232. The voltage levels supported are logics 1 for +5V and 0 for 0V in a microcontroller
while in a PC, 1 is -3V to -25V and 3V to 25V. MAX 232 is therefore used to equalize these voltages. The
electrical specifications of the MAX 232 device include 5V power, 1uf capacitor 120 kb/s operation,
130V input levels and low current 8mA.
Liquid Crystal Display
An LCD is preferred over LED because of its advantages which include reduced prices, high ability to
display numbers and characters, high ability to display graphics and a refresh control. An LCD has 14
pins each with specific functions as indicated.
Ground- ground (0V)
VCC- supply voltage
VEE- contrast adjustment
Register Select- select command register
Read/Write- read/write
Enable- send data to pins
DBO
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4

DB5
DB6
DB7
Led+ Backlight VCC (5V)
Led+ Backlight ground (0V)
Every character in an LCD screen comprises of a 5*7 dot matrix. The power and voltage determines the
contrast of the display.
Projects done by others relating to this project
In the previous years, there are projects which have been accomplished in this area. Many of them
applied the RFID technology to implement the system. This has led to widespread applications of RFID.
In the inventory system for example, an RFID based system that is able to scan tags on products in
stores has been developed. The system has helped to easily monitor the sales and ensure security.
Moreover, the information on products in the tags helps the sales department to decide on the stock to
increase or not increase based on the shifts in demand.
Other projects include RFID Token based calling system used hospitals, canteens and servicing for
automatic calling that can operate with minimal errors, RFID Mobile Charging System which uses an
RFID reader to recognize the user and charge with the specified amount of duration. An RF Based
Secure Door Opener system that involves a lock that can be operated inside through encrypted RF
signal and an RFID based e-passport system that involves the use of RFID cards instead of the normal
passport booklets. The aim of this e-passport is to control use of false documents and minimize illegal
entries into a country.

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