COMMUNICATION

PROCESSES

By:
Beltran, Cristine Mae D.
Villanueva, Jelliane D.

BSA 1A

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 Table of Contents
Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Types of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Theoretical Approach of the Elements of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Elements of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Communication Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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What is Communication?
Communication is a two-way process wherein the message in the form of ideas,
thoughts, feelings, opinions is transmitted between two or more persons with the intent of
creating a shared understanding.
It is also a process of exchanging opinions and imparting knowledge between speaker
and audience through communication elements.
Effective communication is when the message conveyed by the sender is understood
by the receiver in exactly the same way as it was intended.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: VERBAL VS. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication
- Refers to the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally;
communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing.

Non-Verbal Communication
- Non verbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can
say communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture,
tone of voice or facial expressions are called non verbal communication.

THEORETICAL APPROACH ON THE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Getting engaged in effective communication processes is regarded as an element of art
and science. When research is conducted in terms of the communication processes, it is
essential for the individuals to develop a structure of elements of communication.
When the individuals develop the structure in terms of the elements of communication,
they are able to understand that in order to carry out the communication processes in an
effective manner and generate the desired outcomes, it is indispensable to augment one’s
understanding in terms of the elements.
The elements of communication are regarded as distinguished products in the field of
communication (Udemy, 2020). The first and the foremost question that arises is, why and how
the processes of communication needs to be put into operation, so they prove to be beneficial
to the senders as well as receivers. When the senders are imparting information, they need to
ensure that the receivers understand it well.
Whereas, when the receivers are receiving information, they need to ensure that they
are able to provide solutions to all their problems. Hence, the theoretical approach of the
elements of communication contribute in imparting the necessary and valuable information to
the senders and receivers in terms of communication processes.

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 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication Elements
Communication elements refer to essential tools of communication on which the
communication process is conducted. Elements of communication initiate and regulate the full
process of sharing information between the sender and receiver.
Therefore, elements of communication are very important and interconnected parts of
the communication process.
1. Context - Context refers to the environment of communication in which the interaction
happens or takes place. Communication context is the prime element of every communication
process that controls the way of communication among senders and receivers.
2. Sender - A sender is a person who sends the message to the receiver. The sender is also
known as the encoder of the message. The sender is the initiator of the communication process
who starts the procedure via sending a message or information. A sender makes and uses
symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to convey the message and produce the required
response.
3. Encoding - Encoding is the process of transforming abstract opinions and ideas into symbols
such as words, pictures, signs, and marks. A symbol might represent or indicate opinions, ideas,
and actions. The process of encoding is connected to the sender and receiver.
4. Message - The message refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought, attitude,
and view that the sender wants to deliver to the receiver. The message seems like a key element
of any communication process. Any communication might happen to convey the message that
is also known as the process of sharing ideas, opinions, thoughts, and information.
5. Channel - Channel is the way or tool of transmitting the message. It is also known as a
medium in communication that conveys the message from sender to receiver. Communicators
use different channels to communicate in a distinct context of communication. In the face to
face communication, the sender’s senses, for example, hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and
tasting are the channel of transferring the information.
6. Decoding - Decoding is the process of translation of an encoded symbol into the ordinary
understandable language in contrast to the encoder. In this process, the receiver converts the
symbols into thoughts received from the sender. Decoding is the opposite process of encoding
to get the meaning of the message.
7. Receiver - A receiver is a person for whom the message is targeted in contrast to the sender.
Therefore, the receiver is the audience of the communication process who decodes the message
to perceive the meaning. The sender surely sends a message aimed at the receiver. Receivers
can be one person or a group of people or a big amount of population.
8. Feedback - Feedback refers to the response of the receiver or audience. It is one of the main
elements of the effective communication process as it allows the sender to analyze the efficacy
of the message. It also helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of the message
by the decoder. Feedback may be verbal (through words)or nonverbal (in the form of smiles,
sighs, etc.). It may take written form also in the form of memos, reports, etc.
9. Noise - Noise refers to communication barrier to effective communication. However, is an
unwanted element in the communication process that communicators always want to avoid

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during communication. It is also known as communication noise or the noise of
communication.
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in
understanding how communication works can be done. Models show the process
metaphorically and in symbols. They form general perspectives on communication by breaking
communication from complex to simple and keeps the components in order. Communication
models can sometimes encourage traditional thinking and stereotyping but can also omit some
major aspects of human communication.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODEL

1. LINEAR MODEL COMMUNICATION

Linear model of communication is a simple one way communication model. The
message flows in a straight line from sender to the receiver. There is no concept of feedback.
The only task that a receiver does here is to receive the message. Different models that follow
linear model of communication are:
•Aristotle’s Model
- Aristotle’s model of communication is the oldest communication model, dating back to
300BC. The model was designed to examine how to become a better and more convincing
communicator. Aristotle argues we should look at five elements of a communication event to
analyze how best to communicate: speaker, speech, occasion, target audience and effect. He
also identified three elements that will improve communication: ethos (credibility), pathos
(ability to connect) and logos (logical argument). Aristotle’s model does not pay attention to
the role of feedback in communication.
•Shannon Weaver Model
- The Shannon-Weaver model sees communication occurring in five key parts: sender, encoder,
channel, decoder, receiver. It emphasizes the importance of encoding and decoding messages
for them to be sent (e.g. turning them into written words, morse code, etc.). During the process
of encoding, sending and decoding, ‘noise’ occurs that can disrupt or cloud a message. In the
most traditional sense, this may be static on a radio broadcast, or even extend to mishearing a
conversation or misspelling an email. This model was the first to introduce the role of noise in
the communication process. The idea of feedback was retroactively introduced to this model.
•Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
- Berlo’s model of communication explains it in four steps: Source, Message, Channel, and
Receiver. The unique aspect of Berlo’s model is that it gives a detailed account of the key
elements in each step that will affect how well the message is communicated:
Source: Elements of the source include communication skills of the sender, their attitude and
their culture.
Message: Elements of the message include its content, structure and code.

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Channel: Elements of the channel include the senses of hearing, seeing, touching, smelling,
etc.
Receiver: Elements of the receiver include their attitude, knowledge and culture.

2. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

In transactional model, senders and receivers both are known as communicators and
both play equally important role in communication. Transactional model relates
communication with social reality, cultural up-bringing and relational context (relationships).
Non-verbal feedback like gestures, body language, is also considered as feedback in this model.
Different models that follow transactional model of communication are:
•Barnlund’s Transactional Model
- Barnlund’s Transactional Model of Communication is a model that explores interpersonal,
immediate feedback communication. Central to this approach is the idea that feedback for the
sender is the reply for the receiver.
- This model also highlights the role of ‘cues’ in impacting our messages. Barnlund highlights
the role of public cues which are environmental cues, and private cues which are a person’s
personal thoughts and background. With this emphasis on cues, Barnlund’s model highlights
the factors that influence what we think and say.
•Helical Model
- Dance’s Helical Model builds on circular models by explaining how we improve our
messages over time by using feedback. When we communicate with others, their feedback will
influence our next statement. We become more knowledgeable with each cycle of
communication, enabling up to ‘expand our circle’ , as represented by the increasingly wider
and wider circles. The movement up the spiral indicates that each communication practice is
new and different from the previous, as communication does not ever perfectly repeat itself.
3. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Interactive model or convergence model is similar to transactional model as they are
both two way communication model. But, interactive model is mostly used for new media like
internet. Here, people can respond to any mass communications like videos, news, etc. People
can exchange their views and ideas. Different models that follow interactive model of
communication are:
•Schramm’s Interactive Model
- The Osgood-Schramm model explores communication that is equal and
reciprocal. It does not differentiate between the sender and receiver, but sees each as being in
an equal position as message encoders and decoders. This model is best for explaining and
examining personal synchronous communication where feedback is immediate (such as face-
to-face discussions). As feedback is immediate, noise can be reduced through ongoing
clarification of messages during the conversation.

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