Important topics

1. Cell as a unit of health and disease

a. Types of stem cell and its func on

b. Tyrosine kinase pathway and its signi cance

2. Cellular response to stress and toxic insults; adapta on, injury and death

a. Di eren ate b/w Dystrophic and metasta c calci ca on

b. De ne Necrosis and enumerate di erent types of necrosis^

c. Di erences between necrosis and apoptosis^^

d. Apoptosis; apoptosis and its various mechanism^

e. Fat necrosis; coagula ve necrosis

f. Ultrastructure changes in irreversible cell injury

g. Gangrene- gross and microscopy (manual)

h. Role of free radicles in cell injury

i. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

3. In amma on and repair

a. Di eren ate b/w Primary and secondary healing

b. Factors a ec ng wound healing

c. Di erences between Transudate and exudate^

d. Granulomatous in amma on (manual)^^

e. De ne acute in amma on? Vascular and cellular events?

f. Role of chemical mediator in in amma on?^ Morphological pa erns (with example)

outcomes of acute in amma on?^ Morphological types of acute in amma on with
examples.

g. De ne and classify granuloma. E ology and pathogenesis. Discuss with examples

various granulomatous diseases (manual)

h. Cytokines in in amma on

i. Complica on of wound healing.

j. Role of macrophages in in amma on^^

4. Hemodynamic disorders, thrombo-embolic disease and shock

a. Primary and secondary thrombosis

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 b. De ne edema, give pathogenesis of edema, describe in detail cardiac edema.(2+4+2)

c. Di eren ate between Red and white infract*

d. Gross and microscopic appearance of Chronic venous conges on Liver (manual)

e. Gross and microscopic appearance of Chronic venous conges on of lung (manual)

f. Gross and microscopic ndings of Splenic infarct^ (manual + Robins chapter11)

g. De ne and classify shock. Enumerate various causes of each type. Describe the
pathogenesis of sep c shock^^. Enumerate the morphological changes seen in
various organs.(3+4+5+4)

h. Pulmonary thromboembolism*

i. Di eren ate b/w primary and secondary haemostasis

j. Thrombosis- de ne, classify, pathogenesis, fate, factors causing thrombosis

k. Embolism- de ne, classify, types(1+1+6)^

l. Phlebothrombosis*(venous thrombosis)

5. Gene c disorders

a. Niemann pick disease

b. Turner syndrome

c. Gaucher disease, gaucher cell

d. Down’s syndrome

6. Disease of the immune system

a. Pathogenesis of amyloidosis^^, de ne amyloid, proper es of amyloid protein, types,

diagnosis, secondary amyloidosis*

b. De ne amyloid and elaborate its various physical and histochemical proper es.
Classify various types of amyloids and its presenta on and diagnosis in tabular form.
(2+2+4)

c. Gross and microscopic ndings of Amyloid spleen, sago spleen (Manual)*

d. De ne in leucocyte func on (2 marks ques on)

e. Opportunis c infec on in AIDS

f. Immunological tolerance and mechanisms of it

g. SLE- LE cell, pathogenesis *

h. Type 4 hypersensi vity

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 i. Type III hypersensi vity reac on

7. Infec ous disease

a. Di erence b/w Tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy (manual)

b. Gross and microscopic ndings of Primary tuberculosis^

c. Tuberculosis- pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, CSF ndings

d. Tuberculoid leprosy- pathogenesis and pathology

e. Rhinosporidiosis (manual)

f. Mycetoma foot

g. Primary complex TB

h. Ac nomyosis^

8. Environmental and nutri onal diseases

a. Air pollutants and its types^

9. Disease of infancy and childhood

a. Wilm’s tumor- gross and microscopy

b. Hyaline membrane disease

10. Blood vessels

a. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis ^^^

b. Aor c aneurysm^

11. Heart

a. Myocardial infarc on

b. Draw labelled diagram showing the di erent types of vegeta ve endocardi s

c. Angina pectoris

d. Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

e. Di erence between Transmural and subendocrdial infarct

f. Infec ve endocardi s (IE)

g. Rheuma c fever (RF)- clinical features, pathogenesis, morphological changes seen in

heart. Di erence between lesions in IE & RF

12. Neoplasia

a. Di erence between Benign and malignant tumors ^

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 b. Gross and microscopic ndings of Pleomorphic adenoma (manual)^

c. Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes*

d. Paraneoplas c syndrome^^

e. Chemical carcinogenesis ^

f. De ne neoplasia. Explain with examples how carcinogenesis is a mul step process.

Add a note on Pathway of metastasis?*

g. Grading of a tumour*

h. Hemangioma – gross and microscopy (manual) – capillary and cavernous^^

i. Tumor markers*

j. p53*

k. anaplasia*

l. lab diagnosis of cancer*

m. malignant melanoma – gross and microscopic (manual)^

n. viral carcinogenesis^

o. classify oncogenic viruses. Describe oncogenesis by human papilloma virus.(2+6)

p. Gross and microscopic ndings of basal cell carcinoma

13. RBC and bleeding disorders

a. Hereditary spherocytosis – pathogenesis^^^^

b. Microscopic appearance of PBS and BM aspirate in Fe de ciency anaemia^

c. G6PD de ciency – pathogenesis^

d. Sickle cell anaemia – PBS, BM, pathogenesis

e. Megaloblas c anaemia – microscopic ndings in PBS and BM^^^^

f. Indica ons & contraindica ons of bone marrow examina on (manual)^

g. Serum iron pro le in various microcy c hypochromic anaemia

h. Thalassemia major- lab diagnosis – PBS and BM^

i. Pathogenesis of thalassemia; β-thalassemia

j. Globin chain disease and various clinical presenta ons

k. Sideroblas c anaemia

l. E ects of extravascular haemolysis

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 m. Di erence between iron de ciency anemia and haemoly c anemia

n. Di erences between Fe de cient anaemia and thalassemia major #

o. Test for sickling (manual)

p. Di erence between clinical and lab ndings of platelets and coagula on disorders

q. Re culocyte count- signi cance (manual)

r. Blood transfusion reac ons

s. Immune thrombocytopenia purpura^^

t. von-willebrand disease^

u. lab diagnosis of Haemophilia A and B^

v. erythroblastosis foetalis

w. Inves ga ons in a case of hereditary haemolysis anaemia

x. DIC- pathogenesis^, inves ga on

y. Indica ons of BM aspira on (manual)^

z. Pathogenesis of anaemia of chronic disease

aa. Spherocytes

14. Disease of WBC, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus

a. Acute Lymphoblas c Leukaemia - PBS and bone marrow ndings^^

b. Gross and microscopic appearance of lymph node in Hodgkin Lymphoma

c. Hodgkin lymphoma – gross, microscopy^, types, RS cells and varients, di erence b/w
Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin.

d. Subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma/classi ca on of Hodgkin lymphoma

e. Chronic lymphocy c leukaemia microscopic appearance of PBS and BM aspirate^^

lab diagnosis

f. Langerhan cell his ocytosis

g. Flow cytometer and its use in leukemia

h. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia ^– microscopic ndings in PBS and BM

i. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia – PBS and BM

j. APML – pathogenesis

k. Gross and microscopic appearance of lymph node in Burki lymphoma ^

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 l. Di erence between Lymphoblast and myeloblast

m. Philodelphia c’some

n. Causes of massive splenomegaly

o. Conges ve splenomegaly

p. Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase

q. Lab diagnosis of Mul ple myeloma

15. Stomach

a. Gross and microscopic appearance of carcinoma stomach

b. Gross and microscopic appearance of Crohn’s disease

c. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

d. Gross and microscopic ndings of Adenocarcinoma colon

e. Gross and microscopic ndings of ulcera ve coli s

f. Di eren ate between ulcera ve coli s and Crohn’s disease

g. E opathogenesis of colon cancer

h. Gastric tumors

i. Helicobacter pylori

j. De ne malabsorp on syndrome. Discuss e opathogenesis and diagnos c approach

of malabsorp on syndrome. Write brie y on Celiac Sprue. (1+5+2)

16. Liver and gall bladder

a. Cirrhosis – causes, types, gross and microscopy

b. Hepatocellular carcinoma^^

c. Obstruc ve jaundice – lab inves ga on

d. Hepa sB

e. Pathogenesis of Fa y liver (manual)

f. Post necro c cirrhosis

g. Cholelithiasis

h. Causes of macro and micro nodular cirrhosis → study alcohol liver cirrhosis in details

i. Congenital hyperbilirubinemia

17. Pancrease
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 a. Pathogenesis of Acute pancrea s

b. Chronic pancrea s

c. Pancrea c carcinoma

18. Lungs

a. Pathologic ndings in bronchiectasis^(pathogenesis and morphology)

b. Pathologic ndings in coal workers pneumoconiosis; pneumoconiosis

c. Pathogenesis of Emphysema

d. E opathgenesis of carcinoma lung

e. Gross and microscopic ndings of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome^

f. Di erence b/w chronic bronchi s and emphysema

g. Gross and microscopic ndings of small cell carcinoma lung

19. Kidney

a. Pathogenesis and pathology of acute tubular necrosis

b. Gross and microscopic features of Chronic pyelonephri s

c. Renal tumors/renal cell carcinoma

d. Clinical and morphological changes in rapidly progressive glomerulonephri s

(classi ca on)

e. Post streptococcal glomerulonephri s

f. Nephrolithiasis

g. Tests for blood in urine (manual)

h. Tests for keonuria (manual)

i. Urine analysis for urinary tract infec on

j. Chemical examina on of urine (manual)

k. Nephri c syndrome

l. Tests for sugar in urine (manual)

m. Malignant nephrosclerosis

20. Lower urinary tract and male genital system

a. Seminoma

b. classi ca on of Tes cular tumors

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 c. Gross and microscopic appearance of Yolk sac tumour of tes s

d. Embryonal carcinoma – tes s

e. Biomarkers in tes cular tumors

f. Gross and microscopic ndings of Benign prosta c hyperplasia

g. PSA (prostate speci c an gen)^^

h. Cryptorchidism

i. Gleason scale in prostate carcinoma

j. Pre-neoplas c lesions in carcinoma penis

k. Pathogenesis of Carcinoma urinary bladder / Urothelial tumors

l. Carcinoma prostate

21. Female genital tract

a. Dermoid cyst ovary- gross and microscopy

b. Mucinous cystodenoma – gross and microscopy

c. Serous carcinoma ovary – gross and microscopy^

d. Classify tumors of ovary; serous tumors –gross and microscopy(3+5)

e. Adenomyosis and endometriosis

f. Case ques on- cervical carcinoma

22. Breast

a. Fibrocys c disease of breast

b. Fibroadenoma breast

c. Molecular classi ca on of Breast Carcinoma

d. Case ques on- carcinoma

23. Endocrine system

a. Renal lesions in DM

b. Papillary carcinoma thyroid

c. Gross and Microscopic appearance of thyroid in Grave’s disease

d. Phaeochromocytoma

e. Pathogenesis and pathology of Hashimato’s thyroidi s

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 f. Pathogenesis of Type II DM^^; type I also

g. Follicular carcinoma thyroid; follicular adenoma of thyroid^

h. Gross and microscopic features of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid^

i. Diagnos c criteria for DM

j. Hyperparathyroidism

k. Thyroid carcinoma

24. Bones, joints, so ssue tumors

a. Osteoarthri s

b. Pyogenic osteomyeli s

c. Oestoclastoma

d. Chronic osteomyeli s

e. Ewing’s sarcoma^

f. Rheumatoid arthri s – pathogenesis and pathology

g. Gross and microscopic ndings of Chondrosarcoma

h. Giant cell tumour of bone – radiological and microscopic ndings (giant cells
containing bone tumors)

i. Case que

25. CNS

a. Meningioma

b. Astrocytoma^^

c. Lab diagnosis of Meningi s

d. Classify CNS tumors

e. Microscopic ndings in Schwannoma

f. glioma

key:

underlined: not found in previous year ques on paper

^^: represents number of mes ques on repeated

Highlighted: notes are prepared under short notes

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