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Python List
In this class, we'll learn everything about Python lists, how they are created, slicing of a list,
adding or removing elements from them and so on.

Python offers a range of compound data types often referred to as sequences. List is one of
the most frequently used and very versatile data types used in Python.

What is List in Python?

Python list is a data structure which is used to store various types of data.In Python, lists are
mutable i.e., Python will not create a new list if we modify an element of the list.

It works as a container that holds other objects in a given order. We can perform various
operations like insertion and deletion on list. A list can be composed by storing a sequence
of different type of values separated by commas.

Summary
Data types Type

String immutable

List mutable ✎

Creating Python List

In Python programming, a list is created by placing all the items (elements) inside square
brackets [] , separated by commas , . All the elements in list are stored in the index basis
with starting index 0.

It can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, string
etc.).

Syantax:

<list_name>=[value1,value2,value3,...,valuen]

In [1]: # Example:

# empty list, no item in the list

my_list = []
print(my_list) # ▶ ()
print(len(my_list)) # ▶ 0

# list of integers
my_list1 = [1, 2, 3]
print(my_list1) # ▶ [1, 2, 3]

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# list with mixed data types
my_list2 = [1, "Hello", 3.4]
print(my_list2) # ▶ [1, 'Hello', 3.4]

# nested list
my_list3 = ["mouse", [9, 3, 6], ['a']]
print(my_list3) # ▶ ["mouse", [9, 3, 6], ['a']]

my_list4=['foo','bar','baz','quz','quux','corge']
print(my_list4) # ▶ ['foo','bar','baz','quz','quux','corge']

my_list5=[1,2,3,4,4.5,'helloworld','X']
print(my_list5) # ▶ [1,2,3,4,4.5,'helloworld','X']

[]
0
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 'Hello', 3.4]
['mouse', [9, 3, 6], ['a']]
['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'quz', 'quux', 'corge']
[1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 'helloworld', 'X']

Access elements from a list

There are various ways in which we can access the elements of a list.

List Index
We can use the index operator [] to access an item in a list. In Python, indices start at 0.
So, a list having 5 elements will have an index from 0 to 4.

Trying to access indexes other than these will raise an IndexError . The index must be an
integer. We can't use float or other types, this will result in TypeError .

Nested lists are accessed using nested indexing.

In [2]: # Example: List indexing

my_list = ['p', 'r', 'o', 'b', 'e']

print(my_list[0]) # ▶ p
print(my_list[2]) # ▶ o
print(my_list[4]) # ▶ e

# Nested List
n_list = ["Happy", [2, 0, 1, 5]]

# Nested indexing
print(n_list[0][1]) # ▶ a
print(n_list[1][3]) # ▶ 5

print(my_list[4.0]) # ▶ TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not fl

p
o
e
a
5
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-0a4959e7a13b> in <module>
14 print(n_list[1][3]) # ▶ 5
15
---> 16 print(my_list[4.0]) # ▶ TypeError: list indices must be integers or slice
s, not float

TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not float

Negative indexing
Python allows negative indexing for its sequences. The index of -1 refers to the last item, -2
to the second last item and so on.

In [3]: # Example: Negative indexing in lists

# Python allows negative indexing for its sequences.

#The index of -1 refers to the last item, -2 to the second last item and so on.

my_list = ['p','r','o','b','e']

print(my_list[-1]) # ▶ e
print(my_list[-5]) # ▶ p

e
p

Note: If the index provided in the list slice is outside the list, then it raises an
IndexError exception.

How to slice lists in Python?

We can access a range of items in a list by using the slicing operator : (colon).

Syntax:

<list_name>[start : stop : step]

In [4]: # Example: List slicing in Python

my_list = ['p','r','o','g','r','a','m','i','n','g']
# indes [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]
# index [-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 ]

print(my_list[2:5]) # ▶ ['o', 'g', 'r'] ∵ elements 3rd to 4th

print(my_list[:-5]) # ▶ ['p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r'] ∵ elements beginning to 4th
print(my_list[5:]) # ▶ ['a', 'm', 'i', 'n', 'g'] ∵ elements 5th to end

# elements beginning to end

print(my_list[:]) # ▶ ('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'n','g')

['o', 'g', 'r']

['p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r']
['a', 'm', 'i', 'n', 'g']
['p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'n', 'g']

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Slicing can be best visualized by considering the index to be between the elements as shown
below. So if we want to access a range, we need two indices that will slice that portion from
the list.

NOTE: Internal Memory Organization:

List do not store the elements directly at the index. In fact a reference is
stored at each index which subsequently refers to the object stored
somewhere in the memory. This is due to the fact that some objects may be
large enough than other objects and hence they are stored at some other
memory location.

In [5]: # Example:

list=['foo','bar','baz','quz','quux','corge']

print(list[2]) # ▶ baz
print(list[0:]) # ▶ ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'quz', 'quux', 'corge'] ∵ if we d
print(list[4:6]) # ▶ ['quux', 'corge']
print(list[-4:-1]) # ▶ ['baz', 'quz', 'quux'] ∵ it does not include the end in
print(list[1:5:2]) # ▶ ['bar', 'quz'] ∵ it does not include the end index
print(list[-1: :-1]) # ▶ ['corge', 'quux', 'quz', 'baz', 'bar', 'foo'] ∵ reverse
print(list[-1]) # ▶ corge ∵ last element
print(list[-2]) # ▶ quux ∵ second last element
print(len(list)-1) # ▶ 5 ∵ index of last element

does_exist = 'bar' in list

print(does_exist) # ▶ True

baz
['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'quz', 'quux', 'corge']
['quux', 'corge']
['baz', 'quz', 'quux']
['bar', 'quz']
['corge', 'quux', 'quz', 'baz', 'bar', 'foo']
corge
quux
5
True

Python List Operations

Apart from creating and accessing elements from the list, Python allows us to perform
various other operations on the list. Some common operations are given below:

Add/Change List Elements

Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed unlike string or tuple.

We can use the assignment operator ( = ) to change an item or a range of items.

In [6]: # Example: Correcting mistake values in a list

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odd = [2, 4, 6, 8]

odd[0] = 1 # ▶ [1, 4, 6, 8] ∵ update 1st element

print(odd)

odd[1:4] = [3, 5, 7] # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 7] ∵ update 2nd to 4th elements

print(odd)

[1, 4, 6, 8]
[1, 3, 5, 7]

In [7]: # Example:

data1=[5,10,15,20,25]
print(data1) # ▶ [5, 10, 15, 20, 25]

data1[2]="Multiple of 5" # we are modifying the 3rd element using its index [2]
print(data1) # ▶ [5, 10, 'Multiple of 5', 20, 25]

[5, 10, 15, 20, 25]

[5, 10, 'Multiple of 5', 20, 25]

We can add one item to a list using the append() method or add several items using
extend() method.

In [8]: # Example: Appending and Extending lists in Python

odd = [1, 3, 5]

odd.append(7)
print(odd) # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 7]

odd.extend([9, 11, 13])

print(odd) # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]

[1, 3, 5, 7]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]

In [9]: # Example:

list1=['a','b','c']
list1.append(1.5)
list1.append('x')
list1.append(['y','z']) # append list into list as single object
print(list1) # ▶ ['a', 'b', 'c', 1.5, 'x', ['y', 'z']]

['a', 'b', 'c', 1.5, 'x', ['y', 'z']]

We can also use + (concatenation) operator to combine two lists. This is also called
concatenation.

In [10]: # Example: Concatenating and repeating lists

odd = [1, 3, 5]
print(odd + [9, 7, 5]) # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 9, 7, 5]

[1, 3, 5, 9, 7, 5]

In [11]: # Example:

list1=['a','b','c']
list2=['x','y','z']
list3=list1+list2
print(list3) # ▶ ['a', 'b', 'c', 'x', 'y', 'z']

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['a', 'b', 'c', 'x', 'y', 'z']

In [12]: # Example:

list1=['a','b','c']
a='x'
print(list1+a) # ▶ TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-4ed3868a9a2e> in <module>
3 list1=['a','b','c']
4 a='x'
----> 5 print(list1+a) # ▶ TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to li
st

TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list

NOTE: + operator implies that both the operands passed must be list else
error will be shown.

The '*' operator repeats a list for the given number of times.

In [13]: # Example: Concatenating and repeating lists

odd = [1, 3, 5]

print(odd + [9, 7, 5]) # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 9, 7, 5]

print(["re"] * 3) # ▶ ['re', 're', 're']

[1, 3, 5, 9, 7, 5]
['re', 're', 're']

In [14]: # Example:

list1=['a','b','c']
print(list1*3) # ▶ quux ∵
print(["re"] * 3) # ▶ quux ∵

['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c']

['re', 're', 're']

Furthermore, we can insert one item at a desired location by using the method insert()
or insert multiple items by squeezing it into an empty slice of a list.

In [15]: # Example: Demonstration of list insert() method

odd = [1, 9]
odd.insert(1,3)
print(odd) # ▶ [1, 3, 9]

odd[2:2] = [5, 7]
print(odd) # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

[1, 3, 9]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

Delete/Remove List Elements

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We can delete one or more items from a list using the keyword del . It can even delete the
list entirely.

In [16]: # Example: Deleting list items

my_list = ['p', 'r', 'o', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

del my_list[2] # delete one item

print(my_list) # ▶ ['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

del my_list[1:5] # delete multiple items

print(my_list) # ▶ ['p', 'm']

del my_list # delete entire list

print(my_list) # ▶ NameError: name 'my_list' is not defined

['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

['p', 'm']
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-b72af0bfcd83> in <module>
10
11 del my_list # delete entire list
---> 12 print(my_list) # ▶ NameError: name 'my_list' is not defined

NameError: name 'my_list' is not defined

In [17]: # Example:

list1=['a','b','c']
print("data in list : ",list1) # ▶ data in list : ['a', 'b', 'c']

del(list1[2])
print("new data in list : ",list1) # ▶ new data in list : ['a', 'b']

data in list : ['a', 'b', 'c']

new data in list : ['a', 'b']

We can use remove() method to remove the given item or pop() method to remove an
item at the given index.

The pop() method removes and returns the last item if the index is not provided. This
helps us implement lists as stacks (first in, last out data structure).

We can also use the clear() method to empty a list.

In [18]: # Example:

my_list = ['p','r','o','b','l','e','m']
my_list.remove('p')

print(my_list) # ▶ ['r', 'o', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

print(my_list.pop(1)) # ▶ 'o'
print(my_list) # ▶ ['r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']
print(my_list.pop()) # ▶ 'm'
print(my_list) # ▶ ['r', 'b', 'l', 'e']

my_list.clear()
print(my_list) # ▶ []

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['r', 'o', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']
o
['r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']
m
['r', 'b', 'l', 'e']
[]

Finally, we can also delete items in a list by assigning an empty list to a slice of elements.

In [19]: # Example:

my_list = ['p','r','o','b','l','e','m']

my_list[2:3] = []
print(my_list) # ▶ ['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

my_list[2:-2] = []
print(my_list) # ▶ ['p', 'r', 'e', 'm']

['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

['p', 'r', 'e', 'm']

Python Built-in List Functions

Built-in functions like all() , any() , sorted() , min() , max() , len() , cmp() ,
list() , etc. are commonly used with dictionaries to perform different tasks.

Functions Description

all() Returns True if all keys of the list are True.

any() Returns True if any key of the list is true. If the list is empty, return False .

sorted() Returns a new sorted list of elements in the list.

min() Returns the minimum value from the list given.

max() Returns the maximum value from the list given.

len() Returns number of elements in a list.

cmp() Compares items of two lists. (Not available in Python 3).

list() Takes sequence types and converts them to lists.

all(list) - The method all() method returns True when all

elements in the given iterable are true. If not, it returns False.
In [20]: # Example: How all() works for lists?

l = [1, 3, 4, 5]
print(all(l)) # ▶ True ∵ all values true

l = [0, False]
print(all(l)) # ▶ False ∵ all values false

l = [1, 3, 4, 0]
print(all(l)) # ▶ False ∵ one false value

l = [0, False, 5]
print(all(l)) # ▶ False ∵ one true value

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l = []
print(all(l)) # ▶ True ∵ empty iterable

True
False
False
False
True

any(list) - any() function returns True if any element of an

iterable is True. If not, any() returns False.
In [21]: # Example: True since 1,3 and 4 (at least one) is true

l = [1, 3, 4, 0]
print(any(l)) # ▶ True

l = [0, False]
print(any(l)) # ▶ False ∵ both are False

l = [0, False, 5]
print(any(l)) # ▶ True ∵ 5 is true

l = []
print(any(l)) # ▶ False ∵ iterable is empty

True
False
True
False

sorted(dict) - The sorted() function sorts the elements of a

given iterable in a specific order (either ascending or
descending) and returns the sorted iterable as a list.
In [22]: # Example: vowels list

py_list = ['e', 'a', 'u', 'o', 'i']

print(sorted(py_list)) # ▶ ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']
print(sorted(py_list, reverse=True)) # ▶ ['u', 'o', 'i', 'e', 'a']

['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

['u', 'o', 'i', 'e', 'a']

min(list) - this method is used to get min value from the

list. In Python3 lists element's type should be same otherwise
compiler throw type Error.
In [23]: # Example:

list1 = ['a','b','c']
list2 = [1,2,3]
list3=['a','b','c',1,2,3]

print(min(list1)) # ▶ a
print(min(list2)) # ▶ 1
print(min(list3)) # ▶ TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and

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a
1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-9b450cb47d30> in <module>
7 print(min(list1)) # ▶ a
8 print(min(list2)) # ▶ 1
----> 9 print(min(list3)) # ▶ TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of
'int' and 'str'

TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'

max(list) - The max() method returns the elements from

the list with maximum value.
In [24]: # Example:

list1 = ['a','b','c']
list2 = [1,2,3]
list3=['a','b','c',1,2,3]

print(max(list1)) # ▶ c
print(max(list2)) # ▶ 3
print(max(list3)) # ▶ TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'int' and

c
3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-8f0bbdfdf6e5> in <module>
7 print(max(list1)) # ▶ c
8 print(max(list2)) # ▶ 3
----> 9 print(max(list3)) # ▶ TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of
'int' and 'str'

TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'

len(list) - The len() method returns the number of

elements in the list.
In [25]: # Example:

list1 = ['a','b','c']
list2 = []
list3=['a','b','c',1,2,3]

print(len(list1)) # ▶ 3
print(len(list2)) # ▶ 0
print(len(list3)) # ▶ 6

3
0
6

Python List Methods

Methods that are available with list objects in Python programming are tabulated below.
Some of the methods have already been used above.

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Method Description

append() Add an element to the end of the list

extend() Add all elements of a list to the another list

insert() Insert an item at the defined index

remove() Removes an item from the list

pop() Removes and returns an element at the given index

clear() Removes all items from the list

index() Returns the index of the first matched item

count() Returns the count of the number of items passed as an argument

sort() Sort items in a list in ascending order

reverse() Reverse the order of items in the list

copy() Returns a shallow copy of the list

append() - The append() method adds an item to the end

of the list.
In [26]: # Example:

list1 =[1,2,3]
list1.append(4)
list1.append('helloworld')
list1.append(['a','b','c']) #append as single object
print(list1) # ▶ [1, 2, 3, 4, 'helloworld', ['a', 'b', 'c']]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 'helloworld', ['a', 'b', 'c']]

extend() - The extend() method adds all the elements of

an iterable (list, tuple, string etc.) to the end of the list.
In [27]: # Example:

list1 =[1,2,3]
list1.extend([4])
list1.extend('helloworld')
list1.extend(['a','b','c'])
print(list1) # ▶ [1, 2, 3, 4, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '

[1, 2, 3, 4, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', 'a', 'b', 'c']

insert() - The insert() method inserts an element to the

list at the specified index.
In [28]: # Example:

list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]
list1.insert(3,'C#')
print(list1) # ▶ ['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'C#', 'c++', 1, 2, 3]

['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'C#', 'c++', 1, 2, 3]

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remove() - The remove() method removes the first

matching element (which is passed as an argument) from the
list.
In [29]: # Example:

list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]
list1.remove("java")
print(list1) # ▶ ['helloworld', 'python', 'c++', 1, 2, 3]
list1.remove(2)
print(list1) # ▶ ['helloworld', 'python', 'c++', 1, 3]

['helloworld', 'python', 'c++', 1, 2, 3]

['helloworld', 'python', 'c++', 1, 3]

pop() - The pop() method removes the item at the given

index from the list and returns the removed item.
In [30]: # Example:

list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]
list1.pop() # pop last element
print(list1) # ▶ ['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'c++', 1, 2]
list1.pop(2) # pop element with index 2
print(list1) # ▶ ['helloworld', 'python', 'c++', 1, 2]

['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'c++', 1, 2]

['helloworld', 'python', 'c++', 1, 2]

clear() - The clear() method removes all items from the

list.
In [31]: list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]
list1.clear()
print('list1:', list1) # ▶ list1: []

list1: []

index() - The index() method returns the index of the

specified element in the list.
In [32]: # Example:

list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]
print("index of java : ",list1.index('java')) # ▶ index of java : 2
print("index of 2 : ",list1.index(2)) # ▶ index of 2 : 5

index of java : 2
index of 2 : 5

count() - The count() method returns the number of

times the specified element appears in the list.
In [33]: # Example:

list1 =[1,2,3,'a','b','c',1,2,3]
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print(list1.count(1)) # ▶ 2
print(list1.count('b')) # ▶ 1
print(list1.count(4)) # ▶ 0

2
1
0

sort() - The sort() method sorts the elements of a given

list in a specific ascending or descending order.
In [34]: # Example:

list1 =[22,30,100,300,399]
list2=['z','ab','abc','a','b']
list1.sort()
list2.sort()
print(list1) # ▶ [22, 30, 100, 300, 399]

list1.sort(reverse=True)
print(list1) # ▶ [399, 300, 100, 30, 22]
print(list2) # ▶ ['a', 'ab', 'abc', 'b', 'z']

[22, 30, 100, 300, 399]

[399, 300, 100, 30, 22]
['a', 'ab', 'abc', 'b', 'z']

In [35]: # Example:

list3=['a','b',1,2]
list3.sort()
print(list3) # ▶ TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-35-b942612e6b6a> in <module>
2
3 list3=['a','b',1,2]
----> 4 list3.sort()
5 print(list3) # ▶ TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int'
and 'str'

TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'

reverse() - The reverse() method reverses the elements

of the list.
In [36]: # Example:

list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]
list1.reverse()
print(list1) # ▶ [3, 2, 1, 'c++', 'java', 'python', 'helloworld']

[3, 2, 1, 'c++', 'java', 'python', 'helloworld']

copy() - The copy() method returns a shallow copy of the

list.

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In [37]: list1 =['helloworld','python','java','c++',1,2,3]

list2 = list1.copy()
print('list1:', list1) # ▶ list1: ['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'c++', 1, 2, 3
print('list2:', list2) # ▶ list2: ['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'c++', 1, 2, 3

list1: ['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'c++', 1, 2, 3]

list2: ['helloworld', 'python', 'java', 'c++', 1, 2, 3]

Here is a complete list of all the built-in methods to work with List in Python.

List Comprehension: Elegant way to create new List

List comprehension is an elegant and concise way to create a new list from an existing list in
Python.

A list comprehension consists of an expression followed by for loop inside square brackets.

Here is an example to make a list with each item being increasing power of 2.

In [38]: pow2 = [2 ** x for x in range(10)]

print(pow2) # ▶ [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]

[1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]

This code is equivalent to:

In [39]: pow2 = []
for x in range(10):
pow2.append(2 ** x)
print(pow2) # ▶ [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]

[1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]

A list comprehension can optionally contain more for or if statements. An optional if

statement can filter out items for the new list. Here are some examples.

In [40]: pow2 = [2 ** x for x in range(10) if x > 5]

pow2 # ▶ [64, 128, 256, 512]

[64, 128, 256, 512]

Out[40]:

In [41]: odd = [x for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 1]

odd # ▶ [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]

Out[41]:

In [42]: [x+y for x in ['Python ','C '] for y in ['Language','Programming']]

['Python Language', 'Python Programming', 'C Language', 'C Programming']

Out[42]:

Other List Operations in Python

1. List Membership Test

We can test if an item exists in a list or not, using the keyword in .

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In [43]: my_list = ['p', 'r', 'o', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

# Output: True
print('p' in my_list) # ▶ True

# Output: False
print('a' in my_list) # ▶ False

# Output: True
print('c' not in my_list) # ▶ True

True
False
True

2. Iterating Through a List

Using a for loop we can iterate through each item in a list.

In [44]: for fruit in ['apple','banana','mango']:

print("I like",fruit)

I like apple
I like banana
I like mango

3. Other List Operations in Python

Using a for loop we can iterate through each item in a list.

In [45]: # Example:

list1=['a','b','c',1,2,3]
for x in list1 :
print(x)

a
b
c
1
2
3

In [46]: for fruit in ['apple','banana','mango']:

print("I like",fruit)

I like apple
I like banana
I like mango

In [ ]:

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