ENGLISH LANGUAGE

I) PREPOSITIONS: -
A) Preposition of Time: - When we are talking about time, we use at, on and in
Usage of ‘AT’
At + specific time At a period of time At a festival At a meal
At 5 o’clock …… at noon …… at Christmas At breakfast
At 11 am …… at the weekend …… at Holi At dinner
…… at midnight
Usage of ‘ON’
Days of the week Specific date On calendar holiday
On Sunday On July 11 th
On New Year’s Day
On Friday th
On the 11 of July On Christmas Day
On July twenty third On Diwali Day
Usage of ‘IN’
In + the + part of the day In + Months In + Years In + Seasons In + the + Century In + the + History time
in the morning in June in 2009 in winter th
in the 19 century in the middle age
in the evening in August in 2022 in summer st
in the 21 century in the Greek period
in the Islamic period
Usage of ‘FOR’ & ‘SINCE’
‘For’ is followed by a period of time and it can be used with all the tenses.
‘Since’ is followed by a point of time and it can be used with only perfect tenses.
o We have been living in this town for eight years.
o We lived in this town for eight years.
o We have been living in this town since 2000.

Usage of ‘FROM’: It is also used before noun or a phrase denoting some point of time and can be used with all the tenses.
o We shall begin the new project from May.
o He will come to school from tomorrow.

Usage of ‘BY’: It denotes ‘not later than’.

o The field must be ploughed by the end of this month.
o Bring the book to the office by ten o’clock.

Usage of ‘TILL’ & ‘TO’: Till is used of time and to is used of place.
o I rested till five o’clock.
o We walked to the end of the street.

Usage of ‘IN’ & ‘WITHIN’: In implies at the end of some future period; Within denoted before the end of.
o Mona will return in a month.
o Mona will return within a month.

Usage of ‘IN’ & ‘AFTER’: In implies at the end, at a period of time in the future; while After denoted at the end of a period of time in
the past.
o Mona will return in a week.
o Mona returned after a week.

Usage of ‘BEFORE’ & ‘FOR’: Before is used to denote a point of future time; For is used to show a period of future time.
 o Tapas will be there before 6 o’clock.
o Tapas will be there for an hour.

Assignment:- Supply for, since, at, in, on, by where required in the following sentences.
o She drinks a lot of coffee …………… the evenings.
o It is usually much warmer …………… three o’clock in the afternoon than …………… the morning.
o The new term starts …………… March.
o The have lived in this town …………… 2005.
o I have been waiting for you …………… eight o’clock.
o We will finish our exams …………… two days’ time.
o They have lived in Delhi …………… six months.
o …………… summer we will have our vacations.
o Tom went home …………… sunset.
o We have been waiting …………… over half an hour.

B) Preposition of Place: -
Usage of ‘ON’ & ‘UPON’: On is used for referring to things at rest and Upon is for the things in motion.
o We sat on a bed
o The cat sprang upon the table.

Usage of ‘BESIDE’ & ‘BESIDES’: Beside means by the side of while Besides mean in addition to.
o We sat beside the fireplace.
o Besides giving him books, I wrote notes for him.

Usage of ‘BETWEEN’ & ‘AMONG’: Between is used while referring to two persons or things; Among refers to more than two persons
or things.
o The property was divided between the two brothers.
o The thieves quarreled among themselves.

Usage of ‘IN’ & ‘INTO’: In implies a state of rest or position inside something; Into denotes motion towards the inside of something.
o Sona lives in a rented flat.
o He jumped into the swimming pool.

Usage of ‘BY’ & ‘WITH’: By is used after verbs; With is used with the instrument with which then action is done.
o The snake was killed by a boy with a stick.
o The tree was cut by the farmer with an axe.
o
Assignment: - Supply suitable prepositions.
o There is a bus stop …………… the end of the road.
o I was …………… Japan when the President was there.
o He used to live …………… Kanpur.
o She lost her ring …………… the sand.
o I will meet you …………… the signpost near my house.
o Our house is …………… the top of the hill.
o There has been an accident …………… the corner of the street.
o Suddenly he jumped …………… the river.
o He sat …………… Mary and Janet.
o He was standing …………… the pillar.

Complete these complex prepositions with words from the box. You can repeat words if needed. Then use the
prepositions in sentences of your own: - (of, to, with, to, for, until, on, from)
 a) along ………………
b) except ………………
c) according ………………
d) apart ………………
e) in favour ………………
f) thanks ………………
g) up ………………
h) depending ………………
Complete each sentence with a suitable preposition + the ing form of the verb. Choose the prepositions from column A
and the verbs from column B
A B
in obtain
on lend
against interrupt
for accompany
of hurt
leave

a) My mother warned me against leaving the gas on in the kitchen.

b) Please forgive me …………………………………………… your conversation, but could I borrow your pen for a moment?
c) I wouldn’t dream …………………………………………… animals in any way. I love them.
d) He hasn’t succeeded …………………………………………… a membership to this library, though he has been trying for a year.
e) I must thank you …………………………………………… me your reference book last week, it helped me catch up with my
homework.
f) Salma insisted …………………………………………… Rita to her house since it was very late at night.

II) SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES: - Means the combination of a number of Simple Sentences into one new sentence- Simple,
Compound or Complex.
Refer page number 7 and 8 in note book
Refer page numbers 200, 201, 203 and 204 in text book

III) TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES: -

A) Simple Sentence: - A simple sentence, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is “a sentence that has only one verb. A simple
sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought . A simple sentence is
defined as “a sentence consisting of one independent clause only”. Some examples are: -
a) Joe waited for the train.
b) The train was late.
c) Mary and Samantha took the bus.
d) I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

B) Compound Sentence: - is a sentence that connects two independent clauses, typically with a coordinating conjunction (for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Some examples are: -

a) She did not cheat on the test, for it was the wrong thing to do.
b) I really need to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.
c) I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.
d) He ran out of money, so he had to stop playing poker.
e) They got there early, and they got really good seats.
f) They had no ice cream left at home, nor did they have money to go to the store.
g) Should we start class now, or wait for everyone to get here?
C) Complex Sentence: - is an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses + subordinating conjunctions (after, how,
although, though, because, unless, when, where, while, before, since, until, if, even if, as soon as, as if, eventhough ). Some
examples are: -

a) The ambulance arrived after the accident had taken place.

b) If you like the cake, we can pack an extra piece for later.
c) Before you go to bed, finish doing the dishes.
d) Even though it was raining, they started their trip.
e) They did not move until the rain had stopped.
f) My friend left the country because she needed a fresh start.
g) Make hay while the sun shines.
h) I went along with the plan although I did not have a good feeling about it.
i) As I was crossing the road, a car slid right past me and crashed into a tree.
j) Many enjoyed the puppet show; however, Alison did not.

d) Interchange of affirmative and negative sentences: -

a) Reema is a beautiful girl -

b) You like me -
c) He was doubtful whether it was you -
d) Only a little child would talk like that -
e) You alone were to blame for this -
f) He is too weak to move -
g) The sum was too difficult to solve -

e) Interchange of assertive and interrogative sentences: -

a) You will never forget my kindness -

b) She is a good speaker -
c) Blood is thicker than water -

f) Interchange of degree of comparison: -

a) She is a better singer than him -

b) Mumbai is bigger than any other city in India -
-
c) Kaalidasa is the greatest India poet -
-
d) Lead is the heaviest of all metals -
-
g) Assignment: Refer page number 216.
h) Conversion of complex sentences into simple sentences: -

a) We save trees that were laden with fruits -

b) He confessed that he was guilty -
c) He did not go to school because he was ill -
d) How long I shall stay is doubtful -
e) The moment which is lost, is lost forever -
f) We came upon a hut where a peasant lived -
g) Tell me what you require -

i) Conversion of simple sentences into complex sentences: -

a) His silence proves his guilt -

b) In spite of his wealth he is not happy -
c) One man’s meat is another man’s poison -
d) Wait here till my arrival -
j) Refer page number 203 and 204 in text book
k) Assignment: Refer page number 230 in text book

IV) Direct and Indirect Speech: -

Direct Speech: here a sentence reports the exact words of the speaker.
Indirect Speech: here we report what the speaker has said without quoting his exact words.
Refer page number 154 to 159 in text book
Change into indirect speech

a) Rahul told to me, “When are you leaving?”

b) “Where do you live?” the stranger asked Aladdin.
c) The teacher said to Shelly, “Why are you laughing?”
d) Dhronacharya said to Arjun, “Shoot the bird’s eye.”
e) “Call the first convict,” said the jury.
f) “Call the ambulance,” said the man.
g) Bruce said to me, “I shall do the work.”
h) My mother said to me, “You were wrong.”
i) Mr Richard said to me, “Please wait here till I return.”
j) The captain said to me, “Bravo! You have played well.”
k) Raj said, “Alas! My pet died.”
l) Ruchi said, “I may go there.”
m) Bucky said to Steve, “Do you hear me?”
n) The boy said, “Let me come in.”
o) Granny said to me, “May God bless you.”

a) Rahul asked me when I was leaving.

b) The stranger asked Aladdin where he lived.
c) The teacher asked Shelly why he was laughing.
d) Dhronacharya ordered Arjun to shoot the fish’s eye.
e) The jury ordered to call the first convict.
f) The man urged to call the ambulance.
g) Bruce said to me he would do the work.
h) My mother told me that I was wrong.
i) Mr Richard requested me to wait there till he returned.
j) The captain applauded me, saying that I had played well.
k) Raj exclaimed sadly that his pet died.
l) Ruchi said that she might go there.
m) Bucky asked Steve if he heard him.
n) The boy asked to let him come in.
o) Granny prayed that God might bless me.

V) ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES: -

Refer page number 93 to 95 in text book

VI) SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT: - Refer page number 45 to 47 in text book

a) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in brackets:

a) There …………………… (is/are) two mistakes in your essay.

b) The captain, with all his team members, …………………… (were/was) awarded.
c) Everyone of the troupe …………………… (were/was) present.
d) Neither of my brothers …………………… (have/has) any car.
e) Time and tide …………………… (waits/wait) for no man.
f) Fifty thousand rupees …………………… (are/is) a big sum.
g) None but the brave …………………… (deserves/deserve) the fair.
 h) Which of these books …………………… (are/is) yours?
i) The great leader and stateman …………………… (are/is) dead.
j) Two and two …………………… (make/makes) four.
k) The teacher, as well as her students, …………………… (are/is) present.
l) Three-fourths of the house …………………… (were/was) constructed.

VII) ARTICLES AND DETERMINERS: - Refer page number 136 to 142 in text book

a) Insert ‘a’ or ‘an’ where required in the gaps in the following sentences. Put a ‘x’ mark where no article is
required.

a) Their function turned out to be quite …… occasion.

b) She took …… pen and wrote …… letter.
c) …… glass, unlike …… water, is …… poor conductor of …… electricity.
d) He needs …… few books from the library.
e) I have only read …… little of the book so far.
f) Sibyl did …… exemplary act by saving the life of a woman.
g) I prefer …… classical music to …… rock music.
h) Not many people liked the film, but quite …… few liked its …… story.
i) He takes …… glass of …… water before going to play football.
j) He can’t afford such …… expensive shirt.

b) Insert the definite article where required in the following sentences. Put a ‘x’ mark where no article is required.

a) ……… earlier everybody agrees, ……… sooner we can start our journey.
b) ……… more he works ……… more tired he looks.
c) ……… oil is vital ……… economy of America.
d) ……… dosas are made of ……… rice.
e) ……… vase we bought ……… last month need polishing.
f) ……… office he was working in was on ……… loan from ……… bank.
g) It was on ……… fifth of ……… month that he got his salary.
h) He went abroad at ……… age of 18.
i) ……… old man was taken to ……… hospital.
j) I doubt if ……… man will ever be able to avoid ……… war.

VIII) CONJUNCTIONS: - Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

Coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Correlative conjunctions: both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but, whether/or

Subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because, before, by the time,
even if, even though, if, in order that, in case, in the event that, lest, now that, once, only, only if, provided that, since, so, supposing,
that, than, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether or not, while

a) Deepak ________ Santhosh are best friends.

b) Make sure you work hard ______ you will not be able to score good marks.
c) _______ Anna does not cook much, she loves baking.
d) Let me know ______ you will be able to make it to the party.
e) I have to go home now ______ I really wish I could stay for some more time.
f) I am not well _______ I decided to take a day off from work.
g) _________ you work out regularly, you will not see any results.
h) He had no money, _____he was prepared to help me
i) I could not find the place ___________ I lost the map.
j) ________ I was walking on the street, I found a wounded dog.
(and, or, although, if, but, so, unless, yet, because, while)

1. I bought milk and some fruit.

2. Do you prefer a pink or blue shirt?

3. Don’t talk while we are dining.

4. She doesn’t like music. Nor do I.

5. I didn’t know that she was married.

6. You can’t enter unless you have a pass.

7. He cried because he had hurt his knee.

8. Although he was ill, he went to work.

9. I’ll give you a call before I visit you.

10. I like apples, but I like bananas more.

11. He is rich yet he lives like a beggar.

12. He was busy; therefore, he could not come.

13. My father neither smokes nor drinks.

14. It’s been ten years since we last met.

15. I will see him after I get back.

16. We shouldn’t spend more than we earn.

17. I will come provided I feel well enough.

18. We shall notify you as soon as he arrives.

19. He can speak either English or French.

20. Just as she treats me, so I will treat her.

IX) TENSES: -