Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series

Nov., 2006, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1843–1846

Published online: Jun. 17, 2006
DOI: 10.1007/s10114-005-0781-4
Http://[Link]

A Note on Certain Block Spaces on the Unit Sphere

Xiao Feng YE Xiang Rong ZHU

Department of Mathematics (Xixi Campus), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China
E-mail: xiaofye@[Link] zxr 791107@[Link]

Abstract In this note, we clarify a relation between block spaces and the Hardy space. We obtain
that block spaces Bq0,ν (S n−1 ) ⊂ H 1 (S n−1 ) + L(ln+ L)1+ν (S n−1 ), ν > −1, q > 1. Furthermore, if
ν ≥ 0, q > 1, we verify that block spaces Bq0,ν (S n−1 ) are proper subspaces of H 1 (S n−1 ).
Keywords block spaces, Hardy space
MR(2000) Subject Classification 42B20, 42B35

1 Introduction
Let S n−1 be the unit sphere in Rn (n ≥ 2) equipped with normalized Lebesgue measure dσ(y  ) =
dσ, with y  = y/|y| for y = 0. Suppose
 that Ω is a function of homogeneous degree 0 and satisfies:
Ω(y  )dσ(y  ) = 0.
S n−1
The singular integral operator TΩ is defined, initially on S(Rn ) by
TΩ f (x) = p.v. b(|y|)Ω(y  )|y|−n f (x − y)dy,
Rn
where b ∈ L∞ ((0, ∞)). The Marcinkiewicz integral operator is defined by
 ∞ 1/2
dt
MΩ f (x) = |Ft f (x)|2 3 ,
0 t
 Ω(x−y)
where Ft f (x) = |x−y|<t |x−y| n−1 f (y)dy.

A natural question is to ask how rough the function Ω can be in order to assert the Lp
boundedness of TΩ and MΩ . Such a topic is well studied by many authors. For instance, by as-
suming Ω ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ), if b ≡ 1, Weiss and Ricci in [1] and Connett in [2] obtained, respectively,
the Lp boundedness of TΩ ; if b ∈ L∞ , Fan and Pan in [3] obtained the Lp boundedness of TΩ .
By assuming Ω ∈ L(ln+ L)1/2 (S n−1 ), Walsh in [4] obtained the L2 boundedness of MΩ and Al-
Salman, Al-Qassem, Cheng and Pan in [5] obtained the Lp boundedness of MΩ which improved
the result by [Link]. Ding, Fan and Pan in [6] and Xu, Chen and Ying in [7] obtained the Lp
boundedness of MΩ by assuming Ω ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ). The inclusion in Theorem 1 justifies that the
arguments for the Lp boundedness results for singular integrals and Marcinkiewicz integrals
(ref. [5, 8–13] and [14]) with kernels in Bq0,ν (S n−1 ) are a combination of the corresponding
arguments for the same operators with kernels in H 1 (S n−1 ) and L(ln+ L)1+ν (S n−1 ). On the
other hand, Hu and Ma in [15] obtained the L2 boundedness of the commutator of a singular
integer when Ω ∈ L(ln+ L)1+ν (S n−1 ), but if Ω ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ), the boundedness of oscillatory
operator and commutator of singular integer have been as yet unknown. Hence, results in [16,
17, 18] and [19] are still interesting. The purpose mainly of this note is:
Theorem 1 Let q > 1, and ν > −1. We have Bq0,ν (S n−1 ) ⊂ H 1 (S n−1 ) + L(ln+ L)1+ν (S n−1 ).
Received June 27, 2005, Revised October 18, 2005, Accepted January 11, 2006
Project supported by 973-project (G1999075105), NSFC(G10271107), RFDP(20030335019) and ZJNSF
(RC97017)
1844 Ye X. F. and Zhu X. R.

If Ω ∈ L ln+ L(S n−1 ), it is well known that Ω ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ). So we obtain Bq0,0 (S n−1 ) ⊂
H (S n−1 ) for q > 1, ν ≥ 0.
1

Actually, we have
Theorem 2 Bq0,0 (S n−1 ) = H 1 (S n−1 ), q > 1.
So all Bq0,ν , ν > 0, are proper subspaces of H 1 .

2 Preliminary
We shall start by giving the definition of block spaces; more details can be found in [11].
Definition 1 (a) For x0 ∈ S n−1 and 0 < θ0 ≤ 2, the set B(x0 , θ0 ) = {x ∈ S n−1 : |x − x0 | <
θ0 } is called a cap on S n−1 ;
(b) For 1 < q ≤ ∞, a measurable function b is called a q-block on S n−1 if b is a function

supported on some cap Q = B(x0 , θ0 ) with b q ≤ |Q|−1/q , where |Q| = σ(Q) and 1/q +
1/q  = 1;
(c) The block spaces are defined by
Bqk,ν (S n−1 ) = {Ω ∈ L1 (S n−1 ) : Ω = Σ∞ j=1 cj bj , Mq
k,ν
= Σ∞ j=1 |cj |(1 + φk,ν (|Qj |)) < ∞},
where cj is a complex number; bj is a q-block supported on a cap Qj , and
 1   ν
1
φk,ν (t) = χ(0,1) (t) u −1−k
ln+ du.
t u
The block spaces have the following properties ([20]):
(1) Bqk,ν2 ⊂ Bqk,ν1 for ν2 > ν1 > 0 and k > 0;
(2) Bqk2 ,ν2 ⊂ Bqk1 ,ν1 ⊂ Bq0,ν0 for k2 > k1 > 0 and νi > −1, i = 0, 1, 2.
In addition, Keitoku and Sato showed in [21] that these spaces have the following properties:
Proposition 1 (a) If 1 < p ≤ q ≤ ∞, then for k > 1/p , we have Bqk,ν (S n−1 ) ⊆
p n−1
L (S ), where ν > −1;
(b) Bqk,ν (S n−1 ) = Lq (S n−1 ) if and only if k ≥ 1/q  and ν ≥ 0.
Next, we give the definition of the space H1 (S n−1 ). Let 
 
+
P f (x) = sup0<t<1   Ptx (y)f (y)dσ(y),
S n−1

1−t2
where Ptx (y) = |y−tx|n , for f ∈ L1 (S n−1 ) and x, y ∈ S n−1 .
Definition 2 An H (S n−1 ) function f is an integrable function on S n−1 , where it satisfies
1

P + f L1 (S n−1 ) < ∞,
and for any f ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ), the H 1 (S n−1 ) norm is defined by f H 1 (S n−1 ) = P + f L1 (S n−1 ) .
A characterization of space H 1 (S n−1 ) is its atomic decomposition.
Definition 3 A function a on S n−1 is a (1, q) atom if there exist ξ ∈ S n−1 and ρ ∈ (0, 2]
such that
(1) supp a ⊂ S n−1 ∩ B(ξ, ρ), where B(ξ, ρ) = {y ∈ Rn : |y − ξ| < ρ};

(2) a Lq (S n−1 ) ≤ |B(ξ, ρ)|−1/q ;
(3) S n−1 a(y)dσ(y) = 0.
A function a on S n−1 is an exceptional atom if a ∈ L∞ (S n−1 ) and a L∞ (S n−1 ) ≤ 1.
Lemma 1 A function f ∈ H 1 (S n−1 )  if there exist complex number{cj } and atom ((1, q)
atom or exceptional) {aj } such that f = j cj aj , and f H 1 (S n−1 ) ∼ j |cj |. The lemma can
be found in [22], and [23].

3 Proof of Theorem
Proof of Theorem 1 First, for Ω(x) ∈ Bq0,ν (S n−1 ), we have
∞
Ω(x) = cj bj (x),
j=1
A Note on Certain Block Spaces on the Unit Sphere 1845

where {cj } are complex numbers, and {bj } are q-blocks supported on a cap Qj on S n−1 , and
Mq0,ν = Σ∞j=1 |cj |(1 + φ0,ν (|Qj |)) < ∞, here
 1   ν   1+ν
1 1
φ0,ν (t) = χ(0,1) (t) u−1 ln+ du = χ(0,1) (t) ln+ .
t u t
Without loss of generality, we may assume |Qj | < 1, j ∈ N . Thus we have
   1+ν 
1
Mq0,ν = Σ∞ |c
j=1 j | 1 + ln .
|Qj |

Suppose bj (x) = bj (x) − χQj (x)bj , where bj = |Q1j | Qj bj (y)dy satisfies
 
supp bj ⊂ Qj , bj (x)dσ(x) = (bj (x) − bj )dσ(x) = 0, |bj | ≤ |Qj |−1 ,
Qj Qj
and
−1/q   
bj Lq ≤ bj Lq + χQj (x)bj Lq ≤|Qj | +(|Qj ||bj |q )1/q≤|Qj |−1/q +|Qj |1/q |Qj |−1 ≤ 2|Qj |−1/q .
 
Thus bj (x) is a (1, q) atom. Since ∞ j=1 |cj | ≤ Mq
0,ν
< ∞, we obtain ∞ 1
j=1 cj bj (x) ∈ H (S
n−1
).
∞ + 1+ν n−1
Now, it suffices  to prove j=1 cj χQj (x)bj ∈ L(ln L) (S ). Without loss of generality,
we may assume j∈N |cj | = 1. By Jensen’s inequality, we have
∞
 ∞ ∞ 

cj χQj bj ≤ |cj | χQj bj L(ln+ L)1+ν ≤ C |cj ||bj | ln1+ν (1 + |bj |)
j=1 L(ln+ L)1+ν j=1 j=1 Qj

∞ ∞

≤C |cj | ln1+ν (1 + |Qj |−1 ) ≤ C |cj |(1 + ln1+ν (|Qj |−1 ))
j=1 j=1
≤ C,
which completes the proof of Theorem 1.
Now we prove Theorem 2.
Proof We need to show only that an integrable function Ω can be represented as Ω = |g| −
|h|, where g, h ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ). By this, we assume, if H 1 (S n−1 ) = Bq0,0 (S n−1 ), then g, h ∈
Bq0,0 (S n−1 ). By the definition of Bq0,0 , we have |g|, |h| ∈ Bq0,0 which means L1 (S n−1 ) =
Bq0,0 (S n−1 ) = H 1 (S n−1 ), a contraction. This completes the proof of Theorem 2. Now we prove
the result above. Suppose Ω ∈ L1 (S n−1 ). We have the decomposition Ω = Ω+ − Ω− , where
Ω+ (x) = Ω(x)+Ω(−x)
2 , Ω− (x) = Ω(x)−Ω(−x)
2 ∈ L1 (S n−1 ). Let Em = {y  ∈ S n−1 : 2m−1 <
|Ω (y )| ≤ 2 }, for m ∈ N , and E0 = {y ∈ S n−1 : |Ω+ (y  )| ≤ 1}. There exists a sequence of
+  m 

open balls {Bm,j } on S n−1 , such that

(1) {Bm,j } are disjoint mutually, for j ∈ N0 = N ∪ {0};
(2) Em ⊂ j Bm,j ;
(3) Fm = j Bm,j − Em , |Fm | = σ(Fm ) ≤ 2−4m .
For each m ∈ N0 , j ∈ N0 , let
Ω+ (x), x ∈ Em ∩ Bm,j ,
bm,j (x) =
0, x ∈ Fm ∩ Bm,j .
 
We obtain Ω = m∈N0 j∈N0 bm,j , and by the absolute integrability of the L1 function, we
+

choose a subset Am,j ⊂Bm,j , such that 

1
bm,j (x)dσ(x) = bm (x)dσ(x).
Am,j 2 Bm,j j
For each m ∈ N0 , j ∈ N0 , let
−bm,j (x), x ∈ Am,j ,
am,j (x) =
bm,j (x), x ∈ Acm,j .
We have
(1) supp am,j ⊂ Bm,j ;
1846 Ye X. F. and Zhu X. R.

(2) S n−1 am,j (x)dσ(x) = 0;
m
(3) am,j L∞ (S n−1 ) ≤ 2 = (2m|Bm,j |)|Bm,j |−1 , 
where m ∈ N0 , j ∈ N0 and m∈N0 j∈N0 2m |Bm,j | = m∈N0 2m (|Em | + |Fm |) ≤ 2( Ω+ L1 +
   
1) < ∞, so m∈N0 j∈N0 am,j ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ). If we set g = m∈N0 j∈N0 am,j , then we obtain
g ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ), and |g| = Ω+ . In the same way, we obtain h ∈ H 1 (S n−1 ) satisfying |h| = Ω− .
Hence, we prove Theorem 2.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Professor Dashan Fan for his helpful sug-
gestions.
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