Modelling programs

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 2

 Modelling programs
• Creating a model for the embedded system provides
a time-saving and cost-effective approach to the
development of dynamic control systems, based on
a single model maintained in a tightly integrated
software suite.
• It refers to a visual method for designing complex
control systems

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 3

 Modelling programs
• Modelling processes are used for software analysis and
design before software implementation.
• A software analysis and design helps
– A description of the system requirement
– A description of how system works
– Shows system validation
• Graphical modelling languages use a diagram technique
with named symbols that represent concepts and lines that
connect the symbols and represent relationships and
various other graphical notation to represent constraints.

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 DATA FLOW MODEL
• A program is modelled as handling the input data
streams and creating output data streams.
• A data-flow means that a program flow such that
specifically the data only determines all the
program execution steps and program flows are
determined specifically only by the data.

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 6

 DATA FLOW MODEL
• Programmer predetermines the data inputs and
designs the programming steps to generate the data
output.

• A set of data-input generates a set of data output

and another set of input will generate another output

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Example of Data Flow graph (DFG)
• A program for finding an average of grades in
various subjects will have the data inputs of grades
and data output of the average.

• Program executes a function to generate the

appropriate output.

• Name it as AVG FINDING

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• An arrow directed towards the circle represents the
data input (or set of inputs) and an arrow originating
from the circle represents a data output (or a set of
outputs).

• Data input along an input edge is considered as

token

• An input edge has at least one token.

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 11

DFD-FINITE IMPULSE SEQUENCE(FIR)-AVG
FUNCTION

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 DFD-FINITE IMPULSE
SEQUENCE(FIR)-AVG FUNCTION
( 6 INP/6 OUT)

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 ADVANTAGES of DFG
• Data flow graph models help in a simple code
design.

• which the program mostly breaks into Number of

DFGs.

• A DFG models a fundamental program element

having an independent path.

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 14

 DISADVANTAGE OF DFG
• A DFG gives that unit of a system, which has no
control conditions and thus a single path for the
program flow.

• Delay is Very high for complex applications

• Execution time is also high

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 15

 Control Data Flow Graph (CDFG)
Modelling
• A control flow means that specifically only the
program determines all program execution steps
and the flow of a program

• The programmer predetermines these steps

• The steps may have loops or condition statements

in-between.

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 16

• Data that is input generate the data output after a
control data-flow as per controlling conditions.

• Output(s) and paths taken after the steps depends on

the control statements for various decisions in a
process.

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• CDFG model, there is a diagram, which graphically
represents the conditions and the program flow along
a condition dependent path.

• Effect of events among the processes and shows

which processes are activated on each specific
event.

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 20

Example-Control Data Flow Graph
(CDFG) Modelling

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 21

 ADVANTAGES - (CDFG) Modelling
• a variable value changing above a limit or below a
limit or falling within a range is also like an event
that activates a certain process.

• Guides us how software to be tested for each path

starting from a decision node

• Helps in analysing the program in terms of

complexity

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FSM Model

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 A STATE MACHINE AS:
• A set of input events
• A set of output events
• A set of states
• A function that maps states and input to output
• A function that maps states and inputs to states (which
is called a state transition function)

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 Finite States Machine(FSM) Model
• A finite state machine is one that has a limited or
finite number of possible states.

• A finite state machine can be used both as a

development tool for approaching and solving
problems and as a formal way of describing the
solution for later developers and system maintainers.

• There are a number of ways to show state machines,

from simple tables through graphically animated
illustrations.

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 Example
• The formal description of this state machine is the
following: States:
• A: if input == 1 then { output 0, state = B} else { output
0, state = A}
• B: if input == 1 then { output 0, state = C} else { output
0, state = A}
• C: if input == 1 then { output 0, state = C} else { output
1, state = A}
• The initial state is A.
• The final state is C
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 SEQUENTIAL PROGRAM MODEL
• Use of multiple function calls sequentially

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 42

 Example Sequential Program
Model=VM
• Run function get_user_input ( ) for obtaining input for
choice of chocolate from child.
• Run function read_coins ( ) for reading the coins
inserted into VendingMachine(VM) for cost of
chocolate.
• Run function deliver_chocolate() for delivering the
chocolate.
• Run function display_thanks() for displaying ‘Collect
the nice chocolate. Visit again!’

Dr.K.Ragavan, SCOPE, VIT Vellore 43

Sequential Program Model=VM

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