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In this chapter, we are going to discuss comprehensive notes for unit 3

Information and Communication Technology. Here we go!

Basic Computer Operations

Nowadays we are surrounded by technology. Almost 95% of fields uses
technology for their daily routine and operations. The technology helps in
making work easier and faster. Out of them, ICT is one of the most
important technologies.

ICT Stands for Information and Communication Technology.

ICT refers to all the methods, tools, concepts related to

storing, recording and sending digital information.

Digital information can be recorded or stored in many ways such as

handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter, etc.

The information takes its digital form when it is stored or recorded on

electronic (ICT) devices. These ICT devices are smartphones, tablets,
laptops, PDAs, etc.

Every person has to upgrade and update their devices with the latest software
and apps. Everyone has to learn ICT skills nowadays. It helps to run a
business, communicate, and connect with family and friends.

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Computer hardware and software

The computer system is made up of two parts. They are as below:

The hardware and software both are required to work on the computer.
Alone hardware or software is useless for computers.

Every device has this combination of hardware and software such as

smartphones, tablets, etc. These are devices that come in a compact size
and can be taken anywhere.

The most important part of any computer system is the Operating System. It
is abbreviated as OS. When the computer is turned on, the first software
which is loaded into the computer is the operating system.

The first part launched by an operating system is the desktop.

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Some commonly used operating systems are Windows, Ubuntu, Linux,

Macintosh, etc. Mobiles have their own operating systems such as Android,
iOS, etc.

Apart from this, there are certain application programs required to work on
computers such as browsers, MS Office, games, media players, etc. to
perform a specific task.

Starting a computer
As you know, when you want to work on computers, you need to turn on the
computer. You switch on the computer with the switch and power button from
the cabinet. A computer just starts up and performs basic and necessary tasks
then launches the desktop.

Basic functions performed on startup

When the power button is switched on immediately a program runs on
computers. This program is called BIOS. BIOS stands for Basic Input Output
System.

It performs a basic test known as POST (Power On Self-Test) when the

computer turns on. Here BIOS will check all the connected devices and raise
an error if any device is not working properly otherwise loads the operating
system.

Login and Logout

Every computer has some users. These
users ensure security concerns. Likely
every door has a lock and key, and every
computer system has a username and
password to prevent the usage of
computers by unauthentic users.

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On startup users generally enters username and password. This process is

called login. After finishing the work user clicks on Logout to exit from the
system.

Shutting down the computer

After completing the work, the computer
needs to be shut down. There are various
ways to shut down the computer.

Follow these steps to shut down the

computer.

Before shutting down the computer it

will close all the applications and turn
off the computer.

Using the keyboard

The most common input device
used in computers is a
keyboard. It allows you to type
numbers, and letters and give
commands using shortcut keys.

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A standard keyboard has various keys for various purposes. These keys are
as follows:

Mouse
A mouse is another input most common pointing and input
device used in computers. The most common use of the mouse
is to move, select and open items on computer screen.
These functions are as follows:

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Performing basic file operations

As in our routine work at home or school we have different containers/cabinets
to store various files and work related items, as simple as that computer has
also folders to store various files. It becomes very easy to manage when files
are saved in separate folders.

Now let us discuss these basic file operations.

Files and Folders

The data and information stored in computers using files. Every files have its
own format. Hence different files using different formats.

Every files have three main attributes to identify or recognize it:

For example,
MS Word file
has its own
icon and
extension
.docx.
Some other common file extensions including their file type and software to
work with files are as follows:

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Creating folder
A folder is a container or a location where a set of files can be stored. To create
a folder in Windows 11 follow these steps:

Computer Care and Maintenance

Computers are electronic devices. They also need to be maintained and taken
care of properly to work for a long time. A computer is made up of electronic
components and peripherals, they need to be protected from dust and
damage.

In other words, computers or ICT devices are very expensive. So their

maintenance cost is also very high. Hence users need to take good care of
them on a regular basis.
In the next session of Notes Information and Communication Technology Skills
, we are going to discuss basic tips for taking care of devices. Here we go!

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Basic tips for taking care of devices

Follow the below-given tips to take care of computers and electronic devices
or ICT devices.

Keep device clean

Cleaning external and internal part of computer devices are very important.
It gets dirty for many reasons. Here are some tips for keeping the keyboard,
mouse, screen, battery etc. clean.

Keyboard
1. Should not eat anything over a keyboard.
2. Crumbs can damage the internal parts of a keyboard.
3. Clean a keyboard with a soft brush to remove crumbs and dust
Screen
Wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks
Food & Drinks
1. Avoid eating near working area
2. Avoid keeping glasses of water or cups of coffee near a computer
3. Any liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil it beyond repair
Taking Care
1. Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging it
against a hard surface.
2. Even a short fall can damage the screen or the hard disk and make the
device useless.
3. Using a cover for your mobile and a padded case for moving your laptop
protects the device from damage.
Keep Computer Cool
1. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool.
2. We should make sure the fan is functioning.

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3. Use an external fan

4. Avoid leaving a device in the sun or in a closed car.
5. We should be careful When using a laptop while sitting in bed and make
sure that the fan in not covered.
Battery
1. Do not overcharge the battery
2. Keep it up to 80-90%
3. Unplug the device
Plug-in device carefully
1. Any device being connected to a laptop or computer such as a USB
drive or headphones, should be done gently.
2. It should not be forced into the port.
3. If you find it difficult to plug in a device, change the direction and try
instead of trying to force it in.
Do not run many programs together
1. When too many programs are running at the same the computer can
become slow and even crash.
2. If a program/app is not being used, it should be closed so that other
programs can work smoothly.
Prepare a maintenance schedule
Scheduled maintenance is mandatory to keep the computer running in perfect
condition for a long time.
Here are some important activities for scheduled maintenance:
1. Daily Maintenance
a.Clean Up Email inbox - Delete unwanted emails
b.Download email attachments and organize them in appropriate folders
2. Weekly Maintenance
a.Clean your keyboard
b.Clean your monitor

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c. Dust CPU and printer

d.Backup your data to an external drive
3. Monthly Maintenance
a.Transfer photographs to computer and delete from the drive
b.Organize photos into folders or albums
c.
d.Uninstall unused programs and apps
e.Run disk-cleaner software
f. Run a full system virus scan
g.Yearly/Annual Maintenance
h.Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
i. Clean up e-mail contact list
j. Update your operating system
k.Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew

Backup Your Data

Backing up data is the most important task to store the information in other
devices and protect data from accidental deletion. The data can be backed up
into CD/DVD or other hard disks.

The backed-up data can be recovered from the device again from the backup.
There are many reasons why data can be lost. These include computer
crashes, human errors, natural disasters, floods etc.
Hence backup is essential to keep the information safe to continue the
business smoothly and not to face any problems due to data.

Scanning and cleaning viruses

A computer virus is a malicious software or program that affects the computer
and damages the files. To avoid loss due to a virus attack antivirus software
should be installed. It prevents a virus from entering the system and saves

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the damage. It also cleans the viruses and makes the computer safe from
viruses.
Increasing Computer Performance
To increase computer performance, follow these activities:

Remove Spam
Spam refers to unsolicited emails coming from companies to advertise a new
product. Users should never respond to such emails because it may contain
harmful links. So users have to delete them on a regular basis. Most of the
mail services automatically store such emails in spam folders automatically.

Computer security and privacy

Computer security is an essential part of computers. Data stored in computers
must be secured and safe from hackers or unauthorized people. So it is very
important to prevent such data loss or data leak.

Reasons for security break

The leakage of information stored in a computer is known as a security break.

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There are two ways in which data can be leaked or lost:

1. Sharing personal information over the Internet by an individual
2. An authorized access
This can be prevented by limiting the data access to necessary people and
users.

Threats to computer
Personal information can be leaked through only threats. These threats are:

1. Theft - Theft refers to stealing information or hardware. There are three

types of threats:
o Physical Any physical device or hardware stolen or get lost due
to any reason
o Identity Stealing any sensitive data like passwords and pin
numbers

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o Software Piracy Licensed software downloaded from

unauthorized sources and use them without any product key or
serial number or fake identity
2. Virus Viruses are malicious program that harms to computers to
damage the data and software programs or steal the information stored
in computers.
o Worms They replicate themselves and spread to all files once
they attack on computer. They are very difficult to remove.
o Trojan Horse - It appears to be a useful software program but
once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and
destroying data.
o Online Predator people who trap you into inappropriate
relationships. They may be older people posing to be your age,
bullying you into doing illegal activities online and sometimes face
to face.
o Internet Scams Mail received with an attractive offer that you
won a lottery ticket or huge amount and for claiming that amount
you need to pay certain amount or they may ask and steal credit
card details, banking details, OTP etc. and misuse them later.

They use different ways to do this like phishing apps, spam emails,
social media advertisements, etc.

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Protecting Data
These measures can be
taken to protect out data:
1.Use password to login
the computer
a.Use passwords that
cannot guessed by
anyone easily
b. Use strong
password with a
combination of letters, symbol, digits to prevent unauthorised people to login
2. Install antivirus and Firewall
a. They can be installed to monitor the incoming and outgoing data
b. They prevent viruses to enter into the computers
c. Anti-virus software can detect and clean viruses from computers
3. Encrypt Data
a. The data can be encrypted through a software like bit locker
b. It provides a password key to access data
c. Banks and large companies are using this
4. Secure Sites
a. Use secure sites for online transactions
b. Secure sites have lock and starts with https://
Follow the given links to read important questions:

Important questions ICT Skills

Click here to watch video for more understanding:

Watch now

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In this chapter, Notes Entrepreneurial Skills you will get comprehensive and
simple notes for the topic. Let us begin with its significance in for skill
courses.

Introduction to Entrepreneurial skills

A human being is constantly developing himself. For that he is putting his
efforts in two ways:

What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship refers to

Self-employment in which individuals run a business to meet

people's needs and strive to improve their business for
profitability.

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Who is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is a person who is always trying to make

his/her business better by taking risks and trying new ideas.

Example:
Amit and Sumit both own a stationary shop. Amit is handling the shop at his
own place. Customers are coming to him and he is doing his business. Sumit
is walks around and get his customer. He is also doing the work of laminations
and bindings.

Sumit is working more to grow his business. He has added different ideas to
his business. So he is an entrepreneur.

Amit is just doing business here.

Entrepreneurs and the Society

So now you have observed that entrepreneurs are doing their job around us.
They run their business in the market. From the market, people will get their
products and services who need them. This process of buying and selling helps
society to grow.

Basically, entrepreneurs satisfy customers' needs, wants, and demands in the

market.

Akash has opened a shop selling electronic gadgets and home appliances. He
has many customers. He buys the products from manufacturers directly and
sells them in wholesale and individually. He hired four people in the shop and
signed a contract with a transport company for home delivery.

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Here Akash is helping people in his area to make money and decrease
unemployment locally. He improves the lives of people in his nearby area.

Helps in society
So let us discuss now an entrepreneur helps in society. Here it is!

Role of entrepreneurs
An entrepreneurs perform these roles:
1.
a.Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products and
services into the market.
b.In many cases, these are improved versions of existing products or
services available.
c. Innovation fuels economic growth and helps to boost global presence
of products and services.

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2.
a.
opportunities, solve problems, offer effective solutions, establish
enterprises, set up industries and bring positive change for the
economy.
3. Coordinating role
a.An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as factors of
production, delegated tasks, smooth functioning across different
business departments, timely delivery of inputs and outputs etc.
b.However, by combining resources in an optimal and best possible
manner, an entrepreneur even makes use of under-utilized
resources in an economy.
4. Risk assumption role
a.Entrepreneurs are not risk-aversive and they realize that taking
risks is a part of business.
b.The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to wealth
generation for overall economy.
5. Capital formation role
a.Mobilization of idle savings takes place when money is invested in
a business.
b.This mobilization of capital leads to development of assets, trade
activities, increase in capital availability and economic
development.
6. Imitating role
a.In many developing countries, entrepreneurs either imitate or
adapt the innovations of developed nations.
b.These innovations are adapted according to the local needs and
conditions and work towards overcoming the entrepreneurial
challenges.

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7. Employment Generation role

a.Businesses cannot function without employing people.
b.Skilled professionals, unskilled labor and managerial staff are all
required by businesses.
c. Hence, entrepreneurship solves the problem of unemployment,
which is a major problem in economic development.
8. Status transformation role
a.Since more and more people are employed by entrepreneurs,
overall income and standard of living of the society increases.
b.This encourages equitable distribution of wealth and reduces
income disparity in the economy.
9. Balancing role:
a.Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro enterprises
and small-scale industries as well.
b.This encourages regional development and removes development
imbalances in the economy.
Positive impacts on society
An entrepreneur has the following positive impacts on society:

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Role of Society in Boosting Entrepreneur

Society plays an important role in boosting entrepreneurs by:

Activities related to society

The activities related to society by an entrepreneur are as follows:

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Read this story of Bharti, the Jeweler queen.

Bharti A young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her area like to wear earrings.
She buys jute from a farmer and makes earrings from that. Her business is
called Manavi Natural Handicrafts. She sees that most women in her village
do not work. So, she hires two women to help her. As her orders increase, she
buys more jute. She hires three more women to work for her. The farmer and
the women working for her now earn more money. They are able to save
money for their future.

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
Quality is the way in which a person acts or behaves. The qualities of an
entrepreneur are as follows:

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4. Hardworking
a.Hardworking is the key to success.
b. A successful entrepreneur is working for more than usual hours
between 60 to 90 hours weekly, the normal working hours are 40 hours
c. In his efforts, he puts in lots of trial-and-error methods
5. Optimism
a.For a successful entrepreneur, positivity and belief are very
important factors
b.Entrepreneurs should think negatively and be afraid of adverse
situations
c. He should learn from his mistakes
d. Always tries to find an alternative solution to the problem
6. Independence
a.They should have autonomy and self-assure
b.They are not working for someone else, they like to be their own boss
c. They enjoy their freedom to run the business
7. Energetic
a.They have a lot of energy and drive which makes them proactive
b.They are always acting to attempt various strategies and carry out
tasks.
8. Self-confident
a.Confident entrepreneurs have conviction in their own abilities and
vision
b.They have a strong drive toward achieving their objectives
c. In order to sell their idea to every stakeholder, entrepreneurs are
able to convey their enthusiasm and vision to investors, staff
members, customers, etc.

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9. Perseverant
a.They have a mindset that supports accepting failure, learning from
mistakes, persevering, never giving up, and constant
experimentation.
b.Their businesses must never give up on their goals

Functions of Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur performs these functions:

Rajesh Marwaha and J.S.Mahendipur have given a comprehensive

classification of the function of the entrepreneur in their book
'Entrepreneurship and Small Business'.
Let's discuss them in short:
1. Entrepreneurial Functions: These functions are related to
organization and infrastructure.
a. Organization Building and Management is about
i. bringing together different factors of production
ii. allocating resources to bring down costs and loses

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iii. taking all decisions related to business

iv. Taking various steps to build an organization such as hiring
people, organizing the factor of production, sourcing finance etc.
b.Risk Taking includes
i. Taking responsibility and planning for a loss
ii. Return on Investment
iii. Hiring new employees
iv. Working with vendors
c. Innovation refers to
i. introducing new concepts, products, services, designs, ideas etc.
ii. a new business cannot survive and sustain without innovating in
some manner in today's world
2. Promotional functions:
a.Idea Discovery refers to
i. The first step towards entrepreneurship
ii. comes up with a business idea and thinks about ways to
implement
iii. seeking opportunities for a specific type of business and finding
ways to commercialize on it
iv. work around the process of idea discovery by exploiting natural
resources, finding a market need or calculating the profit
potential
b.Detailed Investigation includes
i. While coming up with ideas can seem like an easy process, the
challenge is to understand if the idea has the potential to turn
into a viable business venture
ii. an entrepreneur conducts research, investigates and evaluates
iii. an idea considering various factors, and estimates the total
demand for a new product or service

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c. Assembling the Requirements includes

i. Infrastructure or office space, human resources, key vendors or
partners, working capital etc.
ii. In the manufacturing business - requirements are selecting the
factory site, sourcing plant and machinery, hiring staff, finding
the right suppliers etc.
iii. work towards assembling and organizing all the requirements
once he/she is sure about the practicality and profitability of the
proposition
d.Financing involves
i. Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions to
grow and scale the business.
ii. First, the requirements of finances are estimated.
iii. Next, the sources from which capital will come are determined.
iv. This includes calculating the long-term and short-term
financial requirements and considering the debt-equity ratio.
3. Managerial functions
a.Planning
i. An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the form of a
business plan
ii. It allows for details of each element of the business such as
product or service description, operations, marketing, finance,
accounting, growth plan etc.
iii. A business plan serves as a guide to determine the business
objectives and the course of action.
iv. I
specific task.

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b.Organizing refers to
i. setting specific and attainable goals and objectives to be
achieved by different departments and by each employee.
ii. arranging, directing, guiding, coordinating and controlling
the key business activities.
c. Directing is about
i. initiating planned action and ensuring that each employee
is performing effectively
ii. This also includes doing continuous performance reviews
and organizing tasks according to plans
d.Staffing refers to
i. different sub-processes around human resource
management, such as manpower planning, recruitment,
selection, placement, training, transfer, salary, promotion,
payroll, appraisal etc.
ii. The objective of staffing is to fill a particular position with
the right employee at the right time.
e.Leadership includes
i. leading, guiding and supervising people who work for the
business.
ii. As a leader, an entrepreneur guides, directs, and influences
the work of others to attain specific goals.
iii. An entrepreneur acts as a mediator between the individual
and the organization to ensure mutual benefit satisfaction.
f. Communication
i. enables the exchange of feelings, ideas, emotions, information
and knowledge between two or more persons.

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ii. An entrepreneur has to communicate every single day, in the

form of writing, responding, drafting emails, verbal instruction,
discussion etc.
iii. On an average, entrepreneurs spend 75%-90% of their work
time communicating with others.
g.Supervision
i. Supervision is a key skill as even overseeing that things are
being executed well is important. An entrepreneur might
delegate tasks and give instructions, but it is important to
ensure that these instructions are carried out well.
ii. For example, some tasks entrepreneurs supervise are tracking
utilization of resources, correcting subordinates where they go
wrong, getting the required work done as directed, ensuring all
functions of the business are running smoothly etc.
h.Motivation
i. Along with guiding employees, an entrepreneur also plays a
role of motivating them and encouraging positive behavior and
culture within the organization.
ii. Motivating employees is about creating an urge in them to
exhibit a desired behavior and positive attitude towards work.
iii. Employees with high motivation automatically do other things
along with it to perform successfully, such as being productive,
flexible, competitive, comprehensive, efficient etc.
i. Co-ordination
i. Co-ordination between different departments of the
business helps to ensure that work happens in a timely
manner.
ii. Activities of all employees must be channelized towards goal
achievement. An entrepreneur has to set certain targets,

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measures, goals etc. with different departments to ensure all

are coordinating and working effectively internally as well.
j. Controlling
i. Sometimes controlling is necessary for the entrepreneur to set
company rules and policies.
ii. The controlling function helps the entrepreneur to set
performance standards, measure and compare productivity and
performance, identify variations, take corrective action etc.
k.Negotiation
i. An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for many
parts of the business such as payment terms and timelines,
salaries of employees, vendor quotations etc.
4. Commercial Functions
a.Production and Operations
i. an entrepreneur has to perform the function of managing
production or operations.
ii. For a manufacturing business, production related activities
include sourcing of raw materials, checking functioning of
machinery, utilizing maximum capacity, meeting order
requirements etc.
b.Finance and Accounting
i. While finance is more focused on raising funds and
managing them, accounting helps to record and analyses
the financial position of the business.
ii. Thus, an entrepreneur has to prepare and analyses cash
flow statements, income sheet, balance sheet etc.
c. Marketing is about
i. moving the product or service from producer into the hands
of the end customer or user

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ii. It involves promotion, advertising, distribution, customer

service etc.
iii. An entrepreneur has to perform this function to make people
aware about the offerings of the business and makes sales.
d.Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to
i. recruitment, employment, selection, training, development,
and compensation of the employees within an organization.
ii. An entrepreneur performs this function as no business can
function without people.

Importance of Entrepreneur
1. Free market evolution
a.In a free market, entrepreneurs are able to respond to changing
customer preferences, prices, shifts in demand etc.
b.Entrepreneurs bring change in technology, trends and markets.
c. For example, with increase in digital services, entrepreneurs have
created companies that offer many home delivery services such
as groceries, restaurant food, clothes, accessories etc.
2. Efficiency improvements
a.Entrepreneurs tend to adapt to an established business and
increase their own efficiency.
b.They innovate with current systems and introduce new
technologies which can significantly create advancement in an
industry.
c. Hence, during any major changes in the economy, entrepreneurs
adapt and do not have to go out of business.
3. New markets
a.
industry.

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b.They do this by creating new markets for existing products and

slightly innovating in small ways to suit the needs of a new target
market.
4. New values:
a.Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more
ethical product to the world and are transparent about it.
b.For example, Jaipur Rugs has multiple artisans who work towards
making rugs that are sold around the world.
c. However, Jaipur rugs is very transparent about their artisan
community and they ensure that artisans are given a fair share of
profit.

Myths about entrepreneurship

Myth refers to a false belief or opinion about something. A myth is a
misconception. Observe some myths about us:
1. Chewing gum stays in your stomach for many years. The truth is Most
chewing gum is not digestible, meaning that it will travel through your
system in a matter of two to four days.
2. Wait an hour after eating before you go swimming to prevent cramping.
A normal-sized meal consumed before swimming will not cause
cramping. It is possible to feel tired and fatigued after overeating, so
maybe avoid swimming.
3. hat
can be traced back to the early 1900s) to encourage people to live.
Breakfast is actually one of the three most important meals of the day.
Our bodies need good nutrition throughout the day, but breakfast is
usually the one most often skipped, and it s
potential. Studies of brain activity have provided no evidence that only
10% of the brain is used.

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4. Sitting too close to the TV will make you go blind. Televisions and other
devices emit such low radiation levels that they have little effect on the
body. However, staring at the same thing for a long period of time can
cause the eye muscles to fatigue, thereby affecting vision. But there has
been no proof this causes long-term damage.
5. Sugar makes children hyper. A breakfast high in sugar has been shown
to result in severe deterioration of attention span when compared to no
breakfast or whole-grain cereal. One study reported that children who
were given sugar had higher levels of adrenaline a possible
explanation for this misconception because higher adrenaline levels lead
to symptoms similar to those of hyperactivity.
6.

the cold. You may fe

runny nose, chills, fatigue
you can experience the same symptoms when you are chilled as when
you are sick.
7. You lose most of your heat through your head. If you look at the surface

10-
lost through the head.
8. Cracking your knuckles causes arthritis. A 30-year study showed this is

because of repeated overstretching of the tendons.

9. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Breakfast is actually
one of the three most important meals of the day. Our bodies need good
nutrition throughout the day, but breakfast is usually the one most often

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So now let us discuss some of the myths of entrepreneurs. Here we go!

1. Every business idea needs to be unique or special. Each entrepreneur
observes the demand of the market and customer and then brings a new
idea into the business. A person takes ideas from the existing product or
services from the market and does something unique with it.
2. A person needs a lot of money to start a business. Every business needs a
capital. Capital refers to the funds required to start a business. Every
business does not require huge capital. For starting a business you can start
with the funds which you have then gradually you can invest more later.
3. Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur. No business is big
or small. If a person is running a business to fulfill a customer need, they
are an entrepreneur. Most businesses start small. It becomes big with hard
work and creativity.
4. Entrepreneurs are born, not made. It is an assumption that entrepreneurial
qualities are inborn and that only people with certain natural talents can
become entrepreneurs. Research has established that almost anyone can
be an entrepreneur with the right skills, drive, and passion. There is no set
defined way to point towards personality types of entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship is a learned skill, not a natural-born ability.
5. Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risks. While entrepreneurs definitely
have to bear some risks, they do not necessarily put themselves in high-
risk situations. Entrepreneurs take calculated risks and weigh risk versus
reward.
6. Businesses either skyrocket or fail. Although a select few start-ups
skyrocket and receive all the media attention, it is easy to adopt an all-or-
nothing outlook on entrepreneurship. While many ventures make it big and
many fail, a lot of businesses are run with patience and strategy with a
focus on self-sustenance and gradual growth.

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7. One must know everything before starting a business. Entrepreneurs

continuously strive to be in a constant state of learning. Being new and even

succeeding at entrepreneurship requires energy, innovation, and the ability

to push yourself outside your comfort zone. What actually counts is not
what you know, but how fast you can learn.

Entrepreneurship as a career option

Many people are not aware that having their own business or independent
work can be a choice.

A career is one of the most important aspects of life. It is a line of work that
a person takes for life. A person can earn money to live a happy life in two
ways:
1. Self-Employment
2. Wage-Employment
A teacher is working for a school or an institute or a tuition classes, is a wage
employed person. If he/she has his own classes setup, he/she is an
entrepreneur.
Every entrepreneur goes through a simple career process. This process
includes these basic steps:

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understand the concept

through video.

1 Shot Entrepreneurial Skills

Important QnA Videos:

1 Important MCQs

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2 Short Answers Questions

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Long Answers Questions

3 Long Answers Questions Entrepreneurial Skills

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In this chapter, we are going to discuss Green Skills. It is one of the topics
of Part A Employability Skills of Skill courses. Let us begin.

Introduction to Green Skills

To know about Green Skills we should know our environment. Whatever
living and non-living things around us affect our day-to-day life is known
as environment. Similarly, our day-to-day life activities also affect the
environment.

People who live in cities get their day-to-day needs of life from villages.
Normally village people get these from farming, forests, grasslands,
rivers, and seashores.

The main source of our daily needs are coming from natural resources. It
can be water, fuel, wood, fodder etc. Human beings are dependent on natural
resources for food and survival.

Over the years there has been industrial development increases like anything
which affects the environment and makes the environment polluted.

For example, we can see the pollution in water, air, and soil. The chemical
garbage from industries dumped into the rivers makes the water polluted, and
the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and hybrid crops leads to soil and
environmental degradation. The industrial smoke and smoke of vehicles
makes the air polluted.

Hence we need to think about these all aspects and plan to use the resources
sustainably for future generations.

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Sustainable Development
Just answer these questions to proceed further ahead.
1. Are we planting more trees or are we only destroying them for our use?
2. Are we saving water or just polluting it?
3. Are we using clean energy or just burning fuels?
4. Are we giving back anything to the environment?
5. Are we living anything (natural resources) for our future generations?

If there is only one of these questions that is Yes, then we are just thinking
about immediate development, not long-term development.

Sustainable development refers to the development that satisfies the needs

of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations,
guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the
environment, and social well-being.

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development,

1987 development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs'.

For example - Sustainable agriculture includes some environment-friendly

methods of farming that prevent the use of chemicals in production and avoid
adverse effects on the soil, water, and biodiversity.

Let us understand the importance of sustainable development in the next

section of Green Skills.

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Importance of Sustainable Development

As economic development is growing quickly and eating up our natural
resources it leads to serious problems for our future generations. The
condition may be worse than today for them.

The natural resources are limited and required to produce the goods for us.
So we need to think about a development strategy that will not destroy natural
resources. It is only possible through a sustainable lifestyle and careful
utilization of resources.

Problems related to sustainable development

The major problems related to sustainable development are as follows:

The solution for such problems are we can use energy from such sources which
are unlimited and wasted without use. Such as solar energy.

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One of the major examples of large-scale production of solar energy is seen

in Charanka, Gujarat Solar Park. It can produce 600 MW of energy. The
benefits of this park are as follows:

Some sustainable development includes:

1. reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource
conservation
2. recycling and reuse of waste materials
3. scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources
4. planting more trees
5. green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete
buildings using more environment-friendly material
or biodegradable material use of technologies, which
are environment-friendly and based on efficient use
of resources

Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goals were Launched at the
United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New
York in September 2015.

Some global Issues

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They have formed the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development which the
countries need to work towards and achieve by 2030.

There were 17 SDGs formed to take care of important issues faced in business,
governments, and society.

Nowadays countries are making policies and regulations that will promote
sustainable development goals.

The core skills required by a person who wants to contribute to the

environment include environmental awareness and willingness to learn
sustainable development. If a person is responsible about his/her life then will

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do best at home and at school or at the workplace to help the environment

and the people around us.

Sustainable Development Initiatives

Mr. Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative in which he used a
bio-degradable bag that can dissolve in hot water and decompose in the
natural environment. Now this is being used by many countries.

Narayana Peesapaty made edible cutlery made out of a grain these

spoons can be eaten and even if they are not eaten they will easily.
Source - Click here

Sustainable Process
The following practices can help to preserve the environment:

Organic farming refers to not using chemical pesticides and fertilizers to

increase their production. Instead of these, cow dung as well as natural
fertilizers are used to grow the crops.

This method helps the soil to maintain its fertility and chemical-free crops. In
this process, earth resources are used and preserved for future use.

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Our role in sustainable development

As the human population grows the consumption of natural resources is also
increasing day by day. As the population increases more food, energy, and
water is required.

When more crops are grown, the soil's nutrients are consumed and slowly the
soil becomes unusable. Similarly, other natural resources are also consumed
such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

Here are some examples of which pollute air, land, and water.
1. Factories give out smoke that pollutes the air.
2. Garbage collected from homes is dumped into landfills. Untreated
garbage can lead to disease and an unhealthy environment.
3. Sewage from the cities is dumped into the seas and lakes making water
polluted and unsafe for marine life.
We use natural resources but not returning anything to nature. We are using
them and not doing anything hence our future generation has to survive
without some of them as they are limited.
We can take some initiatives to handle such situations.
For example - Ministry of Railway in Varanasi and Raibareilly where they
introduced clay pots 'Kulhads' to replace plastic and paper cups and to bring
taste of tradition.
The three major advantages of Kulhads are:

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Our role towards sustainable development

As we are aware United Nations has formed 17 SDGs for sustainable
development for major problems of various countries like removing poverty
and hunger, provide health and quality education, protecting life on land and
in the water etc.

These goals are made for all countries to protect air, water and soil from
pollution and supply clean water and air to the people.

Similarly we have also certain responsibilities towards sustainable

development. Some of them are as follows:
Quality Education
For sustainable development education is one of the most important factors.
Children should be educated and go to school and take care of themselves as
well as do jobs in future.
Education prepare a child as a responsible citizen. Some steps can be taken
for quality education they are as follows:

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Clear Water and Sanitation

1. Clean water for drinking and sanitation is necessary for human beings.
2. Citizens needs to put their efforts to build toilets and create awareness
towards sanitation.
3. Everyone should take some measurable steps to promote cleanliness
and avoid pollution.

Affordable and Clean Energy

1. For clean energy we should use some renewable resources in place of
non-renewable resources.
2. Such as using solar power using sun does not cause pollution and it does
not require non-renewable resource coal.
3. We should make efforts to use more solar power and generate more
energy from it. Another good example us bio gas as an alternative for
natural gas.
Decent work and economic growth
1. Study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and family
2. Work hard and contribute to society
3. Learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community
Reduce inequalities
1. Be helpful to others
2. Be friendly with everyone
3. Include everyone while working or playing
4. Help others whether they are of any gender, from any community, or
status or belongs to any cast or class

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Sustainable Cities and Communities

Creating sustainable cities is the demand of today. So it can be created by
following:

Responsible consumers and

producers
1. reusing paper, glass,
plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to
market carrying fruits and
vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.

Protect Life below water and on land

1. Avoid to dump garbage into sea which is killing marine life
2. Save oceans and sea from pollution
3. Avoid to cutting trees unnecessarily as cutting tress lead to soil erosion
and making land dry and unusable for cultivation
4. Plant more trees to replace the tress cut
Follow this link to understand the topic with video

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