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Limnology 1st Edition Jose Galizia Tundisi Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Jose Galizia Tundisi, Takako Matsumura Tundisi
ISBN(s): 9780415588355, 0415588359
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 13.30 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 José Galizia Tundisi

José Galizia Tundisi • Takako Matsumura Tundisi

Takako Matsumura Tundisi

Limnology provides an in-depth and current overview of the field

of limnology. The result of a major tour de force by two renowned
and experienced experts, this unique and richly illustrated reference
work presents a wealth of data on limnology history, water as a
substrate, lakes’ origins and aquatic biota. Besides a general part, it
gives special focus to neotropical limnology, prevalently applicable in
countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

Starting with the essentials, some definitions and a historical account,

this volume then details the main interaction mechanisms with physical
and chemical factors, diversity and geographical distribution. With
regard to the major continental aquatic systems, it treats the dynamics,
variability and characterization of lakes, reservoirs, flooded areas,
saline lakes, estuaries and coastal lagoons. The impact of human activity
on water resources and the need for the rehabilitation of watersheds,
watershed ecosystems and estuaries are addressed subsequently. To illustrate
theory, the final part includes research examples in limnology, ecology and

Limnology
environmental sciences in different geographical contexts, as well as ideas for
new investigations.€

This reference volume is intended for researchers and professionals working on

inland waters, lakes and rivers within the fields of biology, ecology, environment,
forestry, geochemistry, geophysics, and water management. It will also benefit
students in the aforementioned areas and readers involved with limnology in related
disciplines, such as earth sciences, environmental, water and geological engineering.

nol og y
an informa business
Li m
Limnology_def.indd 1 24-11-11 21:27
Limnology
This page intentionally left blank
 José Galizia Tundisi
Takako Matsumura-Tundisi
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 20120120

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-80395-0 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
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organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

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This book is dedicated to: Professor John E.G. Raymont; Professor A.P.M. Lokwood
from the Department of Oceanography, University of Southampton (England);
Professor Marta Vannucci from the Oceanographic Institute of University of São
Paulo, Brazil. To Dr. José Eduardo Matsumura Tundisi for his permanent dedication
to International Institute of Ecology, São Carlos, Brazil and to the support to our
research work.
The authors
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgements

The translation to English from the Portuguese edition of this book, was finan-
cially supported by the São Paulo State Foundation for Research (FAPESP). The
authors would like to thank CNPq, CAPES, FINEP and FAPESP for their support
in countless limnological research projects, participation in scientific meetings and
publications, and for their ongoing support of our Masters and Doctoral fellows;
and to FAPESP for their assistance in three thematic projects: typology of dams,
comparison of Barra Bonita and Jurumirim, and Biota/FAPESP.
We would also like to thank the Organization of American States; the National
Science Foundation; Japan’s Ministry of Education, Science and Culture; the Instituto
Estadual de Florestas (MG) [“State Forestry Institute”] of Brazil; and Eletronorte,
Eletrobrás and Elektro for supporting limnological research projects on Brazilian dams,
and the CESP (SP) for encouraging research on the lakes in Parque Florestal do Rio
Doce and on Amazonian lakes. The authors also extend their thanks to Furnas, which
recently supported a large-scale research project (carbon balance in the reservoirs of
Furnas power plants), the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), Investco,
University of São Paulo, and the Federal University of São Carlos.
We also thank the Conrado Wessel Foundation for presenting its 2005 award of
the Applied Water Science (2005) to José Galizia Tundisi, an important stimulus for
the continuation of this work; as well as the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the
United Nations University.
Special thanks to Dr. José Eduardo Matsumura Tundisi for his steady support and
encouragement of our work, Dr. Aristides Pacheco Leão and Dr. José Israel Vargas
for their decisive support of the study of lakes in Parque Florestal do Rio Doce;
Dr. Paulo Emilio Vanzolini, for his support and encouragement of our limnological
research work, to he former presidents of the Federal University of São Carlos and
Professors Luiz Magalhaes and Edmundo de Souza Heitor Gurgulino for support-
ing limnological research and its consolidation in UFSCar; to Dr. Odette Rocha for
reviewing parts of the work and the bibliographic compilation and Vera Huszar for
revising some of the figures; to Dr. Naércio Aquino Menezes for reviewing and com-
piling the table on the Orders of freshwater fish. We also thank Dr. Milan Straškraba,
Dr. Colin Reynolds, Dr. Ramón Margalef, Dr. Henry Dumont, Dr. Clóvis Teixeira;
Dr. Yatsuka Saijo, Dr. Francisco A. Barbosa, Dr. Ernesto Gonzalez, Dr. Guilhermo
Chala, Dr. Marcos Gomes Nogueira, Dr. Adriana Jorcin, Dr. Arnola Rietzler,
Dr. Raoul Henry, Dr. Evaldo Espindola, Dr. Sven Jørgensen, Dr. Joan Armengol, and
Dr. Abilio Lopes de Oliveira Neto for the opportunity to exchange information, pub-
lications and sharing of studies that resulted in the publication of this work; and
Dr. Sydney and Dr. Magela Thomaz Luiz Mauricio Bini for permission to publish
figures from “Aquatic Macrophytes” (Eduem). Many thanks to photographers Mario
Pinedo Panduro and Luiz Marigo and the New York Botanical Gardens, for permis-
sion to use some of their photos.
 Thanks to researchers from the International Institute of Ecology who collaborated
with photos, reviews of parts of the work, suggestions and criticism; to Dr. Donato
Seiji Abe and Dr. Corina Sidagis Galli, Daniela Cambeses Pareschi, Anna Paula Lucia,
Guilherme Ruas Medeiros, Thaís Helena Prado, Fernando de Paula Blanco, Nestor
Freitas Manzini, Paulo Henrique Von Haelin, Eduardo Henrique Frollini, José Augusto
Fragale Baio, Juan Carlos Torres Fernández, Heliana Rosely Neves Oliveira, Rogério
Flávio Pessa, and Valeria Teixeira da Silva. Thanks also to secretarial assistance from
Miriam Aparecida Meira, Denise Helena Araujo, Luciana Zanon, Natalia Andricioli
Periotto, Suelen Botelho, and José Jesuel da Silva who typed, corrected and formatted
the first versions of the work. And to Mr. João Gomes da Silva, for continued support
for our field work (40 years), and to Marta Vanucci.
Last but not least, our thanks go to our tireless, professional and competent team
at the publisher Oficina de Textos: to our editor Shoshana Signer for her decisive and
determined support, editorial manager Ana Paula Ribeiro, art director Malu Vallim,
and typesetter Gerson Silva.
Foreword by Dr. Jack Talling

This book provides an expansive and detailed account of limnology – the science of
inland waters – from a tropical and Brazilian viewpoint. Although it draws extensively
upon the international literature, and is richly illustrated with imported examples, it
gives special emphasis to tropical conditions and the Brazilian experience. Here both
Amazonia and the authors’ distinguished record and enterprises are prominent. It
is primarily not a descriptive text, but aims at generalised classification of examples
and a dynamic and functional approach. Issues of applied limnology – especially with
reservoirs – are treated extensively. There is also opinion on past trends and future
prospects in the science. These features, with the combination of length and excep-
tionally rich illustration, mark a unique contribution to the environmental literature,
and especially apt for developing countries.

Dr. Jack Talling

FRS, Freshwater Biological Association,
Cumbria,
United Kingdom
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword by Dr. Joan Armengol
Bachero

The authors have asked me to write an introduction to this book, an honor that
I accept with pleasure as it gives me an opportunity to express the admiration I have
for them, based on knowledge of their lifetime’s work studying inland waters, and
on the deep friendship we share, fruit of our extensive collaboration over the years.
José G. Tundisi and Takako Matsumura Tundisi wrote this book after many
years of teaching limnology and for this reason the book follows a pattern typical
of courses in this field. But the book is also the result of many years of field and
laboratory research, basic and applied research, and exploration of aquatic ecosys-
tems throughout Brazil. The work includes the search for solutions to reduce human
impact, establish criteria for water resource management, and restore altered or con-
taminated systems. In short, the versatility of concepts and systems studied make this
a multifaceted book.
The book has a clear geographic component, Brazil, and thus highlights tropical
and subtropical limnology.
The book’s structure follows a modern approach, with the first 10 chapters
devoted to processes that we might call physical, chemical and biological limnology.
The second part, Chapters 11 to 17, corresponds to the limnology of systems. Finally,
the last three chapters focus on applied limnology.
I would like to highlight aspects of the content that, independent of the book’s
structure, I find particularly innovative. In order of appearance, the treatment given
to hydrodynamics seems most appropriate, with an agile yet rigorous presentation of
physical processes that govern the movement of water masses. The authors’ experi-
ence is evident in the study of reservoirs where hydraulic stratification and mete-
orological effects are particularly relevant to the chemical and biological processes.
A strong naturalist component is also present, logically to be expected given the
authors’ background. Reservoirs are treated intensively since the researchers have
devoted much of their research to these ecosystems. I am pleased to see that the book
has a section on estuaries and coastal lagoons, not just because of their intrinsic
importance, but because transitional ecosystems tend to be neglected in many of the
treatises on inland or marine waters. I especially appreciate the chapters on regional
limnology not just because it is a pioneering issue in limnology, but also because it
forms the basis of many modern theories of inland aquatic ecology. In the second
chapter the authors discuss many such studies conducted on a global scale. I have
always believed that the speciality that best describes the authors is that of regional
limnologists. Their study on the typology of reservoirs in São Paulo is not only the
first in its field in South America, but it also marks the beginning of a school of
limnology under their tutorship. It is therefore no exaggeration to say that under the
auspices of this project, a generation of Brazilian limnologists was formed who are
currently scattered throughout the country working in the discipline. Finally, applied
limnology is covered in the last three chapters.
To be honest, the chapters on reservoirs and regional and applied limnology give
the book its personality. Since these are the fields most impacted by the authors’ life-
work, these chapters clearly reflect their vision of limnology.
I want to point out that a book of this calibre is not a casual undertaking. It is the
result of an educational process first, followed by study; the education of specialists,
teaching and mastery, of study in function of the needs of a country. It is important to
remember that Brazil has 14% of the freshwater reserves of the biosphere, and that
the country has clearly opted to develop hydropower. Among its many attributes,
Brazil has both the largest river on the planet and serious water shortages in a large
part of the country. This range of factors has generated a need for knowledge, basic
information and application of results. These are the fibers of which this basket is
made. For this reason while the book has two authors – José Tundisi and Takako
Matsumura Tundisi – it also has many companions who, far from being anonymous,
have joined forces to make it possible for a level of knowledge to be attained in Brazil
so that a book such as this can be written.

Dr. Joan Armengol Bachero

Ecology Professor
Department of Ecology
University of Barcelona
Foreword by Dr. Blanca Elena
Jiménez Cisneros

Limnology, first considered to be a science in the 19th century, has undergone major
advances in recent years. A better understanding of the bodies of water located in
tropical and semi-tropical climates is one notable recent contribution. The authors of
this book, Dr. José Galizia Tundisi and Dr. Takako Matsumura Tundisi, have made
many significant contributions to this the field. Consequently, this text allows the
reader not only to learn about the basic principles of global limnology, but also to
understand previously little-known features of tropical and Neotropical bodies of
water common in many developing countries. In spite of the importance of these
bodies of water, they have rarely been addressed in international literature.
Many of the book’s examples are taken from bodies of water in Brazil, which is
appropriate because of the country’s abundance of water (nearly 14% of the world’s
water resources are found there) and the wide variety of climates due to the country’s
size and location. These examples represent a wide diversity of geographic regions
and illustrate conditions also found in many other countries. Moreover, to make their
coverage truly universal, the authors describe examples from other regions, such as
Africa, Asia and Europe. The text covers nearly all types of inland bodies of water,
including some not often seen in books on limnology, such as estuaries, which are of
particular interest to most Latin America and Caribbean countries.
Finally, the book does not limit itself to an academic focus, as each chapter
balances a mixture of scientific and technical aspects with practical aspects to help
explain, analyse and make better use of water in every way. In fact, several of the final
chapters discuss how to conserve and restore aquatic ecosystems with a focus on the
drainage basin. This mix makes the book an excellent tool for undergraduates and
postgraduates, as well as for professionals from other disciplines concerned with the
management and reasonable use of water resources. In particular, by highlighting
the importance of combining sustainable development with economic development,
the book provides a much needed perspective for readers in developing countries.
With this in mind, I leave the reader to enjoy the book and would like to invite the
authors to translate their work into Spanish in order to share their knowledge more
extensively.

Dr. Blanca Elena Jiménez Cisneros

Senior Professor and Researcher
Department of Environmental Engineering
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)
Recipient of the National Award in Ecology (2006)
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword by Dr. Odete Rocha

This book is very important in the context of aquatic ecology and Brazilian limnology,
as it will fill a great gap in textbooks and popular books on the science of limnology,
making the science more available to the Portuguese-speaking population. It also rep-
resents a framework for tropical limnology by inserting widely and carefully results
from research in the Neotropics, which is not very common in similar textbooks,
written and published by authors on other continents.
The vast experience in limnology of the authors of this book is refected in the
excellent quality of this work. They have dedicated an enormous effort and a large
part of their professional careers.
This book can be widely used by many people at different academic levels to
contemplate the basic themes of this science, written in accessible language, with
examples and illustrations that facilitate the understanding of the topics addressed.
Because research results on tropical ecosystems were included, in addition to other
regions, the book will even serve as a source of information for many researchers in
different areas. It will also be a significant work for administrators, managers and
decision-makers and activities related to water resources in the Brazil.
Brazil is a country rich in inland aquatic resources, from the Amazonian mega-
basin to an endless network of micro-basins. The rational use and preservation of
these resources, however, depend on education in limnology, and the present book
makes a signficant contribution toward that end.

Dr. Odete Rocha

Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Federal University of São Carlos
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Acknowledgements vii
Foreword by Dr. Jack Talling ix
Foreword by Dr. Joan Armengol Bachero xi
Foreword by Dr. Blanca Elena Jiménez Cisneros xiii
Foreword by Dr. Odete Rocha xv

1 Limnology, definition and objective 1

1.1 Concepts and Definitions 2
1.2 Limnology: history and development 4
1.3 Tropical limnology 11
1.4 Limnology in the 21st century 12
1.5 Limnology in Brazil 13
1.6 Importance of limnology as a science 15

2 Water as a medium 21
2.1 Water’s physical and chemical properties 22
2.2 The water cycle and distribution of water on the planet 27

3 The origin of lakes 37

3.1 General features of lakes and drainage basins 38
3.2 Origin of lakes 39
3.3 Lake morphology and morphometry 44
3.4 Zonation in lakes 49
3.5 Artificial dams 55
3.6 Global distribution of lakes by origin 58

4 Physical processes and circulation in lakes 61

4.1 Penetration of solar energy in water 62
4.2 Heat balance in aquatics systems 70
4.3 Physical processes in lakes, reservoirs and rivers 72
4.4 Types of flow 74
4.5 Turbulence in surface waters, Reynolds Number and Richardson
Number, and effects of density and stratification 76
4.6 Thermal stratification and vertical and horizontal circulation
in inland aquatic ecosystems 79
4.7 Thermal stratification and de-stratification in reservoirs 87
4.8 Diel variations of temperature 88
4.9 Stability of lakes and reservoirs 90
4.10 Importance of the process of thermal stratification and
de-stratification in the diurnal and noctural temperature
cycles of water 90
xviii Contents

4.11 Ecological significance of the metalimnion and

importance of meromixis 92
4.12 Principal interactions of the processes of circulation,
diffusion, chemical composition of water and of communities in
lakes, reservoirs, and rivers 93
4.13 Circulation in lakes, reservoirs and rivers 93
4.14 Diffusion 95
4.15 Intrusion in lakes and reservoirs 96

5 The chemical composition of water 101

5.1 Introduction 102
5.2 Dissolved substances in water 103
5.3 Ionic composition in saline lakes and inland wetlands 117
5.4 The roles of cations and anions in biological systems 117
5.5 Dissolved gas: air-water interactions and the solubility of
gases in water 118
5.6 The CO2 system 126
5.7 Seasonal and diurnal variations in O2 and CO2 131
5.8 Other gases dissolved in water 134

6 Organisms and communities in inland aquatic ecosystems and estuaries 135

6.1 Colonization of aquatic environments 136
6.2 Diversity and distribution of organisms: limiting and
controlling factors 140
6.3 Communities in inland aquatic ecosystems 143
6.4 Dispersal, extinction, speciation and isolation of aquatic biota 143
6.5 Principal groups of organisms in aquatic communities 144
6.6 Spatial organization of aquatic communities 174
6.7 Aquatic biodiversity in the state of São Paulo 191
6.8 Fauna in groundwater 192

7 The dynamic ecology of aquatic plant populations and communities 195

7.1 Importance of population studies in aquatic systems 196
7.2 Main factors in biological processes 196
7.3 Population and community succession 198
7.4 General features of phytoplankton 199
7.5 Periphyton 231
7.6 Aquatic macrophytes 237

8 The dynamic ecology of aquatic animal populations and communities 249

8.1 Zooplankton 250
8.2 Benthic macroinvertebrates 266
8.3 Composition and wealth of plankton species and abundance of
organisms in pelagic and littoral regions of lakes and reservoirs 270
8.4 Fish 272
8.5 Food chains and Food webs 278
8.6 Bioindicators: organisms as indicators of pollution in natural waters 290
 Contents xix

9 The flow of energy in aquatic ecosystems 295

9.1 Definitions and characteristics 296
9.2 The photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants 300
9.3 Factors limiting and controlling phytoplanktonic productivity 311
9.4 Coefficients and rates 318
9.5 Photosynthetic efficiency 318
9.6 Model of primary production of phytoplankton 319
9.7 Methods for measuring the primary production of periphyton 322
9.8 Measuring the primary productivity of aquatic macrophytes
and comparison with other photo-autotrophic components 323
9.9 Indirect measurements of in situ primary production 326
9.10 Measuring primary production in different ecosystems 326
9.11 Primary production in tropical regions and temperate regions 329
9.12 Secondary production 332
9.13 Bacteria and energy flow 337
9.14 Efficiency of food webs and total organic production 341
9.15 Fishery production and its correlation with primary production 345

10 Biogeochemical cycles 347

10.1 The dynamics of biogeochemical cycles 348
10.2 Carbon cycle 349
10.3 The phosphorus cycle 349
10.4 The nitrogen cycle 351
10.5 The silica cycle 353
10.6 Other nutrients 354
10.7 The sediment-water interface and interstitial water 357
10.8 Vertical distribution of nutrients 359
10.9 Transport of sediments from terrestrial systems and
biogeochemical cycles 361
10.10 Organisms and biochemical cycles 361
10.11 The concept of limiting nutrients 362
10.12 ‘New’ and ‘regenerated’ production 368
10.13 Greenhouse gas and biogeochemical cycles 369

11 Lakes as ecosystems 373

11.1 The lacustrine system as a unit 374
11.2 Ecological structures, principal processes and interactions 376
11.3 Principles of theoretical ecology applied to the interactions
of drainage basin, lakes, and reservoirs 382
11.4 Forcing functions as external factors in aquatic ecosystems 383
11.5 The interactions of the littoral zone in lakes and the
limnetic zone 386
11.6 Lakes, reservoirs and rivers as dynamic systems: responses
to external forcing functions and their impacts 388
11.7 Palaeolimnology 390
11.8 Transport of dissolved particulate organic matter and
vertical and horizontal circulation in aquatic ecosystems 392
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 Loud shouts came from the pump where the three boys
were washing. They all pounced on him at once and wanted
to know what he had done all day, at the same time telling
him what had happened to them. In the middle of it all
Russli tugged away at his coat, for he had something
important to tell him. He was at last able to make himself
heard and said, "I didn't lash one of them all day, not a
single one."

And upon hearing this report, Vinzi drew a beautiful new

pipe out of his pocket and gave it to the little fellow. He had
attained such skill in carving pipes that he had made one
while seated among the roses that morning.
 Cousin Lorenz and his wife Josepha greeted him as
heartily as though he had been away a long time and when
he delivered the grandfather's message, his cousin said,
"Yes, yes; go up there just as much as you please, only
return to us each evening," and his wife added, "It would
suit me if things would never change, and if Vinzi could stay
with us always."

A little later when Vinzi sat on the doorsill of the

hayrick, he had so much to think about that it seemed he
would never get to bed. The grandfather's history had made
a deep impression on him, and while the old man had
talked an idea had come to him that had kept growing more
and more vivid. It seemed he must carry it out at once.

Taking up his pipe, Vinzi played softly to himself. Often

the notes died away, and Vinzi hearkened dreamily as he
hummed, trying to round out a melody. He gazed around
him. All the houses were dark, but the stars shone so
wonderfully bright that he hushed both pipe and voice and
gazed up at the sky in silent devotion.

"Oh, now I know it!" he exclaimed suddenly, and lifting

his shawm again enticed from it a series of jubilant notes.
Then he closed his little door, stepped to his fragrant bed of
hay and lay down in whole-hearted satisfaction. But now
wonder-music seemed to begin again and it seemed that
angelic choirs were singing to him from the starlit heavens,
but Vinzi heard it in a dream, for as soon as his head had
touched the pillow the boy was fast asleep.

CHAPTER VII
 STILL MORE MUSIC

AND now each morning there was a song rehearsal on

the pasture, for Vinzi had organized a choir among the boys
who had good voices. Some of them could not sing, and
others would not, but that was not amiss for some had to
watch the herd while the rest practised.

Vinzi had long known that Jos and Vereli had the best
voices, and he chose them as leaders of his choir, Jos of the
high voices, Vereli of the low, and they did their work
capitally. They also helped in keeping order, for as soon as
the lads learned anything by heart, they wanted to begin
singing as soon as Vinzi had given the keynote on his
shawm and did not like to be restrained. Jos and Vereli
understood this was not according to Vinzi's wishes, and
often had much ado to keep the noisy singers quiet until
their time came.

Thus the week passed and Sunday came, the day Vinzi
had chosen to carry out his project. Had his choir not been
sufficiently well-trained, he would gladly have waited
another week, for Sunday it must be, in order to fulfil his
plan.

Jos and Vinzi marched up the mountain with their

troupe of singers. The procession grew as it advanced,
other boys joining them from the scattered cottages along
the way. Some who were not singers came too, just to
listen and to see what happened.

As usual, the grandfather was sitting on his bench in the

warm sunshine, letting the refreshing mountain breeze fan
his ruddy cheeks. He looked questioningly on the
approaching crowd. Vinzi, Jos and Vereli were in the lead
and came up to within a few feet of the old man. The others
grouped themselves about and Vinzi began to play a merry
tune. But soon the notes changed into a sadder strain, and
finally sounded like real lamentations, as though someone
were begging for mercy. Here the choir joined in and sang
softly, as though to awake hope with the words:

"Yes, the holy hymn of grace."

And then the shawm again sounded its plaintive strain

until the choir repeated in louder and fuller volume:

"Yes, the holy hymn of grace."

Once more came the pleading tones of the pipe, but

when the chorus took up the refrain again, it was in loud
rejoicing:

"Yes, the holy hymn of grace

Sounds through all eternity."

And in unison voices and shawm concluded in a

triumphant song of joy.

There was a moment of intense silence; the grandfather

sat speechless, hands folded over his knees. Then one of
the boys ran off, others quickly followed, and then the
whole crowd rapidly dispersed over the green meadow
where a large herd of cows from the valley was grazing
under the care of comrades of the choir boys.

Vereli alone remained with Jos and Vinzi, but he also

suddenly disappeared; he never did stay long where
absolute quiet reigned. When the grandfather at last looked
up, it seemed he had just returned from far away.

"You sang a beautiful song for me," he said kindly.

"Where did you find it? Of course, Vinzi, you taught it to the
others?"

"I got it from you," replied Vinzi.

"Hm, hm!" muttered the grandfather. "You seem to

understand what is said to you. But the music, where did
you find it?"

"That came to me because I wanted to sing the hymn

you could no longer remember," explained Vinzi.

"It is good of you to wish to give pleasure to an old

man. But wait! I had almost forgotten something," and the
grandfather fumbled around in his pockets. "I have thought
of you too, and told Father Silvanus about your wanting a
certain kind of song. You can see how kind he is, for he has
brought it to me already. But he made one condition: if you
find the tune for it, you must go up there and sing the song
to him. Here it is at last," and he pulled out a long sheet of
paper.

As Vinzi took it, the grandfather continued, "Now I have

something more to say. Jos, you know the cellar. Go, bring
me the cheese which has been cut and one of the large
loaves of bread. Vinzi will go with you, for it will be too
heavy for you to carry alone. Take it out to the boys who
sang to me. They are sure to be on the pasture. You have
given me a feast; now hold one for yourselves. Take a cup
from the kitchen and take turns drinking. Xaver will milk."

The grandfather always called Vereli by his surname

Xaver, for the boy's father and grandfather, his own first-
born son, had been called by the same name.

The two boys ran off to carry out his commission, and
their burdens made them pant as they came up the steep
cellar stairs. In spite of that, they hurried off with happy
faces.

"Come back again, boys," said the grandfather, as they

held out their hands in grateful farewell. "Make another
happy Sunday for me."

The pair really did find the singers on the great open
pasture space, and the Tower Boys were with them. Shouts
of joy welcomed the laden messengers, and the whole
crowd quickly sat down on the grass and the feast started,
for boys have astonishing appetites, and many of those
from the little cottages had only potatoes for their daily
fare.

Vinzi sat down behind the boys for he wished to be

alone, to read the words of the song. Would the melody he
had heard so clearly fit itself to the words? On drawing out
the paper, he found the writing so plain it was very easy to
read and he read the words over and over again. Suddenly
such a longing gripped him that he could not sit there any
longer. He must go up to the field of roses, to listen to the
melody and to sing it to himself. He slipped quietly away
from the boys who were engrossed in their eating and
drinking and ran up the mountain until he reached the
sunny field. Seating himself in his former place, alpine roses
on every side of him, he pulled out the paper again and
read:

Behold on high in beaming sun

The glowing clouds like roses,
No thorns to mar the beauty there,
No other flower can compare
To that glowing as of roses.

In beaming sun as in delight

Foams the cascade from rocky height,
Garbed in a cloak of spotless white,
Dauntless and shimmering in its flight
Foams the cascade from rocky height.

In beaming sun in glowing rays,

How proudly stand those peaks!
While mortals frail oft go astray
And soon, alas, must pass away,
Forever stand those peaks.

Within the glow of beaming sun

How soon all sorrows cease!
Oh, valley-dwellers, 'tis Heaven's call,
Will ye not hearken one and all?
For there your sorrows cease.

It was so late that night when Vinzi came running down

the mountain that he found the entire family had gathered
in front of the house to watch for his coming. Jos had
returned several hours before and had told how the
grandfather had enjoyed the singing and had shown his
hospitality by providing a feast, and how Vinzi had suddenly
disappeared from the pasture where they had eaten it.

"Vinzi, Vinzi!" his cousin called out as he saw him

coming. "We had almost begun to believe you had run
away."

"I certainly never would do that!" Vinzi assured him, all

out of breath. "I was sitting up there among the alpine
roses and entirely forgot the time."

"Perhaps you made some pipes?" asked Russli.

"Tomorrow, Russli, tomorrow for that," said Vinzi with

understanding, as the father hurried them into the house.
He wanted a little Sunday music too, he said, but first of all
they must have supper.

Vinzi spent many happy hours in his rose field during

the following days, and was able to do so with a clear
conscience. Jos knew what was in course of preparation,
and it was he who sent Vinzi up there every morning
immediately they reached the pasture, so he could have
long hours in which to compose the new song. Jos found it
hard to wait until it was ready to be practised.

Vinzi called his chorus together in a few days, and this

time everything went so well that their progress seemed
really wonderful to him. They had only to listen to the
melody the shawm played, and then they sang all the song,
for the tune quickly caught and pleased the ear, and they
carried it through with great zest.

Vinzi had to accompany the song only a few times with

Jos and Vereli as leading voices until the herd boys all over
the different pastures could sing it. As soon as they
gathered in the morning, one boy would call out to the
other, "Let's sing our song!" for it was the general feeling
that it was their very own.

The next Sunday the boys proceeded up to the

grandfather, who had heard something about the proposed
visit. He watched the approaching procession with pleasure.
It was much larger than on the first occasion, and the boys
were so enthusiastic that they hardly waited until they
reached his bench to begin their song and their voices
increased in power to its end.

"Bravo! Bravo!" exclaimed the delighted grandfather.

"Sing it again!"

Instantly the lively singers repeated it with

undiminished power.

When Vinzi found that the song was going so well, he

tugged at Jos's sleeve, and he in turn signalled to Vereli
who stood close by, and the three slipped away like lizards.
This plan had been agreed upon as Vinzi desired to carry
out the grandfather's commission; but he thought it would
be improper to make much noise near the quiet hospice
above, and if his chorus knew what he and his two
companions had in mind, the whole crowd would run after
them.

Having once gained the road, the three boys soon

reached the great stone building which Vinzi remembered
so well. When they stood in the doorway, Vereli gave the
bell-cord such a jerk that the clang sounded all through the
building. A small old man opened the door a little.

"What do you want?" he asked.

"To see Father Silvanus," replied Vereli quickly.

 Peering at the three boys rather suspiciously, the old
doorkeeper said with deliberation, "Such boys! To want to
summon Father Silvanus for a joke! What do you want of
him?"

"Let's go," suggested Vinzi softly. "Father Silvanus

certainly has no time for us."

But Vereli was not so easily put off and said unabashed,
"We carry a message from grandfather and wish to give it
to Father Silvanus himself, as we were told to do."

At this, the old man opened the door a little wider and
let the three boys step in. "You can wait here," said he
abruptly and went down the dim passage.

The boys heard his shuffling step long after he was out
of sight, and after a while other footsteps, firm and rapid,
approaching.

"That's Father Silvanus!" exclaimed Vereli, but already

the priest stood before them in his long robe and gazed at
them searchingly.

"You are one of the boys at the Tower; you bear their
mark," he said to Vereli. "Who are your companions?"

"This boy belongs to Lorenz Lesa and the other one is

his cousin, Vinzi Lesa of Leuk."

A peculiar smile flitted over the priest's face on hearing

the latter name, and looking at Vinzi, he said pleasantly,
"Come along with me."

He led them down the long corridor, opened a door in

the rear and invited all three to enter. It was a very large
room with dark panelled walls, against which stood ancient
leather chairs with high backs. In the center of the room
was an immense square table, but Vinzi's eyes had been
instantly attracted by something in the corner and he kept
gazing at it. It looked like Alida's piano, only taller.

The priest now stood right in front of the boys and

inquired what the grandfather desired.

Vinzi felt that it was his duty to report and said if the
kind father wished it, they would be pleased to sing the
song which he had given the old man.

"Good! I will be pleased to listen," said the priest, and

when he noticed that Vinzi hesitated, he added, "Do you
want to ask something else, lad?"

"Shall I sing with them, or shall I play?"

"Play, play; I must hear the shawm too," said Father

Silvanus with a kindly smile.

Instantly the music started, and Vinzi, sure of his two

singers and gaining courage from the priest's kind manner,
did not play the melody, but an accompaniment which he
had often practised by himself.

When the song was at an end, Father Silvanus looked at

Vinzi with real affection. Placing his hand on the boy's
shoulder and gazing straight into his eyes, he said, "My boy,
I want to know something; tell me the truth about it. Had
you heard the tune you have just been playing, or a similar
one, perhaps, with other words?"
 "No; the melody belongs entirely to this one. I did not
find it until after I got your words from grandfather,"
answered Vinzi innocently, looking up into his questioner's
face with his large, honest eyes.

"Will you sing all the verses again for me? And I want
your accompaniment too."

Highly pleased, the three boys repeated it.

"Good!" exclaimed Father Silvanus. "Now you shall hear

how my harmonium plays it. I wonder if you will like it."

He went up to the tall organ in the corner, opened it and

started to play. Vinzi listened with bated breath. What
wonderfully touching notes they were!

Was it possible? It sounded so familiar! Yes, that was

his own melody, and the accompaniment of the shawm with
it. But how deep and how full! Even after the notes had died
away, Vinzi stood in silent ecstasy.
 Father Silvanus looked at him with a smile and asked
pleasantly, "Should it sound like that, my boy? Was it
correctly played?"

"Oh, it was much more beautiful than ours!" exclaimed

Vinzi, still overpowered.

"But it was your song, my lad; I added but little to it,"

said the priest in kindest accents. "Come up closer; did you
never hear this kind of instrument?"

"No," answered Vinzi as he stepped up and examined

the harmonium closely, "but I have heard a piano."

The priest questioned him further, so Vinzi told about

the few music lessons he had enjoyed with Alida.

The priest smiled sympathetically and, stroking the

boy's curly black hair, he asked, "My lad, would it give you
pleasure to learn to play my instrument?"

In his intense happiness Vinzi could not be sure he had

heard aright, so just looked mutely up at the priest with
flashing eyes.

"You mean to say yes?"

"A thousand times yes!" Vinzi exclaimed.

"Good! Ask your Cousin Lorenz what he has to say

about it and bring me the answer tomorrow morning. If he
has no objection, we can play a little every morning."

Shaking hands with each boy and saying a kind word to

him, Father Silvanus opened the door. Once outside, the trio
went merrily down the mountain, but Vinzi moved along as
though in a dream and left the lively conversation to Jos
and Vereli. He could hear nothing but the kind words of
Father Silvanus: "Would it give you pleasure to learn to play
my instrument?" Give pleasure? It would be happiness
beyond his conception.

Vereli had said good-bye and turned off to the Tower

without Vinzi noticing it, and the two boys were soon home.
At the supper table Jos recounted everything that had
happened and told how kind Father Silvanus had been and
his plan for Vinzi, if his father consented.

"Of course," said the latter. "I am very pleased if Vinzi

can learn something beautiful."

So early the next morning Vinzi went up to Father

Silvanus and with a radiant face informed him of his
cousin's verdict.

"Then we will start at once," said the priest and led the
way to the great room and organ.

This lesson was quite different from those Alida had

given, and the teacher had as little idea of the flight of time
as the pupil. One hour, then a second was gone when the
ringing of a bell reminded the priest of the time. He quickly
closed his instrument, shook Vinzi's hand and said, "We will
continue tomorrow. Come as early as you did today."

Vinzi departed so full of his good fortune that he had to

run to the grandfather at once to tell him of all the
unexpected and unbelievable things which had happened.

Each day now grew more lovely for Vinzi. The further
Father Silvanus took him in his art, the greater his desire to
proceed. When the priest had to leave Vinzi, he permitted
his pupil to remain at the organ to practise, and there he
would sit for hours. He was never disturbed by any sound in
the silent house and time passed unnoticed.

When the sun's rays gleamed at a certain angle above

the organ, he knew evening was near, and then he closed
the instrument and slipped quietly through the passage and
out to the road. This left him just sufficient time for a visit
to grandfather, and then a quick run down to his cousins
and their comrades, where his coming always created
jubilation. Ear splitting noises always followed his arrival,
for every owner of a pipe wanted Vinzi to hear what he had
learned to play. Vinzi could not help wondering how the
number of pipes had increased so during the time he had
not been coming to the pasture. Had the boys discovered
how to make them, or where did they get them?

His bargain with Russli was not forgotten. The little

fellow was at his side every morning as they started out and
every evening as they returned, he claimed his new pipe.

"Russli, you have pipes enough now," remarked Vinzi

one day as he wandered along behind the cows with his
little comrade on the homeward way. "By this time you
should have learned not to worry the cows without always
expecting a pipe as a reward."

"And so I have," assented Russli, "and, besides, I have

so much to do."

Vinzi was surprised at this statement for he had been so

mischievous only because he had much idle time on his
hands. So he inquired, "What have you to do?"

"I will show you, but no one else must know," answered
Russli mysteriously, and he led Vinzi off the road over to the
old larches.
 "Tell me one other thing," Vinzi began again. "Have you
piled the pipes in a heap, or have you given them away to
the herd boys who have none? So many of them have good
pipes now, not like those they would carve for themselves."

"I have given away no pipes," replied Russli in a tone of

resentment, for he was hurt that Vinzi should question his
good sense. "You can see for yourself."

As he spoke the words Russli bent over and lifted up

several pieces of moss-covered earth which had been so
cleverly packed together the ground had looked untouched.
Laying them carefully to one side, he scraped away the
loose earth beneath and disclosed a large hole. He turned
back a strong paper which had been folded as a cover,
allowing Vinzi to look inside, and there he saw a collection
of all kinds of objects: a pile of nuts, some prunes, boxes of
matches, colored marbles, old knives and tobacco boxes, a
little pump, a leather purse, and a brass watch chain.

"What is this, Russli? To whom do these things belong?"

asked Vinzi in astonishment.

"To me. I exchanged each piece with the boys for a

pipe. Now do you see?" And Russli looked quite proudly at
his stock-in-trade.

"But what are you going to do with all this?" asked the
bewildered Vinzi.

"Keep it until I exchange it for something better. You

know the pipes are only wood," said Russli confidentially.

Vinzi laughed and said, "You must become a merchant,

Russli, for you seem to understand all about trade. But now
you won't have anything more to do, because our bargain is
ended."
 "Oh, yes, I'll have much to do every day," said Russli
importantly. "Every morning I have to open the hole and
clear away the earth to count over my things to see that
nothing has been stolen in the night. Then it all has to be
packed again and covered over and the moss firmly set so
no one will notice the place. In the afternoon I have to sit
close by and watch so no one discovers it and starts
digging."

Vinzi did not have any trading instinct and so the

enthusiasm that urged Russli to such constant efforts to
guard his treasures was beyond his understanding.
However, he was well satisfied that these new activities took
up the little chap's time. At least he left the cows in peace
and did it without the prospect of new pipes.

The month of August passed and the first autumn mists

descended upon the mountains. Several times messages
had come up from Leuk that it would soon be time for Vinzi
to return home; they had imposed long enough on the
kindness of their relatives. Would their cousin take the first
opportunity of sending the boy home with some one? Each
time word was sent back to Leuk that the summer was not
over, that no one wanted to let Vinzi go, that he was well
and happy. Wouldn't his parents permit him to stay a little
longer on the mountain?

One day toward evening Father Lorenz entered the

house and found his wife preparing supper in her usual easy
way. He seated himself in a chair for he had no special work
to do until the boys returned with the cattle. For a while he
sat deep in thought, then asked, "Have you noticed,
Josepha, how Vinzi has changed?"

"How so?" she inquired.

 "With one bound, he seems to have grown a whole year
older, perhaps two," explained Lorenz. "And this has
happened since he has been spending most of his time with
Father Silvanus. I notice it in everything he does: the way
he plays, sings, and talks. It is as though he had stepped
from shadow into sunshine."

"I don't quite understand what you mean," replied his

wife, "but I have always said Vinzi looks as fresh and trim
as a young apple tree. And now I will say this: If Vinzi were
a beggar-boy, I'd adopt him and love him as much as my
other three. I can say that truthfully."

"Yes, you can say that," responded her husband with a

smile. "But, you know, if the lad were a vagabond and had
no mother, he would not be the boy he is. He comes from
parents who look after their children and has lived in an
orderly household. That's why he is the boy he is."

Heavy steps approached the door at this moment, but it

was not the tramping of the boys, which was always
accompanied with loud yodels, so Lorenz went to open the
door and asked, "Who is there?"

A large, powerful man whom he at once recognized as a

dealer in fruit at Leuk held out his hand and said, "I haven't
seen you for a long time, Lesa. How are things going with
you? I come on an errand for your cousin in Leuk."

Lorenz was disturbed at these words, for he felt sure his

old friend had come on Vinzi's account. He often drove over
the mountain and yet scarcely ever turned out of his way to
call on him. However, he invited him to step in and make
himself comfortable while they talked.

The fruit dealer explained that this was impossible as he

had left his cart standing on the road, and his horses were
none the tamest. He must deliver his message as quickly as
he could: Vinzenz Lesa had wanted to write a letter, but had
not had the time after he had heard that a wagon was going
over the mountain. He had had barely time to tell him he
wished he would bring his son down with him, for it was
time he returned. The fruit dealer added that he would
return in two days, when his business would be done, and
would then take the boy along with him.

Lorenz could say nothing, he was so dumbfounded at

the thought that Vinzi must go.

"Well, Lesa, good-bye until Thursday. I may be here as

early as eight o'clock in the morning," and the man looked
questioningly at his silent host. "You understand me, don't
you?"

"Yes, yes, only too well!" answered Lorenz. "The boy

shall be ready; you will not have to wait for him, you may
depend upon that."

He accompanied the man out to where his great wagon

stood, loaded with sacks and drawn by four strong horses.
Just as it drove off with a loud tinkling of bells, the boys
came driving their herd, singing and shouting at the cattle.
Should he tell those merry boys the distressing news? It
would put an end to their happiness, he knew that. He had
a soft heart, and could not bring himself to do it, so he
greeted the boys cheerfully and things went along just as
usual.

After supper came the time for singing, for this had
grown to be a custom in the house. They sang as happily as
birds in spring, all but the father, for tonight there was a
heavy load on his heart. He kept thinking, "I must tell them
tonight. The time is too short to wait any longer."
 At last came the moment for the mother to say, as she
did every evening, "Now we must stop; it has struck nine."

Then he broke the news hurriedly in a few unmistakable

words, and they all received it silently, with surprise and
sorrow. The mother was the first to find her tongue.

"Of course you told him it was out of the question to let
Vinzi go day after tomorrow?" she said with an emotion
altogether unusual with her. "I can't understand what he
means, to come and take the boy away, as though his
leaving didn't amount to anything, the way one might tear a
switch out of a hedge. Surely, you told him so?"

"The man did not come to do us any harm," said her

husband. "You must not forget that Vinzi's parents have the
right to summon him home, and one cannot deny that this
was a good opportunity."

By this time the boys had recovered sufficiently to

express their feelings, and they raised such an outcry that
their father declared the best thing for them was to go to
bed; things would look brighter after a night's rest.

Vinzi had remained silent all this while, and now as he

sat on his door sill and gazed up at the stars, he was
swayed by conflicting emotions. He was happy at the
thought that he would soon see his mother and Stefeli, and
his father too. Perhaps the latter would be kindly disposed
toward him again, as in the old days Vinzi remembered so
well. Then his father would let him ride on his knees, and
would say to him—

"Now, Vinzi, lively! As soon as you can ride well, you

shall have a horse."
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