‫ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪ / 15‬ﺍﻟﻌـــﺪﺩ‪ ،(2022) 01 :‬ﺹ ‪52 -32‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠـﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬

‫‪The effect of psyco-mental disorders on the eligibility of performance through the‬‬

‫‪Algerian judiciary in the light of psychiatry‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ *‪ ، 1‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭ‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،-‬ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ )ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ( ‪[email protected] ،‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭ‪-‬ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،-‬ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ)ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ( ‪[email protected]،‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪2022/04/27 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‪2022/03/03 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ‪2021/08/16 :‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻛﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻤﻪ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻔﻘﺪﻩ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﻞ ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﻩ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺫﻫﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻔﻘﺪ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Abstract:‬‬
‫‪the current study address the reality of these disorders as a theoretical aspect and the‬‬
‫‪extent to which these disorders affect the eligibility of performance as well as the‬‬
‫‪position of the law and the judiciary of Algeria from this issue as a practical aspect‬‬
‫‪, Psychological and mental disorders have become a modern medical term, its norms‬‬
‫‪and classifications has regulated by contemporary psychiatry, these disorders may‬‬

‫* ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ‪ :‬ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫‪prevent a person from becoming aware which leads to the loss of eligibility of his‬‬
‫‪performance, and we refer to the jurisprudence terms to talk about the symptoms of‬‬
‫‪eligibility such as dementia and craziness, to see the criterion in judging any disorder,‬‬
‫‪regardless of its names, whether mad or psychotic and neurotic, as a loss of eligibility, it‬‬
‫‪is the disappearance of perception, through this criterion can drop the legal provisions of‬‬
‫‪madness on some Psycho-mental disorders to take their judgments.‬‬
‫‪Keywords:Psychological and mental disorders, madness, dementia, eligibility‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻈﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻏﺎﺑﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﳊﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻄﺮﺓ ﻓﻄﺮ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻜﺒﻠﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺒﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺑﲔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻞ ﺃﱂ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﳍﻢ ﺳﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺑﺎ ﳍﻢ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺃﻓﺔ ‪‬ﻢ ‪،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺝ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻮﻥ ﻷﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺍﳍﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻫﻮ"ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ" ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ " ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﺴﻠﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺯ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ‬
‫ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ؛ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﱪﺯ ﰲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲎ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻓﺎﻗﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﲟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﻐﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪ ﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺤﺜﲔ ‪:‬ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻧﻌﺎﰿ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﳛﻴﻂ‬
‫ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺰﻓﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎ ﳍﺎ‪ ،1‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺨﺼﺼﻨﺎﻩ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﳘﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻟﻐﻮﻱ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ؛ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻭﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﳍﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺏ ﺃﻱ ﲢﺮﻙ ﻭﻣﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻞ‪،3‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫‪،2005 ،26‬ﺹ‪.205‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.17‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﳎﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺯ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪،2008-1429 ،‬ﺹ‪.969‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ‬
‫ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳌﺎ ﲣﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻼﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2021‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ":‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺧﻠﻼ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ "‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻭﺃﴰﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋــﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ‪:‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﳕﻮﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
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‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ*‪:‬ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ‪،‬ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻴﻮﻻﺕ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ‪.1‬‬

‫‪1‬ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪،‬ﻁ‪ ،4‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪ .2013،‬ﳎﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺯ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.877‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺃﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،2021 ،ICD-11‬ﺹ‪.68‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.53‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.215‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻏﺎﱎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،1914 ،‬ﺹ ‪.133‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻭﻗﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳌﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺄﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﲟﺮﺽ ﺟﺴﺪﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﺍ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬
‫ﳛﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺻﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻦ ‪،18‬‬
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‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﰊ " ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ " ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،3‬ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﱵ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،4‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﱐ " ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ " ﻓﻴﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﰊ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺻﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬
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‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪،‬ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﹶﻼﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﳍﹸﺬﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻴﺔ" ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪‬ﺞ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫*ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺏ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ‪،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺏ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﱄ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺧﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻴﺰﻉ‪،‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،1432/1431،‬ﺹ‪.30‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﲔ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،1‬ﻭﺭﺷﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪،1994 ،‬ﺹ‪ .7‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.89‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﻔﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﺎﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،2015 -1437‬ﺹ‪.24‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ)ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ(‪،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪،28‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪ ،14‬ﺹ‪.192‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺷﺤﺎﺗﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ‪ -‬ﲨﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺘﺰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪،‬ﺹ‪.402‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻛﻤﺪﻣﲏ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺑﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﲜﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﺮﻓﲔ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﲔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ‪ ،1‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﲔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﲔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ ‪،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻫﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﺎﻗﺪﺍ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ "‬
‫ﻭﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ ":‬ﻣﺮﺽ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﱀ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﻮﺋﻪ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻃﺎﺭﺉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﻐﺮﻩ ﰒ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﻬﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ﻋﺎﻗﻼ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻓﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻓﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﻮﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻋﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻌﺎﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
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‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .231‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.278‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﻔﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.34‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩ ﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻁ‪، ،‬ﺩﺕ‪،‬ﺹ‪.151‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،2‬ﻁ ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪،2011 ،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪.528‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،2009 -1430 ،‬ﺹ ‪.437‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻱ ‪،‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،1‬ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪،1953 ،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ .93‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ . .528‬ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ‪،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‪،‬ﻁ‪ ،2‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،1991،‬ﺹ ‪ .44‬ﳊﺴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺁﲦﻠﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻰ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،1‬ﻁ‪ ،2‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2006 ،‬ﺹ‪.603‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﻓﻴﺨﺘﺺ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺪﻩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻪ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺑـ "ﺍﻟﺒ‪‬ﺎﺭ‪‬ﺍﻧ‪‬ﻮﻳﺎ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻭﺭ‪‬ﺍﻧﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻭﻭﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﲑﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳐﺘﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻈﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺒﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﲑﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻜﺮﻫﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﻐﻀﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻭ‪‬ﻫﻢ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻭﺭ‪،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﺟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺛﺮﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﻋﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺬﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ"ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﰲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ"‪،2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺑﻘﻮﳍﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ" ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﳐﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ " ‪3‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﳐﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﺀ ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﱭ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﰲ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﰲ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﳝﺜﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ "‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺘﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﲤﺖ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﺧﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻴﺰﻉ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،1432/1431،‬ﺹ‪ .68‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .438‬ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .106‬ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .44‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺁﲦﻠﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.603‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺮﻡ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .279‬ﺣﻴﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪،7‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.157‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ‪،‬ﺹ‪530‬‬
‫‪4‬ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪،‬ﺝ‪،10‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪-‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،2013/1434،‬ﺹ‪ ،130‬ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،103‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‬
‫‪.531‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2016 ،‬ﺹ‪.335‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ‪ IK‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻲ ‪:AB‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻜﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ "ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ"‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺫﻛﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﻗﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺑﻎ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺫﻛﺎﺀﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ‪100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﻳﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﻮﻻ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ "ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ" ﻳﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺫﻛﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ‪ %100‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺫﻛﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﻢ ‪،‬ﻛﺎﳊﻤﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻫﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﲔ‪1 ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ = ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ × ‪ / 100‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‪.‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻋﻤﺮﺓ ‪ 8‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝ ‪ 8‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺫﻛﺎﺋﻪ=)‪100 = 8 / (100× 8‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪_2‬ﻃﻔﻞ ﻋﻤﺮﺓ ‪ 8‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺫﻛﺎﺋﻪ= )‪ %125 = 8 / (100×10‬ﻓﻬﻮ‬
‫ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﻛﺎﺀﻫﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜـــﺮ ﻣﻦ‪%140‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪%140 - %130‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪%130 -%120‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪%120 -%110‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪%110 -%100‬‬

‫ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪%100 -%90‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪% 90 -%70‬‬

‫‪1‬ﺍﺳﺤﻖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .47‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.251‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﲣﻠﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪% 70 -%50‬‬

‫ﲣﻠﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪%50 -%25‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﲣﻠﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪%25‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻲ‪:‬ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪، ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪،‬ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﲜﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ )ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻲ( ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ‪،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻐﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ " ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﻥ"‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺰﻣﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 90‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻒ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺦ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﻥ‪ 4‬ﻭﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺧﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻣﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪،‬ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ "ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ"‪،2021/06/27،‬‬

‫‪http://kenanaonline.com/users/Education-Learning/posts/151741،10:30‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺷﺤﺎﺗﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ –ﲨﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺘﺰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺴﺒﻘﺬﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪،.419‬ﻧﻀﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ‪،‬ﻡ‪،4‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ،2‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪،2018‬ﺹ‪،83‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻧﻀﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ ‪ .84‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ ‪ ،256‬ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪،‬ﺏ ﻁ ﺏ ﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.210،211،212‬‬
‫‪4‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.208‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺴﺒﻘﺬﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.338‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪،1‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﺬﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻧﻮﻳﺎ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﹸﺼﺎﻡ "ﺍﻟﺸ‪‬ﻴﺰ‪‬ﻭﻓﺮﻳﻨﻴ‪‬ﺎ" ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﳜﻠﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺘﻔﻜﲑ‬
‫ﻃﻔﻮﱄ‪،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،3‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻫﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﹸﺬﺍﺀ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻧﻮﻳﺎ(‪:‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ "ﺑﺎﺭ" ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ"ﻧﻮﻳﺎ" ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪5 ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﻮﻝ ﻭﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﺬﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪ :‬ﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺄﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﹶﻮ‪‬ﺱ ‪:‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﻻ ﺗﺒﺸﺮ ﲞﲑ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﻀﺤﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻀﺤﻚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺗﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳍﻠﻮﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﺱ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﰊ‪:‬ﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﱄ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺱ ﻭﻧﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﹸﻮﺍﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﺴﺘﲑﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺴﺒﻘﺬﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.208‬‬

‫‪2‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺻﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺫ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺻﻔﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪،2013 ،‬ﺹ‪.119‬‬
‫‪3‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺴﺒﻘﺬﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‬
‫‪4‬ﺍﻥ ﻡ ﻛﺮﻳﻨﻎ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳊﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪، 2017 ،‬‬
‫ﺹ‪ 495‬ﻭ‪.505‬‬
‫‪5‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،1982 ،‬ﺹ‪ .593‬ﻭﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺝ‪،1‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،2000 ،‬ﺹ ‪.395‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.273‬‬
‫‪7‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.189‬‬
‫‪ 8‬ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.186‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.276‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻋ‪‬ﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺮ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﺰﻱ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺧﻮﻑ ﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋ‪‬ﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﹸﻮ‪‬ﺍﻑ ‪:‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻫﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺗﺜﲑ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﰲ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ‪،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺋﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺜﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺭﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﺬﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﲑ ﰲ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻪ ﻛﺎﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﺨﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﺹ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺴﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻴﺎﺝ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻜﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪،4‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﻪ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،6‬ﻭﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﺘ‪‬ﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﺘ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺪﻣ‪‬ﻬﺎ ‪ ،7‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪،‬‬

‫‪1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻕ ‪،‬ﺟﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳍﻼﻝ ‪،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪،2007-1428،‬ﺹ‪، 387‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.348‬‬
‫‪2‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪ ،389‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.350‬‬
‫‪3‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ ‪ ،391‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.350‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.190‬‬
‫‪5‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.394‬‬
‫‪6‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.509‬‬
‫‪ 7‬ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.94‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻔﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﺆﻫﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻠﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﻻ ﻣﱪﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﺳﻄﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺫﺍﻙ ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ؛ ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ "ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻥ "‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﲔ ﻭﻋﺘﺎﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﻣﲔ‪،‬‬
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‫ﻭﳝﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 2.5‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪،‬ﺹ ‪ 279‬ـ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔـ‬
‫‪2020/12/15 09:20 https://qawaneen.blogspot.com/2018/03/blog-post_66.html‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،2002/1423 ،‬ﺹ‪.362‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻄﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺑﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺶ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺮﻑ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺧﻠﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﲑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﻟﻸﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ‪ 25‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻩ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻻﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ " ﺍﻟﺒ‪‬ﻠﹶﻪ "ﲣﻠﻔﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺑﲔ ‪25‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﲣﻠﻒ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،3‬ﺃﻣﺎ "ﺍﳊﹸﻤﻖ"ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪50‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﳒﺰﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﰲ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﻳﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻎ ‪ 75‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻭﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪،5‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ‬
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‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪%75‬ﺇﱃ ‪%80‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪﻳﲔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﺘﺒﲔ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻖ ‪،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪ ‪،‬ﻭﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،11‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪،2011 ،8‬ﺹ‪.30‬‬
‫‪2‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.259‬‬
‫‪3‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.262‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﻓﻄﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ –ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﺎ‪ ،-‬ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ‪،13‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪،2،2021‬ﺹ‪.66‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ –ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺑﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،2011/1432 ،‬ﺹ‪.27‬‬
‫‪6‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.125‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪،‬ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ‪ICD‬ﻭﻗﺪﰎ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1946‬ﻭﲤﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﲪﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪ ICD-11‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2021‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻄﺒﻖ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.2022‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻃﺒﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1952‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
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‫‪ DSM-1‬ﰒ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪ DSM-5‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.2014‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﺣﲔ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻼ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺫﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳜﻔﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳑﻦ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻝ ‪ ":‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻭﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺁﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ " ﺍﻟﺬﱡﻫﺎﻥ "‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
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‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺒﲔ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻔﻆ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺍ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺭﺍﻙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲡﻨﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ "ﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ" ﺍﻭ " ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ " ﺃﻭ "ﻋﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ"ﺃﻭ " ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ " ﺃﻭ " ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﲏ" ﺃﻭ" ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ "‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻋﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﱪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻫﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﳘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻤﱴ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﲤﻴﻴﺰﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
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‫ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ ﻣﺆﻫﻼ ﻋﺎﻗﻼ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻏﺎﱎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .20‬ﺃﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.53‬‬
‫‪2‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺔ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪30‬‬
‫‪3‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.282‬‬
‫‪4‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.437‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.31‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪":‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺻﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﻙ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﱪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻻ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﻌﻔﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﲰﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻨﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ" ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ‬
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‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﻭﺍ ﺭﺍﺟﺤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ‪،‬ﺇﺫ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻭﺳﻄﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﻹﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺧﻠﻄﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﺮ‪‬ﺎ ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺾ ﻹﳊﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﳏﻔﺰﺍ ﳌﺴﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﺎﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﲔ ﻵﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﱪﺓ ﰲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺗﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﲣﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ‪،‬ﻭﲢﻮﻝ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑـ)ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﹸﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺑﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑـ)ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﳍﺬﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻧﻮﻳﺎ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑـ)ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑـ )ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ (‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻀﻮﻱ ﲢﺘﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.439-437‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻮﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺴﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻨﻘﺼﺔ ﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﱂ ﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻈﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻧﺼﻮﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﻤﻮﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻞ ﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﲟﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،2‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 42‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪﳘﺎ ﺳﺒﺒﲔ ﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﻧﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻫﻼ ﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﻥ "‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﻷ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ": 81‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﻥ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺘﻪ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﻔﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻭﱄ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺻﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ " ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﳍﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ":101‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﳎﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻮﻩ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﻪ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﺃﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﺷﺪﻩ ﳛﺠﺮ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 124‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺗﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ‪،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﳚﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻳﺴﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻋﺘﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﲤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺈﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﺀ ؛ ﻓﻴﺼﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻼﻥ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳊــــــﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﲤﺘﻌﻪ ﺑـــــــــﺎﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ‪،‬ﻓﻴﻔﺴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‬

‫‪1‬ﺧﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻴﺰﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.68‬‬

‫‪2‬ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،104‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.532‬‬
‫‪4‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ‪،‬ﻁ‪ ،6‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﺮﻃﺒﺔ‪ ،1976 ،‬ﺹ ‪.104‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﳊﻖ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﲝﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ‪.1‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺘﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﰲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻻﻳﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 42‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﻈﲑﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،345‬ﻭﱂ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻡ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺺ ﳍﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺴﻨﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،4‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﱂ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ‪،‬‬
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‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻓﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺟﻨﻮ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺘﻬﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﺍﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﲔ ﻓﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺄﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ " ﺍﳋﺒﲑ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫" ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﺺ ﻳﻜﻠﻒ ﲟﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﺑﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﻭﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
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‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 103‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ ،531‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻴﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﺡ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺴﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬ﺝ‪،2‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،2003/1423 ،‬ﻡ‪ ،943‬ﺹ ‪.654‬‬
‫‪2‬ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺝ ‪ ،29‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .275‬ﺳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺎﺯﺍﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﳌﱳ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‪،‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،2‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪1416،‬ﻫـ ‪1996 -‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺹ‪.352‬‬
‫‪3‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪،‬ﺹ‪.532‬‬
‫‪4‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪،‬ﺹ ‪.532‬‬
‫‪5‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.530‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺑﻮﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺷﻨﺘﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫‪،‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪،2015‬ﺹ‪.26‬‬
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 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺃﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﳏﺘﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻘﺎﺿﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻟﻴﺆﺳﺲ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺿﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫‪:‬ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺏ‬
‫"ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ" ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺼﺎﺏ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‪، ،‬ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻣﺴﻘﻄﺎ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺴﻤﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻀﲑ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﱪﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﳍﺎ ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺃﴰﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻻﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﳝﺜﻼﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺎﺭﻋﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻳﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ‪:‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ‪ ، ICD-11‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻼﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ، DSM-5‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺒﻴﺲ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻨﺄﻯ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻼﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻫﻠﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫"ﻋﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ" ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺟﺪﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻁ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻮﻩ ﻛﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺇﳊﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﲑ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻩ ﻛﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻨﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﲟﺎﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺂﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻛﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ ﻷﻥ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻓﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 103‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺿﲔ ﻭﻭﻗﻮﻓﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ –ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺑﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.2011/1432 ،‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ‪،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‪،‬ﻁ‪ ،2‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.1991،‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﺍﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ "ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ"‪ ،2021/06/27،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪http://kenanaonline.com/users/Education-Learning/posts/151741،10:30‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺃﻥ ﻡ ﻛﺮﻳﻨﻎ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳊﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪.2017‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪.2021 ،ICD-11‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺝ ‪ ،29‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺑﻮﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺷﻨﺘﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪،‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪.2015‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﻔﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﺎﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪،‬‬
‫‪.2015 -1437‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻱ ‪،‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،1‬ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪.1953‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﺧﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻴﺰﻉ‪،‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪.1432/1431،‬‬
‫‪ .11‬ﺳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺎﺯﺍﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﳌﱳ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‪،‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،2‬ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪1416،‬ﻫـ ‪1996 -‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ‪،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،11‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.2011 ،8‬‬
‫‪.13‬ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪.15‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.2009 -1430 ،‬‬
‫‪.16‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،6‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﺮﻃﺒﺔ‪.1976 ،‬‬
‫‪.17‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.18‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .19‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻴﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﺡ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺴﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬ﺝ‪،2‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،2003/1423‬ﻡ‪.943‬‬
‫‪.20‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺻﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺫ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺻﻔﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.2013 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ .21‬ﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬
‫‪09:20‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔـ‪https://qawaneen.blogspot.com/2018/03/blog-post_66.html‬‬
‫‪2020/12/15‬‬
‫‪ .22‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .23‬ﻓﻄﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ –ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﺪ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﺎ‪ ،-‬ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ‪،13‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪.2،2021‬‬
‫‪ .24‬ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﲔ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،1‬ﻭﺭﺷﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.1994 ،‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
 ‫ﳋﻀﺮ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﲑﻱ‬

‫‪ .25‬ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .26‬ﳊﺴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺁﲦﻠﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻰ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،1‬ﻁ‪ ،2‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.2006 ،‬‬
‫‪ .27‬ﳎﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺯ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.2008-1429 ،‬‬
‫‪ .28‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.2000 ،‬‬
‫‪ .29‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻏﺎﱎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.1914 ،‬‬
‫‪ .30‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،2‬ﻁ ‪ ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪.2011‬‬
‫‪ .31‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺷﺤﺎﺗﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ‪ -‬ﲨﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺘﺰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .32‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.2002/1423 ،‬‬
‫‪ .33‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ)ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ(‪،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪،28‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪.14‬‬
‫‪ .34‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻕ‪،‬ﺟﺪﺓﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳍﻼﻝ‪،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪.2007-1428،‬‬
‫‪ .35‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ‪،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.2016 ،‬‬
‫‪ .36‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪.1982 ،‬‬
‫‪ .37‬ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪،‬ﻁ‪ ،4‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪.2013،‬‬
‫‪ .38‬ﻧﻀﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ‪،‬ﻡ‪،4‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ،2‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‬
‫‪.2018‬‬
‫‪ .39‬ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪.2005 ،26‬‬
‫‪ .40‬ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪،‬ﺝ‪،10‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪-‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.2013/1434،‬‬

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