PHYSICAL REVIEW B 111, 104410 (2025)

Anomalous Hall effect in the polar magnet Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 : A candidate for hosting skyrmions

Arnab Bhattacharya,1,* Afsar Ahmed,1 Apurba Dutta ,2 Ajay Kumar ,3 Prashant Singh ,3 Anis Biswas ,3,†
Yaroslav Mudryk ,3 and I. Das1
1
Condensed Matter Physics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute,
1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
2
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
3
Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA

(Received 30 October 2024; revised 9 January 2025; accepted 14 February 2025; published 6 March 2025)

While recent theoretical studies have positioned noncollinear polar magnets with Cnv symmetry as compelling
candidates for realizing topological magnetic phases and substantial intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity, ex-
perimental realizations of the same in strongly correlated systems remain rare. Here, we present a large intrinsic
anomalous Hall effect and extended topological magnetic ordering in Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 with hexagonal C6v symmetry.
Observation of topological Hall response, corroborated by metamagnetic anomalies in isothermal magnetization,
peak/hump features in field-evolution of ac susceptibility and longitudinal resistivity suggest the signature of
topological magnetic phases. The anomalous Hall effect is quantitatively accounted for by the intrinsic Berry
curvature-mediated mechanism. Our results underscore polar magnets as a promising platform to investigate a
plethora of emergent electrodynamic responses rooted in the interplay between magnetism and topology.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.111.104410

I. INTRODUCTION In light of theoretical predictions by Bogdanov et al., [25]

and Chang et al. [26], polar magnets with Cnv crystal symme-
Integrating topology into magnetism has driven a fervent
try have emerged as a compelling platform for realizing this
quest for novel quantum materials with exotic electronic and
synergy. Contrasting B20 compounds, Cnv symmetric materi-
magnetic phases, aimed at unveiling their electrodynamic
als with quenched orbital moment have a distinct advantage:
responses [1–4]. In particular, topological magnets with non-
the asymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction restricts
trivial electronic band crossings proximate to Fermi level
the magnetic modulation vector perpendicular to the polar
[5–7], exhibit remarkable properties such as large magne-
axis, thereby suppressing the formation of competing conical
toresistance, enhanced intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity
phase [27]. This geometric confinement, combined with mod-
(AHC) and anomalous Hall angle [7–14], thus positioning
erate easy-plane anisotropy, facilitates stabilizing an extended
these materials as forerunners to explore the intertwining of
Néel-type skyrmion phase, under an appropriate magnetic
topology and strong correlations [15]. In the real-space sce-
field along the polar axis [28–30]. Nevertheless, exploring
nario, quantized topological defects in magnetic spin-lattice,
skyrmion A-phase in bulk polar magnets has predominantly
such as skyrmions [16] and antiskyrmions [17], characterized
been confined to insulating lacunar spinels [29,30], limit-
by finite scaler spin chirality χi jk = Si · (S j × Sk ), where Sn
ing the investigation of associated electrodynamic responses
are the neighboring spins, induce an additional measurable
[31]. This constraint underscores the need to broaden the
component to the transverse resistivity (ρxy ), ρxy T
, referred to
material basis to include correlated bulk polar magnets with
as the topological Hall effect (THE) [18–21]. This anomaly
A-phase.
occurs as conduction electrons pick up a quantum mechanical
Here we address this pursuits by achieving extended A-
Berry phase on coupling with the topological spin structure
phase down to lowest measured temperature along with
generated emergent gauge field, Beff , in correlated systems
substantial intrinsic AHC in Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 , a member of
[16]. However, the account of AHC, rooted in nontrivial
R3 T8 Sn4 family (R and T being rare-earth and 3d elements,
electronic topology, has primarily centered on centrosymmet-
respectively) of C6v point group, satisfying the prerequisites
ric collinear ferromagnets [6,7], limiting the exploration of
to host nontrivial magnetic ordering [25], through detailed
coexisting topologically nontrivial incommensurate magnetic
experimental study. Observed topological Hall response, cor-
ordering and electronic bands. At this juncture, concurrently
roborated by distinct metamagnetic step-like anomalies in
realizing these magnetic and electronic phenomena is crucial
isothermal magnetization and peak/hump features in the field
for advancing the understanding of hitherto unexplored inter-
evolution of ac-susceptibility provides the signature of mag-
play, thereby broadening the array of associated topological
netic topological phases. Specific heat measurements confirm
functionalities [9,22–24].
a long-range spin-modulated ground state. Furthermore, the
Berry curvature mediated large intrinsic AHC underscores
the R3 T8 Sn4 family of metallic polar magnets as a unique
*
Contact author: [email protected] backdrop for simultaneously realizing electronic and mag-
†
Contact author: [email protected] netic topological functionalities.

2469-9950/2025/111(10)/104410(7) 104410-1 ©2025 American Physical Society

ARNAB BHATTACHARYA et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 111, 104410 (2025)

effective paramagnetic moment (μeff ) of 8.11µB /Gd+3 ions,

slightly larger than theoretical value of 7.94µB for free Gd+3
ions [47] and a positive Weiss temperature CW ≈ 18 K,
reflecting the dominant ferromagnetic (FM) correlations. This
small difference of μeff from theoretical value might arise
from the involvement of itinerant conduction electrons. A
notable decrease in magnetization arises at TK ∼ 7 K for
small Happ of 10 mT, persisting up to 0.1 T, with TK shift-
ing to lower temperatures as Happ increases [inset Fig. 1(b)].
However, the overlapped zero-field cooled (ZFC) and field-
cooled (FC) thermomagnetic curves down to 2 K, along
with the absence of an upward peak-shift in the real compo-
nent of ac-susceptibility χ  (T ) across increasing frequencies
(Fig. SF2(b) of [32]), collectively rules out the presence of
a magnetically frustrated state [33]. This suggests the de-
velopment of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) component below
TK . However, for this instance, the small Happ of 0.15 T is
strong enough to melt away this AFM component. Along
with the low-temperature anomaly, adjacent to TC , a dis-
tinct cusp emerges in the intermediate Happ of 0.5 and 1 T,
followed by an increase in magnetization as temperature de-
creases (Fig. 1(b) and Fig. SF2(a) of [32]). This cusp broadens
with increasing Happ , indicating a complex magnetic ordering
rather than purely FM state [48–50].
Figure 1(c) illustrates specific heat Cp as a function of
temperature in the range of 2-300 K. The saturated Cp at room
FIG. 1. (a), (b) Rietveld refinement of room temperature powder temperature ∼373.2 Jmol−1 K−1 is in good alignment with
XRD pattern and crystal structure (top view) of Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 . (c) Mag- the Dulong-Petit limit of Cp = 3nR = 374.13 Jmol−1 K−1 ,
netic susceptibility χ (T ) curves under applied fields of 0.1, 0.5 and where R is the ideal gas constant and n = 15 is the num-
1 T. The magnetization kink is highlighted in the black box and ber of atoms per formula unit. Above 60 K, the Cp can be
the inset shows low-field M(T ) curves. (d) Zero-field heat capacity well-accounted by the band electron component (Cel ) and
Cp . The black line is the nonmagnetic lattice model comprising of phononic Debye model (CDeb ) as, Cmod = Cel + CDeb = γel ·
electronic contribution and Debye function. The inset shows the 4 f
 θ /T 4 ex
T + 9ND R( θTD )3 0 D (exx −1) 2 dx [51,52]. Here, γel , ND and
magnetic contribution to Cp . (e) Temperature variation of ρxx . The
θD are Sommerfield coefficient, number of Debye oscillator,
inset shows the distinct kinks as mentioned in the text.
and Debye temperature, respectively. The model fitting of
Cp (T ), as in Fig. 1(c), estimates θD = 269.3 K and γel =
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56 mJmol−1 K−2 . To discern the 4 f magnetic contribution
(Cm ) to Cp , we subtracted the extrapolated model curve to
Figure 1(a) depicts the Rietveld refinement of room tem- low temperatures, Cm = Cp − Cmod [Inset Fig. 1(c)]. The pro-
perature powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples nounced λ-peak at T ∼ 21 K, slightly below TC , attests to
prepared by conventional arc-melting technique, confirming the long-range nature of the magnetic ordering while a sub-
the single-phase nature of Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 , which crystallizes in sequent anomaly at lower temperatures corroborates with TK .
hexagonal polar structure (space group P63 mc) (Table ST1 of Accounting in the mean-field theory concerning the behavior
[32]). The lattice parameters are in good agreement with the of Cm for localized moment systems [53,54], equal moment
previous report [33]. The crystal structure is a distorted deriva- arrangement of Gd+3 ions with J = 7/2 should yield CmMFT =
tive of the BaLi4 structure (space group P63 /mmc), resulting 5S(S+1)
2J 2 +2J+1
R = 20 Jmol−1 K−1 . Contrary to this prediction, the
in the splitting of atomic positions and broken inversion (I)
symmetry, with the polar axis along c-axis [Fig. 1(a)] [35,36]. observed Cm peak (∼16 Jmol−1 K−1 /Gd+3 ) is much smaller
To assess the magnetic anisotropy for the system which might than CmMFT , indicating a more complex modulated magnetic
play a significant role in magnetic and transport properties, we ordering than conventional equal-moment magnetic ground
performed density functional theory calculations (see Table state [55–59], endorsing the magnetization results.
ST2 of [32]) [37–46]. Our calculations reveal a negligible Figure 1(d) depicts the temperature dependence of longitu-
effect of anisotropy in Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 . dinal resistivity (ρxx ) under 0 and 2.5 T Happ with a residual
To probe the magnetic properties of Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 , we resistivity ratio (= ρ300K /ρ2K ) of 8.8 indicating the high qual-
performed dc thermomagnetic measurements. Figure 1(b) ity of prepared samples. Notably, ρxx (T ) under 0 T exhibits
illustrates the temperature variation of dc magnetic suscep- a distinct peak at TC , marking the onset of long-range order-
tibility (χdc = M/H) under various applied fields (Happ ), ing, followed by a rapid decrease due to the suppression of
revealing a transition from paramagnetic to magnetically- spin-disorder scattering. Above TC , ρxx (T ) shows an upturn,
ordered state at TC = 24 K under Happ = 10 mT [inset of attributable to enhanced spin-fluctuations due to short-range
Fig. 1(b)]. Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 follows a Curie-Weiss behavior with Gd-4 f correlations prior to long-range ordering [3,57–60],

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log
log

FIG. 2. (a) Isothermal magnetization M as a function of ap-

plied magnetic field. (b) Isothermal ρxx (H ) showcasing anomaly
associated with phase transition below TC . (c)–(e) Field dependant FIG. 3. (a) Field dependant isothermal ρxy at various T . For
ac-susceptibility and dM/dH at different temperatures. better visualization, an offset has been created along ρxy axis.
A
(b) log(ρxy ) versus log(ρxx ) with the slope of α ≈ 1.63 (c) T Y J scal-
ing plot for AHC. (d) T variation of the anomalous Hall coefficient
SH . Inset depicts the T dependency of anomalous Hall angle AH .
while it also captures the second transition at TK . However,
the peak at TC melts away with the application of 2.5 T, es-
tablishing an intricate correlation between magnetic ordering extended topological A-phase which subsequently melts to a
and transport properties. field-polarized state under high Happ .
To elucidate the field-induced modifications in magnetic Building on the established correlation between topolog-
ordering, we investigate the isothermal dc-magnetization ical A-phase and ρxy (H ) [16,18,19], we turn to the Hall
M(H ) [in Fig. 2(a)]. The magnetization profile reveals dis- transport data. Figure 3(a) illustrates the field dependence
tinct metamagnetic step-like anomalies before attaining the of ρxy at various T . For magnetic conductors with non-
field-polarized state. Notably, these metamagnetic features trivial magnetic orderings, ρxy is empirically expressed as
weaken as T increases and approaches TC but persist on ρxy = ρxyN
+ ρxyA
+ ρxy
T
, where ρxyN
= R0 H and ρxy A
= Rs M are
either side of TK , implying a robust field-induced stabiliza- normal and anomalous Hall resistivity with coefficients R0
tion of complex magnetic ordering [Fig. 2(c)–2(e)] [3,61,62]. and RS , respectively. The positive slope of ρxy (H ) attests to
Intriguingly, isothermal ρxx (H ) as illustrated in Fig. 2(b), dis- holes as majority charge carriers with a carrier density of
plays a pronounced change of slope at fields corresponding to n0 ∼ 2 × 1022 cm−3 at T = 2 K, inferred from the relation
the metamagnetic transitions, driven by significant alterations n0 = −1/|e|R0 . ρxy A
is obtained by high field extrapolation
of carrier lifetime due to domain wall scattering associated of ρxy (H ), where magnetization attains saturation, to zero
with these magnetic transitions [3,61,62]. To gain further field (Fig. SF3(a) of [32]). Figure SF3(b) of [32] illustrates
insight into these metamagnetic transitions we analyzed the a monotonic temperature variation of ρxy A
. In a general frame-
field-evolution of ac-susceptibility, χ  (H ), which has been work, AHE can stem from reciprocal space originated Berry
extensively employed to characterize various topologically curvature driven intrinsic or asymmetric scattering induced
trivial and nontrivial magnetic phases due to associated extrinsic side-jump (sj)/skew-scattering (sk) mechanisms or a
changes in the energy landscape [63–66]. Figures 2(c)–2(e) combination of both, where depending upon origin, ρxy A
scales
illustrate the χ  (H ) under an applied ac frequency of 333 Hz
differently with ρxx [70]. In Fig. 3(b), the log(ρxy ) vs. log(ρxx )
A
at different temperatures. Pronounced peak/dip anomalies α
curve is fitted using the linear relation ρxy ∝ ρxx which yields
(marked by arrows) are evident at fields corresponding to the
α ≈ 1.63, validating the dominant contribution from intrinsic
metamagnetic transitions in isothermal dc-magnetization and
or s j mechanism in AHE [71,72]. For a better insight into the
ρxx (H ) at 2 K and 14 K but vanish completely at 22 K. Fol-
dominating contribution, we derive the AHC, σxy A
, from total
lowing these anomalies, χ  (H ) exhibit monotonous behavior
as Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 attains a field-polarized state. It is noteworthy, Hall conductivity σxy ≈ ρxy /ρxx , employing method analo-
2

similar features in χ  (H ) have been reported for Gd2 PdSi3 gous to obtaining ρxy A
. The near temperature-invariant nature
[67] and D2d Heusler alloys [68,69], across their skyrmion exhibited by σxy (Fig. SF3(b) of [32]), with a value of
A

and antiskyrmion phase pocket, respectively. The persistence ∼577 S cm−1 at T = 2 K, is suggestive of the intrinsic
of these peak/dip anomalies across different temperatures in origin of AHE [12–14]. To quantify the different contribu-
χ  (H ) underscores the field-driven stabilization of a robust tions, we adopt the Tian-Ye-Jin scaling relation for σxy A
i.e.,

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2
sus (ρxx M )/H plot showcases a good linear relation in the
field-polarized state [Fig. 4(b)], with the slope and intercept
yielding γ and R0 , respectively [74]. Figure 4(b) shows the
field dependency of ρxy T
at various T , obtained by subtract-
ing the calculated (ρxy + ρxy
N A
) from ρxy (Fig. SF3(a) of [32]).
ρxy attains a maximum value of 0.32 µ cm at 14 K (σxy
T T
∼
−1
253 Scm ) and gradually diminishes with increasing temper-
ature. The evolution of ρxy T
, as T approaches TC , attests to the
consistency with the scaler spin-chirality model, suggesting
a significant contribution of the molecular field from 4 f -
moment on conduction electrons through f -d coupling [77].
Figure 4(c) shows that the peak positions in the derivative
of isothermal magnetization M(H ), longitudinal resistiv-
ity ρxx (H ) and temperature-dependant magnetization M(T )
distinctly mark the boundaries of modulated-spin phase, A-
phase, V -phase, and field-polarized state (see Fig. SF4 of
[32]). Overlaying ρxy T
contour plot with the H-T phase di-
agram shows that the enhanced ρxy T
exclusively appears in
the A- and V -phases, suggesting H-driven evolution of the
spin-modulated ground state to topological spin textures. Ac-
FIG. 4. (a) Universal plot of σxyA with σxx , illustrating the in-
trinsic regime for Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 along with other magnetic conductors
counting in the theoretical model proposed by Rowland et al.
(b) (ρxy /H ) versus (ρxx
2
M )/H plot at various temperatures. (c) Field [78] and broken-I along z-axis, we speculate that a domi-
dependency of ρxy at selected temperatures. A vertical offset has
T nant Rashba spin-orbit coupling stabilizes a square skyrmion
been created for clear presentations. (d) Contour plot of ρxyT
in H -T lattice (V -phase) at lower-fields adjacent to the dominant
diagram with the phase boundaries obtained from the derivative of A-phase. The theoretical framework resonates with the ex-
χdc (T ), isothermal M(H ) and ρxx (H ). perimental observation of EuNiGe3 [28]. However, a direct
imaging of the topologically ordered state employing Lorentz
transmission electron microscopy would provide conclusive
−1 2 evidence concerning symmetry of the skyrmion lattice. It is
σxy
A
= −κσxx0 σxx − b = −aσxx 2
− b [71]. Here, σxx0 and b =
ρxy /ρxx corresponds to residual longitudinal conductivity and
A 2 worth mentioning, a shoulder-like anomaly in ρxy T
adjacent
to the peak in the topological phases is attributable to the
intrinsic AHC σxy,int
A
, respectively. The scaling expects a linear
complex modulated ground state magnetic ordering [79].
relation of σxyA
with σxx 2
, illustrated in Fig. 3(c), with the in- For a comprehensive perspective, the maximum value of
tercept yielding b ≈ 413 S cm −1 . The deviation from scaling ρxy
T
(∼0.32 µ cm) is comparable with large wavelength
as T approaches TC can originate from the broadening of the spin-modulated systems like cubic FeGe (0.16 µ cm) [80],
Fermi-Dirac distribution [6,9]. Thus, σxy,int A
accounts to 71% polar chiral magnet GdPt 2 B (0.14 µ cm) [48], and D2d
of σxy at T = 2 K, underpinning the dominance of Berry
A Heusler alloy Mn1.4 Pt 0.9 Pd0.1 Ga (0.4 µ cm) [68]. This con-
curvature-driven contribution. However, at low temperatures trasts sharply with Gd-based centrosymmetric compounds
s j conductivity, σxy,s
A
j , remains closely intertwined with σxy,int
A like Gd2 PdSi3 [3], Gd3 Ru4 Al12 [61], and GdRu2 Si2 [62]
due to reduced phonon scattering, complicating individual with short-period spin modulation wavelength squeezing the
quantification in the absence of theoretical framework. While skyrmions to smaller sizes. Accounting in the theory of THE
the estimation of the order of magnitude of σxy,s A
j shows that
[81], the real space Berry curvature primarily contributes to
1
it is two orders smaller than σxy,int [70,73], confirming the
A the limit l < at , where l = n0h̄e2 (3π 2 n0 ) 3 σxx0 and at are the
dominance of intrinsic mechanism in AHE. mean-free path of electrons and size of skyrmion, respectively.
Figure 3(d) illustrates temperature variation of the anoma- To verify this, we performed a semiquantitative analysis of
lous Hall coefficient SH (= σxy A
/M), quantifying the sensitivity THE, drawing on the established topological nature of the
of anomalous Hall current to magnetization. Notably, SH re- A-phase. In continuum approximation for smooth winding
mains invariant with temperature for ∼0.8 V−1 , confirming spin texture, the Beff is defined as Beff = h/eat and is related to
the robustness and insensitivity of AHE to impurity scattering ρxy
T
by spin polarization P of conduction electron and normal
[12,74]. On employing the second characteristics parame- Hall coefficient R0 , ρxyT
= Beff PR0 [16]. The conduction elec-
ter, i.e., the anomalous Hall angle, AH = σxy /σxx (%), a tron polarization can be crudely estimated as P = Mspo /MS ,
monotonic increase with temperature is observed [inset of where Mspo is the ordered moment in the A-phase, by which
Fig. 3(d)]. Figure 4(a) shows the variation of σxy A
with σxx of we arrive at P = 0.8. Employing the maximum observed ρxy T

Gd3 Ni8 Sn4 along with other magnetic conductors. Here it is at 14 K, we derive Beff ∼ 3.7 T corresponding to at ∼ 34
well within the intrinsic limit and remains invariant with σxx , nm > l ≈ 10 − 15 nm at ρxx ∼ 35 µ cm, acknowledging the
anchoring the Berry curvature rooted picture of AHE [75,76]. real-space A-phase driven picture of THE while being con-
Leveraging the intrinsic origin of AHE, RS is formulated sistent with the consensus of stabilizing large-sized skyrmion
as RS = γ ρxx2
. Hence, to obtain Rs , we modeled the transverse (20–200 nm) by DM interaction [4,82]. Note that the results
resistivity as (ρxy /H ) = R0 + γ (ρxx 2
M )/H. The (ρxy /H ) ver- obtained on polycrystalline system may differ from single

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ANOMALOUS HALL EFFECT IN THE POLAR MAGNET … PHYSICAL REVIEW B 111, 104410 (2025)

crystalline samples owing to averaging effect of in-plane and the broken-I inherent to the R3 T8 Sn4 family as a compelling
out-of-plane crystallographic direction in the former. framework to explore the nontrivial bulk electronic band
topology and noncollinear magnetic ordering. Our findings
III. CONCLUSION advocate further experimental and theoretical investigation
focused on correlated polar magnets to unravel the intri-
In conclusion, this comprehensive experimental study es- cate interplay of reciprocal-space-mediated electromagnetic
tablishes metallic polar magnets as a conducive backdrop fields and magnetization dynamics to leverage topological
for realizing magnetic topological phases and exploring functionalities.
the reciprocal-space mediated emergent electrodynamic re-
sponses. The topological Hall effect, supplemented by
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
peak/dip behavior in field-dependent ac-susceptibility, is
attributed to the stabilization of an extended topological A. Bhattacharya and A. A. acknowledge SINP, India and
magnetic quasiparticle phase of Néel-type skyrmion, as per the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of
theoretical predictions for systems exhibiting Cnv symmetry, India for their Fellowship. Work at the Ames National Labora-
and a potential narrow square skyrmion phase. These results tory was supported by the Division of Materials Science and
validate the theoretically-laid phase diagram of skyrmion- Engineering of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office
hosting polar magnets [78]. Additionally, the quadratic of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Ames
relation between ρxy
A
and ρxx quantitatively attests to the role of National Laboratory is operated for the U.S. DOE by Iowa
reciprocal-space Berry curvature in generating the substantial State University of Science and Technology under Contract
AHC, resonating with the possibility of Weyl nodes in mod- No. DE-AC02-07CH11358. We thank Prof. E. V. Sampathku-
erately I-broken systems [26,83]. These findings underscore maran, TIFR, for his valuable suggestions.

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