1.

AC & DC:

 The supply of current for electrical devices may come from a direct current
(DC) source or an alternating current (AC) source.

1.1. Alternating current (AC)

 AC is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its

magnitude continuously.

 All electric power available from the grid is in the form of AC.

 AC can be converted into DC by using a rectifier.

1.2. Direct current (DC)

 DC is one-directional flow of electric charge. Electric power generated from

solar, wind, etc. is in the form of DC.

 Batteries can only take in DC power. DC can be converted into AC by using

an inverter.

AC AND DC
CURRENT WAVE FORMS

2. Electric Circuit
  A simple electric circuit consists of a voltage source (ex: battery or main
power), conductors to allow electrons (ex: wire) and the load (ex: bulb).

 An electric circuit can be either in series or parallel.

2.1. Series Circuit

 The electric current in a series circuit goes through every component in the
circuit.

 Therefore, all the components in a series connection carry the same current.

 A series circuit has only one path in which its current can flow. Opening or
breaking a series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to "open" or
stop operating.

SERIES
CIRCUIT
2.1.1. Voltage

 In a series circuit, the voltage is the sum of the voltage at individual

components.
  V = V1 + V2 + V3

2.1.2. Current

 In a series circuit, the current is the same for all components in the circuit.

 I = I1 = I2 = I3

2.1.3. Resistance

 The total resistance of two or more resistors connected in series is equal to

the sum of their individual resistances.

 R = R1 + R2 + R3

2.2. Parallel Circuit:

 The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same across every component in the
circuit.

 The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude,
and they also have identical polarities.
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

2.2.1. Voltage:

 In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same for all components in the circuit.

 V = V1 = V2 = V3

2.2.2. Current

 In a parallel circuit, the current is the sum of the current at individual

components.

 I = I1 + I2 + I3
2.2.3. Resistance

 The total resistance of all components is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of resistance at each component.

Resistance

3. Laws of Physics:

3.1. Ohm’s Law

 Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

 Voltage in an electrical circuit is calculated by multiplying the current with

the resistance:

 V=IXR

 Thus, as per Ohm’s law, if resistance is more, less current will flow through
the electric circuit.

 Ohm's law shows that current varies directly with voltage and inversely with
resistance. Ohm's law can be expressed in three ways:
OHM’S LAW

3.2. Watt's Law

 Watt’s law defines the relationship between power, amperage, and voltage
drop in an electrical circuit.

 P = V X I or P = I2 X R

POWER LAW

3.3. Kirchhoff's Current Law

 The total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the
charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no
charge is lost within the node.

 In other words, the algebraic sum of all the currents entering and leaving a
node must be equal to zero.
  Current In = Current Out

3.4. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

 n any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the
sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop, which is also equal to
zero.

 In other words, the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be
equal to zero.

4. Power

 Electrical Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an

electric circuit and is denoted by “P”.

 It is related to the voltage and current by the formula:

 Power (P) = Voltage (V) × Current (I)

 Power is normally measured in watts (W).

 1000 W = 1 kW (kilowatt); 1000 kW = 1 MW (megawatt).

 The rate at which an EV can charge is dependent on Power output capability

of the charging station and power intake capability of the vehicle’s battery.

 In an AC power system, there are two kinds of power - real power that does
work, and reactive power that enables transformers to transform, generators
to generate, and motors to rotate.

4.1. Active Power

  Active power is also called actual power, real power, or working power.

 It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work.

 It is measured in kilowatt (kW).

4.2. Reactive Power

 In electrical grid systems, reactive power is the power that flows back from a
destination toward the grid in an alternating current scenario.

 It is also called, Useless Power or Watt-less Power.

 Reactive Power is denoted by “Q” and measured in VAR (Volt Ampere

Reactive), kVAR or MVARs.

4.3. Apparent Power

 Apparent power is the combination of reactive and true power measure in

kilo volt-amperes (kVA).

 The kVA value will always be higher than the value for kW.
4.4. Power Factor (PF)

 Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts (kW),
to apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA).

 Ideal power factor is 1.

 Anything below 0.85 is considered as a bad power factor.

4.5. Energy

 The power delivered over a period is known as Electrical Energy.

 It is denoted by “E” and is the product of power and time:

 Energy (E) = Power (P) × Time (t)

 The common unit of energy is Kilowatt-hour (KWh).

 The time needed to fully charge an EV is defined by the energy needed by

the EV’s battery and is equal to the energy needed divided by the charging
power.

5. Measure of Electrical Quantities

5.1. What is Voltage?

 Voltage is the pressure in an electrical circuit's power source that is

responsible for pushing current (electrons) through an electrical circuit, thus
powering an electrical load.
  The value of voltage in a circuit is the difference in electric potential between
two points.

 This potential difference is measured in volts (V) and represented by the

symbol 'V' or 'E'.

 Voltage source can be AC or DC and is represented by VAC or VDC to

indicate the type of voltage.

REPRESENTATION OF POWER FLOW AND SOURCE IN THE CIRCUIT

 Voltage is measured by a voltmeter or a multimeter that must be connected

in parallel with the component whose voltage is to be measured.

 Different voltmeters / settings need to be used for measuring AC and DC

voltages.
MEASURING VOLTAGE IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

5.2. What is Current?

Current

 Current is the flow of electrons.

 Current flows from negative to positive points and requires a conducting

material.

 Current is measured in amperes (A) and is denoted by the symbol 'I'.

 One ampere of current is defined as one coulomb of electrical charge

moving past a unique point in a second.

 Current is measured using a device called ammeter.

 To measure the current flowing through a component in a circuit, the

ammeter must be connected in series with it.
  Current can also be measured using a clamp on ammeter or a multimeter.

MEASURING VOLTAGE IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

5.3. What is Resistance?

 Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current in an electrical

circuit.

 Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω) and is represented by the symbol 'R'.

Some materials offer more resistance than others.

 For example, metals such as silver, copper, aluminum and iron offer less
resistance and are known as good conductors of electricity.

 On the other hand, materials like plastic, glass, mica and rubber offer high
resistance and are called bad conductors of electricity, or good insulators.
Resistance

 Resistance in a circuit is measured by an instrument called ohmmeter and

may be connected to an electrical circuit in parallel or in series.

 Resistance measurement does not involve measuring the circuit’s resistance

value itself.

 Instead, resistance is calculated by measuring the current and voltage

applied to the circuit.

5.4. What is Inductance?

 Inductance is the property of an electric circuit to oppose a change in the

electric current flowing through it.

 Inductance is represented by the letter “L” and is measured in Henry (H).

  One henry is the amount of inductance necessary to induce one volt when
the current in coil changes at a rate of one ampere per second.

 An inductor is a passive electrical component that is used to oppose sudden

changes in current.

 It normally is a simple length of wire that is coiled up, creating a magnetic

field when current is passed through it.

 Inductors are also known as coils or chokes. It is commonly measured by

using an oscilloscope.

Table 1: SI Base Quantities and Base Units

SI defines seven base quantities and the corresponding base units, listed in. Table 1
 Table 2: Examples of SI Derived Quantities and Derived Units

Table 3: Examples of Derived Quantities Expressed as Named Units

In addition, SI approves named units and unit symbols for 22 derived units. Some of these are
 Table 4: SI Prefixes
The use of a combination of the prefixes shown in Table 4 and SI units is approved to express quantities that
are significantly larger or smaller than the size of the SI unit.
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