Learning Activity Sheet

Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET

Name of Student:
Grade Level and Section:
Date:
How to Write Research Methodology for 2025: Overview, Tips, and
Techniques
by Imed Bouchrika, Phd FEB 17, 2025

What Is a Research Methodology?

Methodology in research is defined as the systematic method to resolve a
research problem through data gathering using various techniques, providing an
interpretation of data gathered and drawing conclusions about the research data.
Essentially, a research methodology is the blueprint of a research or study
(Murthy & Bhojanna, 2009, p. 32). As such, the methodology in research proposal
is of utmost importance.
Methodology vs. Methods
The confusion between “methodology" and “methods" in research is a
common occurrence, especially with the terms sometimes being used
interchangeably. Methods and methodology in the context of research refer to
two related but different things: method is the technique used in gathering
evidence; methodology, on the other hand, “is the underlying theory and
analysis of how a research does or should proceed" (Kirsch & Sullivan, 1992, p.
2). Similarly, Birks and Mills (2011, p. 4) define methodology as “a set of
principles and ideas that inform the design of a research study." Meanwhile,
methods are “practical procedures used to generate and analyze data (Birks and
Mills, 2011, p. 4).
To summarize these definitions, methods cover the technical procedures or steps
taken to do the research, and methodology provides the underlying reasons why
certain methods are used in the process.

Methodological Approach or Methods Used in Research

Now that you know what is methodology in research, the next step is to
identify the different methods used in research. Traditionally, researchers often
approach research studies using the methodology research institutions typically
use which are two distinct paradigms, namely positivistic and phenomenological
(Collis & Hussey, 2013). Also sometimes called qualitative and quantitative
(Dumay, 2008), positivistic and phenomenological approaches play a significant
role in determining your data-gathering process, especially the methods you are
going to use in your research. Research methods lay down the foundation of your
research. According to Neil McInroy, the chief executive of Centre for Local
Economic Strategies, not using the appropriate research methods and design
creates “a shaky foundation to any review, evaluation, or future strategy
(Macdonald et al., 2008, p. 3). In any type of research, the data you will gather
can come either in the form of numbers or descriptions, which means you will
either be required to count or converse with people (Macdonald et al., 2008, p.
9). In research, there are two fundamental methods used for either approach—
quantitative and qualitative research methods.
Quantitative
This approach is often used by researchers who follow the scientific
paradigm (Haq, 2014, p. 1). This method seeks to quantify data and generalize

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 Learning Activity Sheet
Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET
results from a sample of a target population (Macdonald et al., 2008, p. 9). It
follows structured data collection methods and processes with data output in the
form of numbers. Quantitative research also observes objective analysis using
statistical means (Macdonald et al., 2008, p. 9).
Qualitative
Unlike the quantitative approach that aims to count things in order to
explain what is observed, the qualitative research framework is geared toward
creating a complete and detailed description of your observation as a researcher
(Macdonald et al., 2008, p. 9). Rather than providing predictions and/or causal
explanations, the qualitative method offers contextualization and interpretation
of the data gathered. This research method is subjective and requires a smaller
number of carefully chosen respondents.

Mixed methods
A contemporary method sprung from the combination of traditional
quantitative and qualitative approaches. According to Brannen and Moss (2012),
the existence of the mixed methods approach stemmed from its potential to help
researchers view social relations and their intricacies clearer by fusing together
the quantitative and qualitative methods of research while recognizing the
limitations of both at the same time.
Mixed methods are also known for the concept of triangulation in social research.
According to Haq (2014, p. 11), triangulation provides researchers with the
opportunity to present multiple findings about a single phenomenon by
deploying various elements of quantitative and qualitative approaches in one
research. This is the kind of method that one may use when studying sleep and
academic performance.

How to Justify Your Methodological Choices

Justifying your methodological choices is a critical part of any research
project, as it demonstrates the rationale behind how you conducted your study
and ensures its credibility. To effectively justify your methodology, you need to
clearly explain why you selected particular methods over alternatives, showing
that they are the most appropriate for answering your research question.
1. Align your methodological choices with your research objectives
Explain how the chosen methods—whether qualitative, quantitative, or mixed—
directly support the type of data you need to collect. For instance, if your
research aims to understand personal experiences, qualitative methods like
interviews or focus groups would be appropriate. Alternatively, if your focus is on
measurable outcomes or statistical relationships, quantitative approaches, such
as surveys or experiments, would be more suitable.
2. Provide evidence from existing literature that supports your choices
Cite studies or theoretical frameworks that have successfully used similar
methods in comparable contexts. This not only reinforces the validity of your
approach but also shows that it builds on established academic practice.
3. Address any limitations or potential biases in your methodology, and
explain how you plan to mitigate these
Be transparent about any constraints related to sample size, data collection
techniques, or potential external influences that could skew your findings.
Additionally, outline specific steps—such as using triangulation, conducting pilot
studies, or incorporating control variables—to minimize these risks and ensure
the validity of your research. This demonstrates that you have critically assessed

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET
the strengths and weaknesses of your methods and are prepared to handle
challenges that could affect your results.
Writing Your Research Paper Methodology
Saunders et al. (2007) proposed the concept of the research onion model to help
researchers develop a methodology and construct research design techniques
within the field of future studies. The characteristic of research onion model is
illustrated by its six main layers, which serve as a step-by-step guide for
researchers on how to write a research methodology.

The methodology section of your research paper is not all about describing
your data gathering process and your analysis. The methodology is about the
overall approaches and perspectives of the research process. If you want
to study abroad for free and have to present a research proposal to the
institution for acceptance, then you have to be able to clearly delineate your
analytical methods for your study. Here are some tips as well as problems to
avoid in order to write an effective research methodology. Out of these, you can
construct your own research methodology example for future reference. While
doing so, you can apply research methodology best practices for optimal results.
How to write an effective methodology section?
 Introduce your methods. Introduce the methodological approach used
in investigating your research problem. In one of the previous sections,
your methodological approach can either be quantitative, qualitative, or
mixed methods. Look for a methodology in research example that you can
use as a reference.
 Establish methodological connection. Explain the relevance of your
methodological approach to the overall research design. Keep in mind that
the connection between your methods and your research problem should
be clear. This means that your methodology of research must be
appropriate to achieve your paper’s objective—to address the research
problem you presented. To wit, if you need help to write your research
problem, refer to our article on what is a research question.
 Introduce your instruments. Indicate the research instruments you are
going to use in collecting your data and explain how you are going to use
them. These tools and instruments can be your surveys, questionnaires for
interviews, observation, etc. If your methods include archival research or
analyzing existing data, provide background information for documents,
including who the original researcher is, as well as how the data were
originally created and gathered. Keep in mind that aside from your
methodology in research paper, the identification of the research
instrument is equally significant.
 Discuss your analysis. Explain how you are going to analyze the results
of your data gathering process. Depending on your methodology, research
for ways on how you can best execute your study either by using
statistical analysis or exploring theoretical perspectives to support your
explanation of observed behaviors.
 Provide background information. When using methods that your
readers may be unfamiliar with, make sure to provide background
information about these methods. It would also help if you can provide
your research methodology meaning so you can present a clear and
comprehensive research context.
 Discuss sampling process. Sampling procedures are vital components
of your methodology. Explain the reason behind your sampling procedure.

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET
For example, if you are using statistics in your research, indicate why you
chose this method as well as your sampling procedure. If you are going to
do interviews, describe how are you going to choose the participants and
how the interviews will be conducted.
 Address research limitations. Make sure to address possible limitations
you may encounter in your research, such as practical limitations that may
affect your data gathering process. If there are potential issues you
anticipate to encounter in the process, indicate your reason why you still
decide to use the methodology despite the risk (SHU Library, n.d.).
What to avoid in writing the methodology section of your research?
 Avoid including irrelevant details.
 Keep your methodology section straightforward and thorough. Details that
do not contribute to the readers’ understanding of your chosen methods
should not be included in your methodology section.
 Irrelevant information includes unnecessary explanations of basic
procedures. Basic procedures should only be explained if they are
unconventional and unfamiliar to the readers.
 Do not ignore the problems you might encounter during the data
gathering process. Instead of turning a blind eye, describe how you
handled them (SHU Library, n.d.).
Ethical Considerations
Even in writing a methodology, researchers must adhere to ethical norms
to ensure trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness (Resnik, 2015).
According to Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2003, p. 131), there are some
ethical considerations that researchers must be mindful of, especially during the
process of gathering and presenting research data:
 The rights to privacy of the individuals involved.
 The nature of participation in the research must be voluntary and the
individuals involved must have the right to withdraw partially or
completely from the process.
 All participants must provide their consent first.
 Maintenance of the confidentiality of data provided by individuals as well
as identifiable participants’ anonymity.
 How participants react to the researchers’ methods in seeking to collect
data.
 How the participants will be affected by the way in which data is analyzed
and reported.
 The behavior and objectivity of the researcher.

Bridging Research Methodology and Creative Practices

The scope of research methodology often intersects with creative
disciplines, offering unique opportunities for exploration and innovation.
Particularly, fields like creative writing can benefit from customized research
frameworks that address both artistic expression and analytical rigor. For
instance, employing a mixed methods approach allows researchers to combine
personal narrative analysis with statistical patterns in literary trends, enabling a
richer understanding of diverse writing practices. Such methodologies aren't just
theoretical exercises—they hold tangible value for practical application in
creative pursuits.
For individuals looking to deepen their understanding of creative disciplines
within a structured academic environment, pursuing an online creative writing
degree can provide the perfect blend of theoretical knowledge and skill-based

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET
training. Such programs often integrate nuanced research methodologies,
preparing students to analyze and create in ways that align with both traditional
and contemporary writing demands.
This bridging of research and creativity demonstrates how methodology,
far from being limited to scientific inquiry, can equally empower artistic
disciplines—transforming abstract ideas into actionable insights that inform both
academic and practical outcomes.
Practical Examples of Methodology in Published Research
Practical Applications of Research Methodology: Case Examples
Understanding research methodology in theory is essential, but seeing its
application in real-world research solidifies comprehension. Below are examples
of how different methodologies have been employed in published studies across
various disciplines:
Example 1: Quantitative Research in Public Health
A quantitative methodology was employed in a study analyzing the
relationship between physical activity and heart disease risk among adults.
Researchers used a structured survey distributed to 10,000 participants and
analyzed the data using logistic regression to identify significant predictors. The
use of statistical methods ensured objective insights, while the large sample size
enhanced the reliability and generalizability of the findings (Zyphur & Pierides,
2017).
Example 2: Qualitative Research in Education
A qualitative methodology was central to a study exploring teachers'
perceptions of technology integration in classrooms. The researchers conducted
in-depth interviews with 20 educators across five schools and analyzed the data
using thematic analysis. This approach allowed for rich, narrative insights into
the challenges and opportunities associated with educational technology (Mills &
Birks, 2014).
Example 3: Mixed Methods in Social Sciences
A mixed methods approach was used in research examining the impact of
urban green spaces on community well-being. Quantitative data was collected
through a survey assessing residents' mental health metrics, while qualitative
data was gathered via focus groups exploring personal experiences.
Triangulating these methods provided a comprehensive understanding of the
issue, balancing statistical trends with individual narratives (Brannen & Moss,
2012).
By studying these examples, researchers can draw inspiration for their projects
and gain a clearer understanding of how methodologies translate into actionable
research plans.
Choosing a Research Methodology
It’s now clear that the methodology section is where a researcher
indicates and elaborates on the plans that must be put into motion in order to
achieve the objective of the research. Being acquainted with research
methodologies, however, does not make choosing the appropriate methodology
easier. Walker (2006) states that selecting which research methodology is a
difficult step in the research process. It can be confusing and overwhelming,
especially for novice researchers. Even if you are aiming for a career in the
humanities and social sciences, having a clear research methodology is still
essential.
According to Holden and Lynch (2004), research should not only be
“methodologically led" but the choice of which methodology to use should be
consequential not only to the social science phenomenon to be investigated but

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET
also to the philosophical stance of the researcher. Similarly, Goulding (2002)
claims that the choice of methodology should be based on the researcher’s
interests, beliefs, and convictions. Meanwhile, other significant factors such as
epistemological concerns must also be taken into consideration when choosing a
research methodology (Buchanan & Bryman, 2007). On top of philosophical
underpinnings and personal convictions, there are also practical considerations
that can affect a researcher’s decision on what methodology to use, including the
amount of existing data or knowledge, available time, and other resources
(Ahmed et al., 2016, p. 32).
Key Insights
 Purpose of Research: The main goal of research is to seek answers to
previously unanswered questions and contribute to the body of
knowledge.
 Methodology's Importance: The validity of a study is anchored on the
research methodology, which includes the methods used and the
principles supporting them.
 Methodology vs. Methods: Methodology refers to the underlying theory
and analysis of how research should proceed, while methods are the
practical procedures used to gather and analyze data.
 Types of Methodological Approaches:
o Quantitative: Focuses on quantifying data and generalizing results,
using structured methods and statistical analysis.
o Qualitative: Aims to provide a detailed description and
interpretation of observations, using subjective analysis with a
smaller sample size.
o Mixed Methods: Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches
to offer a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
 Writing the Methodology Section:
o Introduce the methodological approach.
o Establish the connection between the methodology and the
research problem.
o Describe the research instruments and analysis methods.
o Provide background information and discuss the sampling process.
o Address potential research limitations.
 Ethical Considerations: Researchers must ensure privacy, voluntary
participation, informed consent, data confidentiality, and the objectivity of
the researcher.
 Choosing a Methodology: The choice of methodology should align with
the researcher's philosophical stance, interests, and practical
considerations such as existing data, time, and resources.
What Are the Best Practices for Ensuring Methodological Rigor?
Ensuring methodological rigor is essential for establishing the credibility
and reproducibility of your research. Clearly delineate data collection procedures,
analysis techniques, and quality control measures. Emphasize strategies such as
pilot testing, triangulation, and the use of control variables to minimize bias and
enhance validity without oversimplifying complex phenomena. Compare your
approach with established protocols and frameworks, and consider insights from
institutions like non profit schools to benchmark your practices against industry
standards. Regular evaluation and transparent reporting of methodological steps
will sustain the integrity and impact of your research.
FAQ
1. What is the main aim of research?

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 Week 4
MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
Prepared by: NAZARENE M. PIHET
The main aim of research is to seek answers to previously unanswered questions
and contribute to the body of knowledge within a discipline.
2. Why is the research methodology section important?
The research methodology section is crucial because it determines the validity of
the study by outlining the methods used to collect and analyze data, and the
principles guiding these methods.
3. What is the difference between methodology and methods in
research?
Methodology refers to the underlying theory and analysis of how research should
proceed, while methods are the practical procedures used to gather and analyze
data.
4. What are the main types of research methodologies?
The main types of research methodologies are quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed methods. Quantitative focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis,
qualitative focuses on detailed descriptions and interpretations, and mixed
methods combine both approaches.
5. How should one introduce their methodology in a research paper?
Introduce the methodological approach used to investigate the research
problem, and ensure the connection between the methods and the research
problem is clear and appropriate.
6. What should be included in the discussion of research instruments?
Describe the tools and instruments used to collect data, such as surveys or
interviews, and provide background information if using existing data or archival
research.
7. Why is discussing the sampling process important in the
methodology section?
Discussing the sampling process is important to explain the rationale behind the
chosen sample, how participants were selected, and how the sampling method
aligns with the research objectives.
8. What ethical considerations must be addressed in the methodology
section?
Researchers must address the rights to privacy, voluntary participation, informed
consent, data confidentiality, and the impact of data analysis and reporting on
participants.
9. How should potential limitations in research be handled?
Potential limitations should be acknowledged and described, including how they
might affect the data gathering process and why the chosen methodology was
still deemed appropriate despite these limitations.
10. What factors should influence the choice of research methodology?
The choice of research methodology should be influenced by the researcher's
philosophical stance, interests, epistemological concerns, and practical
considerations such as existing data, time, and resources.
Activity: Write a research methodology of your research proposal. Be guided by
the following criteria.
Criteria 5 4 3 2

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MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
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1. Clarity and Coherence
 Clear Explanation: The methodology section should
clearly explain the methods used, avoiding ambiguity.
 Logical Flow: The description of methods should follow a
logical sequence and be easy to follow.

2. Relevance and Justification

 Appropriate Methods: The chosen methods should be
appropriate for addressing the research problem.
 Justification: Each method should be justified, explaining
why it is the best choice for the research.

3. Detail and Specificity

 Detailed Description: Provide detailed descriptions of
the research instruments, data collection, and analysis
procedures.
 Specific Information: Include specifics such as sample
size, sampling techniques, and data analysis tools.

4. Alignment with Research Questions

 Consistency: The methodology should align with the
research questions and objectives.
 Connection: Clearly show how the methods will help in
answering the research questions.

5. Ethical Considerations
 Ethical Compliance: Address ethical issues, including
informed consent and confidentiality.
 Approval: Mention any ethical approvals obtained for the
research.

6. Discussion of Limitations
 Limitations Identified: Identify potential limitations and
constraints in the methodology.
 Impact on Results: Discuss how these limitations might
impact the research findings.

7. Use of Appropriate Instruments

 Instrument Validity: Ensure the research instruments
are valid and reliable.
 Instrument Application: Provide a clear explanation of
how the instruments are used in data collection.

8. Analytical Techniques
 Appropriate Analysis: Use suitable analytical
techniques for data analysis.
 Explanation of Analysis: Explain the rationale behind
the choice of analytical methods.

9. Overall Presentation
 Professional Writing: The methodology section is
written with correct grammar and spelling.
 Format and Organization: Followed the required format
and well-organized.

Examples: Research Methodology

1. Clarity and Coherence
 Clear Explanation: This study will employ a mixed-methods approach
combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to explore the

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Practical Research 1
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MELC: CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5 indicates scope and delimitation of research
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impact of social media on academic performance among university
students.
 Logical Flow: The methodology will begin with a quantitative survey to
gather general data, followed by qualitative interviews to gain deeper
insights.
2. Relevance and Justification
 Appropriate Methods: A mixed-methods approach will be chosen to
provide both breadth and depth of understanding. The survey will collect
broad data, while interviews will offer detailed insights.
 Justification: The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods
will ensure a comprehensive analysis, capturing both statistical trends and
personal experiences.
3. Detail and Specificity
 Detailed Description: The quantitative survey will consist of 20
questions covering demographics, social media usage patterns, and
academic performance indicators. The qualitative interviews will follow a
semi-structured format with 10 open-ended questions.
 Specific Information: The sample size for the survey will be 200
students, selected using stratified random sampling to ensure
representation across different faculties. The interviews will be conducted
with 20 students, selected based on survey responses indicating high and
low social media usage.
4. Alignment with Research Questions
 Consistency: The methodology will align with the research questions by
focusing on how social media usage correlates with academic
performance.
 Connection: The survey will provide quantitative data on usage patterns
and performance, while interviews will explore the underlying reasons and
personal experiences.
5. Replicability
 Replicable Procedures: The survey questionnaire and interview guide
will be included in the appendix for other researchers to use. Detailed
step-by-step procedures for data collection and analysis will be described.
 Transparency: The research process will be transparently documented,
including participant recruitment, data collection procedures, and data
analysis techniques.
6. Ethical Considerations
 Ethical Compliance: The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring
informed consent, voluntary participation, and confidentiality of
participants.
 Approval: Ethical approval will be obtained from the university's ethics
review board prior to conducting the research.
7. Discussion of Limitations
 Limitations Identified: Potential limitations will include self-reported
data, which may be biased, and the limited generalizability due to the
sample size.
 Impact on Results: These limitations might affect the accuracy and
generalizability of the findings, and will be discussed in the report.
8. Use of Appropriate Instruments
 Instrument Validity: The survey questionnaire will be validated through
a pilot study with 20 students, and the interview questions will be
reviewed by experts in the field.

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 Instrument Application: The survey will be administered online, while
interviews will be conducted in-person to facilitate deeper discussions.
9. Analytical Techniques
 Appropriate Analysis: Quantitative data from the survey will be
analyzed using statistical techniques such as correlation and regression
analysis. Qualitative data from interviews will be analyzed using thematic
analysis.
Example:

Social media has become an integral part of daily life for many individuals, especially
high school students. While social media platforms offer numerous benefits, such as staying
connected with friends and accessing information, concerns arise about their potential impact
on academic performance. This proposed research study will examine the relationship
between social media usage and the academic performance of high school students, utilizing
a quantitative research methodology to gather and analyze data.

The study will adopt a quantitative, descriptive research design to investigate the
relationship between social media usage and academic performance. The primary objective
will be to determine whether there will be a significant correlation between the amount of
time spent on social media and students' academic achievements. By employing a structured
approach to data collection and analysis, the study will aim to provide empirical evidence on
this subject.

The population for this study will comprise all high school students in a particular
school. A random sample of 200 students from various grades and sections will be selected to
ensure diverse representation. This sampling method will help in obtaining a comprehensive
understanding of the impact of social media on students with different academic backgrounds
and experiences.

Data collection will be carried out through two primary methods: a survey
questionnaire and academic records. The survey questionnaire, administered online, will
gather information on students' social media usage, study habits, and self-reported academic
performance. Additionally, academic performance will be measured using students' Grade
Point Average (GPA) obtained from the school's records office. The combination of self-
reported data and official academic records will provide a holistic view of the students'
academic performance.

The data collection procedure will involve distributing the questionnaire via email to
the selected sample, ensuring voluntary participation and obtaining informed consent from all
participants. To access students' GPA records, permission will be sought from the school
administration, adhering to ethical guidelines and protecting participants' confidentiality.

Data analysis will be conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and
regression analysis. Descriptive statistics will summarize the data using means, standard
deviations, and frequency distributions, providing an overview of social media usage patterns
and academic performance among the sample. Pearson correlation coefficient will be used to
determine the strength and direction of the relationship between social media usage and
academic performance. Multiple regression analysis will be employed to identify the
predictors of academic performance among social media usage variables.

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Ethical considerations will be paramount in this study. Participants will be informed
about the purpose of the research, their right to withdraw, and the measures taken to ensure
confidentiality. Data will be anonymized and securely stored to protect participants' privacy.
Additionally, the research proposal will be submitted for approval to the school's ethics
review board, ensuring adherence to ethical standards.

In conclusion, this study will seek to provide valuable insights into the impact of
social media on academic performance among high school students. By employing a robust
research methodology, the study will aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of
social media in education and offer evidence-based recommendations for students, educators,
and policymakers.

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