Introduction

Welcome to your Grade 8 Math Independent Study Book!

This book is your guide to unlocking academic excellence and preparing you for the challenges ahead in
upper school mathematics.

Academic Excellence Awaits

This book places you at the centre of your academic journey. Here's why taking charge of your learning is
crucial for your academic growth:

Paving the Path to Success:

You have the reins to set your own academic goals for each chapter. Mastering fractions or becoming a
geometry expert? Your goals drive your journey towards success.

Tailoring Your Learning:

There's no rush here! Delve into concepts at your own pace. Take the time you need to grasp each topic
thoroughly. This approach ensures a strong foundation for future learning.

Exploring Deeper Concepts:

Beyond this book lies a realm of additional resources waiting to be discovered. Explore videos, advanced
texts, or supplementary materials to deepen your understanding and get a head start for advanced studies.

Unveiling Academic Mastery:

Every problem solved is a step towards mastering advanced concepts. Your efforts in solving these
challenges pave the way for a solid academic foundation.

We're Your Academic Mentors

While you steer your academic journey, we're here to guide and support you along the way. Should you
encounter complex problems or seek guidance for upper-level concepts, your teachers are here to assist.
Don't hesitate to seek our guidance—we're dedicated to your academic success.

Navigating this Book for Success

This book is your roadmap to academic achievement. Here's your guide to making the most out of it:

 Sequential Learning: Start with Chapter 1 and progress through each chapter methodically.

 Independent Mastery: Attempt problems independently first. It's your chance to solidify your
understanding.

 Seek Guidance: If you encounter challenging concepts, your teachers are here to provide valuable
assistance. Reach out—we're committed to preparing you for upper school mathematics.

Prepare to embark on an academic journey that lays the groundwork for success in upper school
mathematics. Your dedication to mastering these concepts will be the key to your academic progress and
readiness for the challenges ahead!

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Numbers and Operations

 Operations with Integers and Order of Operations

 Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple

 Operations with Fractions and Order of Operations

 Exponent Notation and Roots

Chapter 2: Percentage and ratio

 Percentages

 Ratios

 Proportions

Chapter 3: Algebra

 Solving Linear Equations

 Simplifying Expressions

 Expanding brackets

 Collecting like terms

 Factorization

 Patterns and Sequences

Chapter 4: Geometry

 Angles and Their Relationships

 Triangles (Types, Properties, Angles)

 Quadrilaterals (Properties)

 Circles (Properties, Circumference, Area)

Chapter 5: Measurement and Data

 Volume and Surface Area of Solids

 Data Analysis (Mean, Median, Mode, Range)

 Probability Basics

1.1 Operations with Integers and Order of Operations

Adding Positive and Negative Numbers:

1. When adding two numbers with the same sign (both positive or both negative) we follow the rules:

 Keep the sign of the larger number (number with larger absolute value).

 Add the numbers.

 Example: 3+5=8 (both positive)

 Example: (−4)+(−7)=−11 (both negative)

2. When adding two numbers with different signs:

 Keep the sign of the larger number (number with larger absolute value).
  Subtract the numbers without their signs.

 Example: 8+ (−3 )=8−3=5 (positive number has the larger absolute value)

 Example: (−5 ) +10=10−5=5(positive number has the larger absolute value)

Subtracting Positive and Negative Numbers:

Subtracting negative numbers is similar to adding a positive number. It can be thought of as "addition of the
opposite."

 Subtracting a negative number is like adding a positive number:

 5−(−3)=5+ 3=8
 (−7)−(−2)=(−7)+ 2=−5
Understanding these rules helps simplify the process of working with positive and negative numbers.
Practicing various addition and subtraction problems reinforces these concepts and builds confidence in
handling integers.

In general, to put it all short:

Always get rid of the double signs first, then write the sign of the larger
number (one with larger absolute value), and then if you have same signs,
add the numbers, and if you have different signs, subtract the numbers.

For example: + and –

give
minus.

(−8 )+ (−9 )=−8−9=−17

What to do when we need to add/subtract more than two numbers?
When you have to add or subtract more than two numbers, simplifying the process can make it
easier to manage.
Steps for Adding/Subtracting Multiple Numbers:
1. Simplify double signs (if any):
 If there are consecutive negative signs or double signs in the equation, simplify
them:
 For example: +6−(−3)+(−2)+ 10−(+8)+(−2)+4 simplifies to
6+3−2+10−8−2+ 4
2. Combine all positive and negative numbers separately:
 Group all positive numbers together and add them.
 Group all negative numbers together and add them.
 For example: 6+3−2+10−8−2+ 4 :
 Positive numbers sum up to 6+3+ 10+4=23
 Negative numbers sum up to −2−8−2=−12
3. Add the sums of positive and negative numbers:
 Add the sum of positive numbers to the sum of negative numbers, considering their
signs.
  Example: 23−12=11

Evaluate each expression.

1)    2)   

3)    4)   

5)    6)   

7)    8)   

9)    10)   

11)    12)   

13)    14)   

15)    16)   

17)    18)   

19)    20)   

21)    22)   

23)    24)   

25)    26)   

27)    28)   

29)    30)   

31)    32)   

33)    34)   

35)    36)   

37)    38)   

39)    40)   

Evaluate each expression.

1)      2)     

3)      4)     

5)      6)     

7)      8)     

9)      10)     

11)      12)     

13)      14)     

15)      16)     

17)      18)     

19)      20)     

21)      22)     

23)      24)     

25)      26)     

27)      28)     

29)      30)     

31)      32)     

33)      34)     

35)      36)     

37)      38)     

39)      40)     

Evaluate each expression.

1)        2)       

3)        4)       

5)        6)       

7)        8)       

9)        10)       

11)        12)       

13)        14)       

15)        16)       

17)        18)       

19)        20)       

21)        22)       

23)        24)       

25)        26)       

27)        28)       

29)        30)       

31)        32)       

33)        34)       

35)        36)       

37)        38)       

39)        40)       

1.2 Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple

Highest Common Factor (HCF):

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) refers to the largest number that divides two or more numbers without
leaving a remainder. It's often used to simplify fractions, solve equations, or find common factors between
numbers.

Question: Find the HCF of 45 and 60.

Methods to Find HCF:

1. Prime Factorization Method:

 Express each number as a product of its prime factors.

 Identify common prime factors and multiply them to determine the HCF.

 We can get 45 by multiplying:1 × 45 , 3× 15∨5 × 9.

So factors of 45 are :1 , 3 ,5 , 9 , 15 , 45 .


We can get 60 by multiplying :1 ×60 , 2× 30 , 3× 20 , 4 ×15 , 5 ×12∨6 ×10.
So factors of 60 are :1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,10 , 12 , 15 ,20 , 30 , 60.

 Common factors: 1 ,3 ,5 , 15 .
 Therefore , the HCF of 45∧60 is 15.
2. Using a line method:
Hint: We check if both numbers are divisible by the same number. We try if both numbers are
divisible by prime numbers, by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11… (in this order). If both numbers are divisible by the
same number, then we divide them both by that number, then repeat the procedure.

The first prime number that both 45 and 60 are divisible by is 3.

Now 15 and 20 are both divisible by 5.

 45
Furthermore, if you wanted to simplify fraction then, according to the steps provided above, you
60
3
would divide and both 45 and 60 by HCF which is 15. The fraction in simplest form is which also
4
can be found in the procedure done for HCF.

Another example, with three numbers.

Find the HCF of 80, 100 and 140:

What if the HCF of two numbers is 1? Such numbers are called relatively prime numbers or coprime
numbers. Coprime numbers are integers that have no common factors other than 1.

In other words, when the HCF of two numbers is 1, it indicates that they share no factors other than 1. For
example, 9 and 16 are coprime because their HCF is 1.
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM):

The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) refers to the smallest number that is divisible by two or more numbers.
It's commonly used when dealing with fractions, finding a common denominator, or solving problems
involving multiple occurrences of a cycle.

Methods to Find LCM:

1. Prime Factorization Method:

 Express each number as a product of its prime factors.

 Take the highest power of each prime factor occurring in the factorization of the given
numbers.

 Multiply these highest powers together to find the LCM.

 For example, to find the LCM of 45 and 60.

 Step 1: Find the prime factors of numbers 45 and 60:

Therefore, the LCM of 45 and 60 is: 22 ×32 ×5=4 × 9× 5=180

2. Using a line method:
Hint: We check if either of the numbers is divisible by the same number. We try if either of the
numbers is divisible by prime numbers, by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11… (in this order). If either of them is divisible
by the same number, then we divide that one, or both (when possible) by that number, then repeat
the procedure, until we get all ones on the left side of the line.

At least one of the numbers is divisible by 2.

At least one of the numbers is divisible again by 2.

No number is divisible by 2 anymore, but at least one of the numbers

is divisible by 3.
At least one of the numbers is divisible by 3 again.

At least one of the numbers is divisible by 5. (In this case both)

Notice that all numbers on the left side must always be equal to 1 when the procedure is done.
 We keep dividing by 2, 3, 5 … as long
as at least one of the numbers on the
left is divisible by those prime
numbers…

Until we get 1, 1, 1 on the left side.

Find the HCF of each pair of numbers.

1) ,  2) , 

3) ,  4) , 

5) ,  6) , 

7) ,  8) , 
9) ,  10) , 

11) ,  12) , 

13) ,  14) , 

15) ,  16) , 

17) ,  18) , 

19) ,  20) , 

Find the HCF of the given numbers.
1) , ,  2) , , 

3) , ,  4) , , 

5) , ,  6) , , 

7) , ,  8) , , 

9) , ,  10) , , 
11) , ,  12) , , 

13) , ,  14) , , 

15) , ,  16) , , 

17) , ,  18) , , 

19) , ,  20) , , 

Find the LCM of each.

1) ,  2) , 

3) ,  4) , 

5) ,  6) , 

7) ,  8) , 

9) ,  10) , 

11) ,  12) , 

13) ,  14) , 

15) ,  16) , 

17) ,  18) , 

19) ,  20) , 

Find the LCM of each.

1) , ,  2) , , 

3) , ,  4) , , 

5) , ,  6) , , 

7) , ,  8) , , 

9) , ,  10) , , 

11) , ,  12) , , 

13) , ,  14) , , 

15) , ,  16) , , 

17) , ,  18) , , 

19) , ,  20) , , 