EE3611 – POWETR SYSTEM LABORATORY

INDEX

Name of the
S. No. Date Marks Signature
Experiment
Computation of line

1 parameters of Transmission

line

Formulation of Bus
2
Admittance Matrix

Formulation of Bus
3
Impedance Matrix

Load Flow Analysis – Gauss

4
Seidal Method

Load Flow Analysis –

5
Newton Raphson Method

Economic Dispatch in Power

6
Systems

Load Frequency dynamics of

7
Single Area System

Load Frequency dynamics of

8
Two Area system

Small Signal Stability

9
Analysis of SMIB system
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

CYCLE – I

1. Computation of line parameters Transmission lines

2. Formulation of Bus Admittance Matrix
3. Formulation of Bus Impedance Matrix
4. Load Flow Analysis – Gauss Seidal Method
5. Load Flow Analysis – Newton Raphson Method

CYCLE – II

1. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems

2. Load Frequency dynamics of Single Area System
3. Load Frequency dynamics of Two Area system
4. Small Signal Stability Analysis of SMIB system
Expt. No. :1

Date :

COMPUTATION OF LINE PARAMETERS

AIM:

To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase of single and
three phase transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:

Transmission line has four parameters: resistance, inductance, capacitance and

conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric
fields around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the
manufacturer’s data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formulas
below.

Single Phase System:

Inductance LC= 2*10-7 ln(D/r’)

r’=0.7788 r

Lloop=2LC

Capacitance CC=2πɛ0/ln(D/r)

Cloop=CC/2

Three Phase System:

Inductance LC=Lph=2*10-7ln(D/r’)

Capacitance CC=Cph=2πɛ0/ln(D/r)
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the Command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M-file by selecting File→ New→ M-File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program pressing Tools→ Run
5. View the Results.

1. Calculate the Loop inductance and Capacitance of a single-phase line with two
parallel conductors spaced 3.5 cm apart. The diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm.

3.5 cm
1.5 cm

MANUAL CALCULATION:
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-
PHASE LINE:
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp(‘CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE’);
d=input(‘Enter diameter in cm:’);
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input(‘Enter distance between conductors in m:’);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=4*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp(‘INDUCTANCE (in H/m):’); disp(L);
disp(‘CAPACITANCE (in F/m):’);
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE

Enter diameter in cm: 1.5
Enter distance between conductors in m: 3.5
INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 2.5582e-006
CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 4.5261e-012
2. Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a conductor of a three phase system shown
which has 1.2 cm diameter and conductors at the edge of an equilateral triangle of side 1.5m.

1.2 cm

1.5 cm
1.5 cm

1.5 cm

MANUAL CALCULATION:
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE-
PHASE LINE:
PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp(‘CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE LINE’);
d=input(‘Enter diameter in cm:’);
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input(‘Enter distance between conductors in m:’);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp(‘INDUCTANCE (in H/m):’);
disp(L);
disp(‘CAPACITANCE (in F/m):’);

disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE LINE

Enter diameter in cm: 1.2
Enter distance between conductors in m: 1.5
INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 1.1543e-006
CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 1.0075e-012

RESULT:

Thus the line parameters L and C per phase of single and three phase transmission
lines for different conductor arrangements were determined.
Expt. No. :2

Date :

Y - BUS FORMULATION USING MATLAB

AIM:

To determine the admittance matrices for the given power system network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:

Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power system
studies it is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parameters depending upon the type of analysis. Y-bus may be formed by inspection method
only if there is no mutual coupling between the lines. Every transmission line should be
represented by pi - equivalent. Shunt impedances are added to diagonal element
corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off-diagonal elements are
unaffected.

EXERCISE PROBLEM:

Determine the Y bus matrix for the power system network shown in fig. Check the results
obtained in using MATLAB.
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results

MANUAL CALCULATION:
PROGRAM:
% THE Y-BUS FORMATION
clear;
clc;
linedata = [0 1 0 0.3
0 2 0 0.9
1 2 0 0.8
1 3 0 0.4
2 3 0 0.5];
nl=linedata(:,1); nr=linedata(:,2); R=linedata(:,3); X=linedata(:,4);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr)); Z = R +

j*X; %branch impedance

y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance

Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements if

nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0

Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);

Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));

end

end

for n = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements for k

= 1:nbr

if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n

Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k); else

end

end

end

Ybus

OUTPUT:

Ybus =
0.0000 – 7.0833i 0.0000 + 1.2500i 0.0000 + 2.5000i
0.0000 + 1.2500i 0.0000 – 4.3611i 0.0000 + 2.5000i
0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 2.000i 0.0000 - 4.5000i
RESULT:

Thus, Admittance matrices for the given power system was obtained and the practical,
theoretical values were matched.
Expt. No. :3

Date :

Z - BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

AIM:

To determine the impedance matrices for the given power system network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:

In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving point
impedance and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the buses or
nodes. The bus impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis. The bus impedance matrix
can be determined by two methods. In one method we can form the bus admittance matrix
and then taking its inverse to get the bus impedance matrix. In another method the bus
impedance matrix can be directly formed from the reactance diagram and this method
requires the knowledge of the modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due to
addition of new bus or addition of a new line (or impedance) between existing buses.

EXERCISE PROBLEM:

Determine the Z bus matrix for the power system network shown in figure. Check the results
obtained in using MATLAB. Check the results obtained in using MATLAB.

Line Data:
MANUAL CALCULATION:
MANUAL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results
PROGRAM:
% THE Z-BUS FORMATION
clc;
clear all;
e=input('enter the number of elements: ');
disp('1.Between a new node and reference node');
disp('2.Betyween a new node and existing node');
disp('3.Between an existing node and reference node');
disp('4.Between two existing nodes');
zb=complex(0,0);
zt=complex(0,0);
for i=1:e if(i==1)
a=0; else
[a,c]=size(zb);
end
b=a+1;
disp(['elements no:-',num2str(i)]);
ty(i)=input('enter the type of element: ');
z(i)=input('enter the impedance value: ');
s(i)=input('enter the starting node: ');
t(i)=input('enter the ending node: '); if(ty(i)==1)
zb(b,b)=z(i);
for j=1:a
zb(j,b)=0;
zb(b,j)=0;
end
disp(zb);
elseif(ty(i)==2)
zb(b,b)=z(i)+zb(t(i),t(i)); for
j=1:a zb(b,j)=zb(t(i),j);
zb(j,b)=zb(j,t(i));
end
disp(zb);
elseif(ty(i)==3);
zb=zb-((1/(zb(s(i),s(i))+z(i)))*zb(:,s(i))*zb(s(i),:));
disp(zb);
elseif(ty(i)==4)
f=1/(z(i)+zb(s(i),s(i))+zb(t(i),t(i))-2*zb(s(i),t(i)));
g=(zb(:,s(i))-zb(:,t(i)))*(zb(s(i),:)-zb(t(i),:));
h=f*g;
zb=zb-h;
else
disp('wrong data');
end
end
disp('bus impedance matrix:-');
disp(zb);
OUTPUT:

Enter the number of elements: 5

1.Between a new node and reference node
2.Between a new node and existing node
3.Between an existing node and reference node
4.Between two existing nodes
Element no:- 1
Enter the type of element: 1
Enter the impedance value: 0.25
Enter the starting node: 1
Enter the ending node: 0
0.2500
Element no:- 2
Enter the type of element: 2
Enter the impedance value: 0.1
Enter the starting node: 2
Enter the ending node: 1
0.2500 0.2500
0.2500 0.3500
Element no:- 3
Enter the type of element: 2
Enter the impedance value: 0.1
Enter the starting node: 3
Enter the ending node: 1
0.2500 0.2500 0.2500
0.2500 0.3500 0.2500
0.2500 0.2500 0.3500
Element no:- 4
Enter the type of element: 3
Enter the impedance value: 0.25
Enter the starting node: 2
Enter the ending node: 0
0.1458 0.1042 0.1458
0.1042 0.1458 0.1042
0.1458 0.1042 0.2458

Element no:- 5
Enter the type of element: 4
Enter the impedance value: 0.1
Enter the starting node: 3
Enter the ending node: 2
0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750

RESULT:

Thus, Impedance matrices for the given power system was obtained and the practical,
theoretical values were matched
Expt. No. :4

Date :

GAUSS – SEIDEL LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

AIM:

To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of power flow model in

complex form and a simple method of solving power flow problems of small sized system
using Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

EXERCISE:

The figure shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 buses power system with generator at
bus 1. The magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are
marked on the diagram. Line impedance is marked in Pu. The base value is 100MVA. The
line charging susceptances are neglected. Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the
load buses 2 and 3. Find the slack bus real and reactive power. Verify the result using
MATLAB.
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results

PROGRAM:
clc
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20
2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32]; elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3))); y=zeros(bus,bus); for
p=1:bus
for q=1:elements
if (data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p) y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end
for p=1:bus
for q=1:bus
if (p~=q)
forr=1:elements if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|
(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p)) y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW: '); b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR: ');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW: '); b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR: ');
pu=input('enter the base value in MVA: '); p2=(a1/pu); q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu); q3=(b2/pu); dx1=1+j*0; dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0; v3=1+j*0; iter=0;
disp('iter v2 v3 '); while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7
iter=iter+1;
g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2);
g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3);
dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3; v2=v2+dx1; v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]);
end
MANUAL CALCULATION:
 OUTPUT:
enter p2 in MW: 256.6
enter q2 in MVAR: 110.2
enter p3 in MW: 188.6
enter q3 in MVAR: 45.2
enter the base value in MVA: 100 iter
v2 v3
1 1.0559 + 0.0310i 1.0691 + 0.0399i

2 1.0956 + 0.0549i 1.0874 + 0.0531i

3 1.1050 + 0.0626i 1.0916 + 0.0573i

4 1.1071 + 0.0651i 1.0925 + 0.0587i

5 1.1075 + 0.0659i 1.0926 + 0.0591i

6 1.1076 + 0.0662i 1.0926 + 0.0593i

7 1.1076 + 0.0663i 1.0926 + 0.0593i

RESULT:

Hence, the power flow problem for small sized system using Gauss Seidel iterative algorithm
was obtained and theoretical and Practical values were matched.
Expt. No. :5

Date :

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:

To determine the power flow analysis using Newton – Raphson method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which
approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous
equations using Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order
approximation. The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear
equations in terms of real and imaginary part of bus voltages.

EXERCISE:

The one line diagram of a simple circuit shown in figure, the generators 1 and 3. The
magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude of bus 3 is 1.04 pu. With
real power generation of 200 MW. Load consuming of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken
from bus
2. Find the load flow solution for the given problem by using Newton Raphson method.
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results

PROGRAM:
V = [1.05; 1.0; 1.04];
d = [0; 0; 0];
Ps=[-4; 2.0];
Qs= -2.5;
YB = [ 20-j*50 -10+j*20-10+j*30
-10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32
-10+j*30 -16+j*3226-j*62];
Y= abs(YB); t = angle(YB); iter=0;
pwracur = 0.00025; % Power accuracy
DC = 10; % Set the maximum power residual to a high value while
max(abs(DC)) > pwracur
iter = iter +1
P=[V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+ ...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+ ...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))];
Q= -V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))- ...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,3)=V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+... V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(2,1)=-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,2)=V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,3)=V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(3,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,3)=-V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); DP = Ps - P;
DQ = Qs - Q;
DC = [DP; DQ];
J;
DX = J\DC;
d(2) =d(2)+DX(1);
d(3)=d(3) +DX(2);
V(2)= V(2)+DX(3);
V, d, delta =180/pi*d; end
P1= V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))+...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q1=-V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q3=-V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*... sin(t(3,2)-
d(3)+d(2))-V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))
RESULT:

Hence, the Power Flow analysis for the Power System network using Newton-Raphson
method were obtained, the practical and theoretical values are matched.
Expt. No. :6

Date :

ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:

To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using
classical method with and without line losses.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:

Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem:

In a power system, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning thermal
generating units the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by different sets
of generation schedules
{PG1 (k) , PG2 (k) , ………………PG (K) }; k = 1,2,……..NS
Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set of
schedules, which minimize the system operating cost, which is essentially the sum of the
production cost of all the generating units. This economic dispatch problem is
mathematically stated as an optimization problem.

PROBLEM: (WITHOUT LOSS AND GENERATING LIMITS)

A power plant has three units with the following cost characteristics:

C1 = 0.004PG12 + 5.3PG1 + 500 Rs/ hr

C2 = 0.006PG22 + 5.5PG2 + 400 Rs/ hr

C3 = 0.009PG32 + 5.8PG3 + 200 Rs/ hr

where PGi’s are in MW. Find the scheduling for a load of 975
MW.
MANUAL CALCULATION:
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter the number of units:');
a=zeros(n);
b=zeros(n);
c=zeros(n);
for i=1:n
fprintf('Enter the unit %g Data \n',i);
a(i)=input('Enter the value of a:');
b(i)=input('Enter the value of b:');
c(i)=input('Enter the value of c:');
end
pd=input('Enter the value of load demand:');
P=zeros(n);
sum=0;
den=0;
for i=1:n sum=sum+
(b(i)/(2*a(i))); end for i=1:n
den=den+(1/(2*a(i)));
end
num=pd+sum;
lamda=num/den;
for i=1:n
P(i)=(lamda-b(i))/(2*a(i));
end
for i=1:n
fprintf('Optimal Generation of unit %g: %g MW\n',i,P(i));
end
fprintf('Lamda: %g \n',lamda);
for i=1:n
unitcost=a(i)*P(i)^2+b(i)*P(i)+c(i);
fprintf('Generation cost of unit %g : %g\n',i,unitcost);
end
totalcost=0; for i=1:n
totalcost=totalcost+a(i)*P(i)^2+b(i)*P(i)+c(i); end
fprintf('Total generation cost : %g\n', totalcost);

OUTPUT:

Enter the number of units:3

Enter the unit 1 Data
Enter the value of a:0.004
Enter the value of b:5.3
Enter the value of c:500
Enter the unit 2 Data
Enter the value of a:0.006
Enter the value of b:5.5
Enter the value of c:400
Enter the unit 3 Data
Enter the value of a:0.009
Enter the value of b:5.8
Enter the value of c:200
Enter the value of load demand:975
Optimal Generation of unit 1: 482.895 MW
Optimal Generation of unit 2: 305.263 MW
Optimal Generation of unit 3: 186.842 MW
Lamda: 9.16316
Generation cost of unit 1 : 3992.09
Generation cost of unit 2 : 2638.06
Generation cost of unit 3 : 1597.87
Total generation cost : 8228.03
RESULT:

Thus the economic dispatch problem has been written and executed.
Expt. No. :7

Date :

LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE- AREA

POWER SYSTEM

AIM:

To become familiar with the modeling and analysis of load frequency of a power
systems with load frequency controller (LFC) using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:
Primary control:
The speed change from the synchronous speed initiates the governor control action resulting
in all the participating generator-turbine units taking up the change in load, and stabilizes the
system frequency.
Secondary control:
It adjusts the load reference set points of selected turbine-generator units so as to give
nominal value of frequency. The frequency control is a matter of speed control of the
machines in the generating stations. The frequency of a power system is dependent entirely
upon the speed in which the generators are rotated by their prime movers. All prime
movers, whether they are steam or hydraulic turbines, are equipped with speed governors
which are purely mechanical speed sensitive devices, to adjust the gate or control valve
opening for the constant speed.

PROBLEM:

The load dynamics of a single area system are Pr=2000 MW; NOL=1000MW; H=5s;f=50Hz;
R=4%; TG=0.08s;TT=0.3s; Assume linear characteristics . The area has governor but not
frequency control. It is subjected to an increase of 20MW. Determine steady state frequency.
MANUAL CALCULATION:
PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
rac=input('Enter the value of Related Area capcity:');
nol=input('Enter the value of nominal operating load:');
f=input('Enter the value of frequency:'); cil=input('Enter the value
of change in load:');
dpd=input('Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:');
df=input('Enter the value of deviation in frequency in percentage:');
r=input('Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu MW:');
H=input('Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:');
D=((dpd*(nol))/(df*f));
Dpu=(D/rac);
Kp=(1/Dpu);
Tp=((2*H)/(f*Dpu));
delpd=cil/rac;
if r~= inf
B=(Dpu+(1/r));
else end
B=(Dpu);
Fs=-(delpd/B);
disp('The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW' ); Kp
disp('The Time constant of the power system in seconds'); Tp
disp('Steady state frequency deviation in Hz'); Fs

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of Related Area capcity:2000

Enter the value of nominal operating load:1000
Enter the value of frequency:50
Enter the value of change in load:20
Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:1
Enter the value of deviation in frequency in percentage:1
Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu MW:2
Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:5
The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW
Kp = 100
The Time constant of the power system in seconds
Tp = 20
Steady state frequency deviation in Hz
Fs = -0.0196

RESULT:

Thus the modeling and analysis of load frequency with load frequency controller (LFC) was
done using MATLAB.
Expt. No. :8

Date :

LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO- AREA POWER

SYSTEM

AIM:

To become familiar with the modeling and analysis of load frequency and tie line
flow dynamics of a power systems with load frequency controller (LFC) using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:
Primary control:
The speed change from the synchronous speed initiates the governor control action resulting
in all the participating generator-turbine units taking up the change in load, and stabilizes the
system frequency.
Secondary control:
It adjusts the load reference set points of selected turbine-generator units so as to give
nominal value of frequency. The frequency control is a matter of speed control of the
machines in the generating stations. The frequency of a power system is dependent entirely
upon the speed in which the generators are rotated by their prime movers. All prime
movers, whether they are steam or hydraulic turbines, are equipped with speed governors
which are purely mechanical speed sensitive devices, to adjust the gate or control valve
opening for the constant speed.

PROBLEM:

A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000 MVA
base. R1=0.05pu, R2=0.0625pu,D1 = 0.6, D2 = 0.9, H1=5, H2 =4; Base power1 = Base
power2 =
1000MVA, TG1=0.2s, TG2=0.3s, TT1=0.5s,TT2=0.6s. The units are operating in parallel at
the nominal frequency of 50Hz. The synchronizing power coefficient is 2pu. A load change
of
200MW occurs in area1. Find the new steady state frequency and change in the tie line
flow.
MANUAL CALCULATION:
PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
rac1=input('Enter the value of Related area capacity-1 in MW:');
cil1=input('Enter the value of change in load-1 in MW:'); D1=input('Enter
the value of damping coefficient-1 in pu:'); r1=input('Enter teh value of
regulation-1 in pu:'); rac2=input('Enter the value of Related area capacity-2
in MW:'); cil2=input('Enter the value of change in load-2 in MW:');
D2=input('Enter the value of damping coefficient-2 in pu:'); r2=input('Enter
the value of regulation-2 in pu:'); f0=input('Enter the value of frequency:');
B1=(D1+(1/r1));
B1=B1/f0;
B2=(D1+(1/r2));
B2=B2/f0;
delpd1=cil1/rac1;
delpd2=cil2/rac2;
a12=-(rac1/rac2);
delf=((a12*delpd1)-delpd2)/(B2-(a12*B1));
f=f0+delf;
delptie=((B1*delpd2)-(B2*delpd1))/(B2-(a12*B1));
delptie=delptie*rac1;
fprintf('Steady state frequency deviation is : %g
Hz\n',delf);
fprintf('System frequency :%g Hz\n',f);
fprintf('Change in tie line flow from area 1 to area 2 : %g
MW\n', delptie);

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of Related area capacity-1 in MW:1000

Enter the value of change in load-1 in MW:200
Enter the value of damping coefficient-1 in pu:0.6
Enter the value of regulation-1 in pu:0.05
Enter the value of Related area capacity-2 in MW:1000
Enter the value of change in load-2 in MW:0
Enter the value of damping coefficient-2 in pu:0.9
Enter teh value of regulation-2 in pu:0.0625
Enter the value of frequency:50
Steady state frequency deviation is : -0.268817 Hz
System frequency :49.7312 Hz
Change in tie line flow from area 1 to area 2 :-89.2473 MW

RESULT:

Thus the modeling and analysis of load frequency with load frequency controller
(LFC)
was done using MATLAB.
Expt. No. :9

Date :

SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS IN SINGLE-

MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

AIM:

To become familiar with various aspects of the small signal stability analysis of
Single- Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
Stability : Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is
subjected to disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the
disturbances are small and transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.
Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating
condition, the system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and
generation, change in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., The nature of system
response to small disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system
strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of
two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronising torque.
(ii) (ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping
torque

PROBLEM:
A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 9.94 MJ/MVA and a
direct axis transient reactance Xd1 = 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a
purely reactive circuit as shown in figure. Reactance’s are marked on the diagram on a
common system base. The generator is delivering real power Pe = 0.6 per unit and 0.8
power factor lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage of V = 1 per unit. The generator is
operating in the
steady state at δο=16.79° when the input power is increased by a small amount ∆P=0.2 per
unit. The generator excitation and the infinite bus bar voltage are the same as before E’=1.35
per unit and V=1.0 per unit. i) Obtain the step response for the rotor angle and the generator
frequency. ii) Obtain the response using MATLAB function.

PROGRAM:

E = 1.35; V= 1.0; H= 9.94; X=0.65; Pm=0.6; D=0.138; f0 = 60; Pmax

= E*V/X,
d0 = asin(Pm/Pmax) % Max. power
Ps = Pmax*cos(d0) % Synchronizing power coefficient
wn = sqrt(pi*60/H*Ps) % Undamped frequency of of oscillation
z = D/2*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps)) % Damping ratio
wd = wn*sqrt(1-z^2), fd = wd/(2*pi) %Damped frequency oscill.
tau = 1/(z*wn) % Time constant
th = acos(z) % Phase angle theta
Dp = 0.2;
Du = pi*f0/H*Dp; % Small step change in power input
t = 0:.01:3;
% Plotting the analytical solution
Dd = Du/wn^2*(1- 1/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t + th));
d = (d0+Dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degrees
Dw = Du/(wn*sqrt(1-z^2))*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f = f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz
figure(1), subplot(2,1,1), plot(t, d), grid xlabel('t,
sec'), ylabel('Delta, degrees') subplot(2,1,2),
plot(t,f), grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('Frequency, Hz')
% Step response
A = [0 1; -wn^2 -2*z*wn]; % wn, z and t are defined earlier
Dp = 0.1; Du = pi*f0/H*Dp; % Small step change in power input
B = [0;1]*Du; C = [1 0; 0 1];% Unity matrix defining output y as x1 and x2
D = [0; 0];
[y, x] = step(A, B, C, D, 1, t); Dd = x(:,
1);
Dw = x(:, 2); % State variables x1 and x2
d1 = (d0 + Dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degrees f1 =
f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz figure(2),
subplot(2,1,1), plot(t, d), grid xlabel('t, sec'),
ylabel('Delta, degrees') subplot(2,1,2), plot(t, f), grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('Frequency, Hz')
subplot(1 1 1)
OUTPUT:
E = 1.3500
Pmax = 2.0769
d0 = 0.2931
Ps = 1.9884
wn = 6.1405
z = 0.2131
wd = 5.9995
fd = 0.9549
tau = 0.7643
th = 1.3561

RESULT:
Thus the small signal stability analysis of single machine infinite bus system were
studied and it was analyzed with an example.