BIT 2nd Year
Semester 3
IT 3505
Web Application Development II
Server Side Web Development
(PHP & MySQL) –
Part 1
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Instructional Objectives
Install PHP in a windows environment
Install PHP in Linux environment
Explain basic features of PHP
Articulate MVC architecture
Differentiate available PHP frameworks
Explain MVC
Use web services with PHP
Develop a web application with PHP
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Sub Topics
1.1 Introduction to PHP (Ref 01 Pg:271-278)
1.2. Configuring the environment (Ref 01 Pg : 76 - 85)
1.3. PHP Syntax and Semantics
1.3.1. Variables (Ref 01 Pg:281-287)
1.3.2. Constants (Ref 01 pg:287 - 296)
1.3.3. Conditional Statements (Ref 01 pg:320-335)
1.3.4. Loops (Ref 01 Pg:335-346)
1.3.5. Functions (Ref 01 Pg: 346-357)
1.4. Arrays and data processing with arrays (Ref 01 Pg: 296-307)
1.5. Form processing with PHP (Ref 02)
1.6. Session control and Cookies (Ref 01 Pg:437-446)
1.7. File system management (Ref 01 Pg: 366-389)
1.8. Email sending using PHP (Ref 03)
1.9. Object Orientation with PHP (Ref 01 pg :397-423)
1.10. Working with MySQL database (Ref 01 PG:515-528)
1.11. Introduction to PHP frameworks (Ref 5)
1.12. Fundamentals of MVC (Ref 6)
1.13. How to call web service using PHP (Ref 01 pg:541-553)
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Introduction to PHP
PHP is an acronym for “PHP Hypertext Preprocessor”.
Other Names : Personal Home Page, Professional Home Page
Is a widely-used open source general-purpose
scripting language
PHP scripts are executed on the server
Predominantly used for generating HTML pages
In this course the main emphasis is to explore how PHP
could be used for Web application development.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Why PHP ?
Can easily be embedded into HTML pages
Interoperable
Runs on various platforms.
Supports a wide range of databases
PHP is free.
Compatible with almost all servers (Apache, IIS, etc.)
Features
Similar to almost all compiled languages such as C#, Java ,
C++
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Embedding PHP in HTML Pages -
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo “Hellow World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Apache web
2 server
Internet
6 5 3
1
7 <HTML>
<?php PHP code
PHP
?>
interpreter
</HTML>
4
<HTML>
<B>Hello</B>
Client </HTML>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
INSTALLING THE REQUIRED
SOFTWARE
IT3505 Web Application Development II
What you need
Need to install
A Webserver (Apache, IIS, etc.)
PHP http://php.net/manual/en/install.php
MySQL
all required software can be easily installed by installing
WAMP server.
WAMP is available at
http://sourceforge.net/projects/wampserver/
IT3505 Web Application Development II
FUNDAMENTALS
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Coding PHP Scripts
You can use any text editor to create PHP scripts.
PHP scripts should be saved in files with the .php extension.
PHP scripts should be coded within <?php and ?> tags.
In PHP scripting statement terminator is “;” symbol. Thus each
statement in a script should be terminated from the symbol ;
You may have multiple statements in a single physical line, but
having multiple statements in a single physical line is not a
good practice.
PHP is a free format language. Thus you can have spaces in
between statement components as you wish.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Printing text on the screen
The echo command can be used to print text on the
screen. The syntax of the echo command is given
below
echo “some text”;
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Executing a script
Type the following script in a file by using a text
editor and save it with the name “example.php”
<?php
echo “My first php script”;
?>
Execute the script at the DOS command line by
typing the command
php example.php
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Embedding a PHP Script in a
HTML Page
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Printing text on the screen
When the server encounters the PHP tags it switches
from the HTML to PHP mode.
There are four different ways to embed the PHP code
1. <?php echo(“Some PHP code”); ?>
2. <? echo(“Some PHP code”); ?>
3. <SCRIPT Language=‘php’> echo(“Some PHP
code”); </SCRIPT>
4. <% echo(“Some PHP code”); %>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Data Types
• A Data type can be described as a collection of
values and a set of operations over these
values.
• The different primitive data types provided by
PHP can be classified as
• Scalar Types
• Compound Types
• Special Types
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Scalar Data Types
PHP supports the following primitive scalar data types.
Integer
Floating point (or Double)
String
Boolean
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Scalar Data Types
PHP supports the following primitive scalar data types.
Integer
Floating point (or Double)
String
Boolean
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Integer Data Type
• Any number in the set {….,-2,-1,0,1,2,………} is considered as an integer.
The maximum and the minimum integer value that can be used in a
program are platform dependent.
• The number of bytes allocated to store an integer and the maximum
integer value that can be used in your platform can be determined by
using the constants PHP_INIT_SIZE and PHP_INT_MAX
• If PHP encounters a number larger than PHP_INT_MAX, the number will
be interpreted as a floating point number.
Example :
<?php
echo PHP_INT_SIZE,"\n",PHP_INT_MAX;
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Integer Data Type …..
• An integer literal can be specified in decimal,
octal, hexadecimal or binary.
BNF Definition of integers in PHP
<Integer> : [+-]?<decimal> | [+-]?<hexadecimal> |
[+-]?<octal> | [+-]?<binary>
<decimal> : [1-9][0-9]* | 0
<hexadecimal> : 0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+
<octal> : 0[0-7]+
<Binary> : 0b[01]+
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Integer Data Type …..
Examples:
• 1234 // a positive integer in decimal form
• -123 // a negative integer in decimal form
• 0123 // integer 83 in octal form
• 0x2b1 // integer 689 in hexadecimal form
• 0b01101 // integer 13 in binary form
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Floating Point Data Type
• The numbers with decimal points are considered as floating point
(double or real) numbers.
• The floating point numbers are represented internally by using
IEEE floating point representation. Thus the representations are
not exact. Therefor floating point numbers should not compare for
equality.
• Floating point literals can be coded in a number of different ways.
Example :
-1.23
1.2e3
34.45E-12
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Floating Point Data Type …
BNF Definition of floating point numbers in
PHP
<Floating point numbers> : <LNUM> |
<DNUM>| <EXPONENT_DNUM>
<LNUM> : [0-9]+
<DNUM> : [0-9]*. <LNUM> | <LNUM> . [0-9]*
<EXPONENT_DNUM> : [+-
]?(<LNUM>|<DNUM>) [eE][+-]? <LNUM>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Arithmetic Operators
• The following operators can be applied on
both integers and floating point numbers.
Operator Result
Unary - Negation of the number
Binary - Subtraction
+ Addition
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Arithmetic Operators
Example :
<?php
echo -3,"\t",5 - 3,"\t",5.2*3.4,
"\t",10/2,"\t",
10/4,"\t",10%3,"\n";
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Automatic type conversion in
addition
• The following type conversion happens
automatically when addition(+) operator is
applied on its operands.
• If either operand is a float, then both operands
are evaluated as floats, and the result will be
a float.
• Otherwise, the operands will be interpreted as
integers, and the result will also be an integer.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
String Data Type
• A string comprises of a series of characters.
• The series of characters in a string literal are
normally represented either in single quotes or
in double quotes.
Example :
<?php
echo "This is a string literal","\n";
echo 'Another string literal';
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
String Data Type
• A string comprises of a series of characters.
• The series of characters in a string literal are
normally represented either in single quotes or
in double quotes.
Example :
<?php
echo "This is a string literal \n";
echo 'Another string literal';
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Special character sequences
• Certain character sequences are given special
meanings in PHP.
Character Special Meaning
sequence
\n Linefeed
\t Horizontal tab
\$ Dollar sign
\” Double quote
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Special character sequences
• The special character sequences retain their
special meanings only when used inside double
quotes.
Example :
<?php
echo 'How the character sequence \n works';
echo "\n As a line feed";
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Boolean Literals
• Boolean values are represented by
using the two Literals – TRUE or
FALSE. Both are case-insensitive.
• Values are automatically converted as
appropriate if an operator, function
or control structure requires a
Boolean argument.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Conversion to Boolean
• When converting to Boolean the following values
are considered as FALSE.
– The Boolean literal FALSE.
– The integer literal 0
– The floating point literal 0.0.
– The empty string “” and the string “0”.
– An array with zero elements
– The special type NULL.
• A Boolean TRUE value is converted to the string “1”
and FALSE is converted to “”(empty string).
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Activity
What is the output of the following script?
<?php
echo "True -",true,"\n";
echo "False -",false,"\n";
echo "1 > 0 - ", 1 > 0, "\n";
echo "2 > 5 - ", 2 > 5, "\n";
echo "0 && true -",0 && true,"\n";
echo '"" && true -',"" && true,"\n";
echo "TRUE > FALSE - ", TRUE > FALSE, "\n";
echo "TRUE < FALSE - ", TRUE < FALSE, "\n";
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Activity
What is the output of the following script?
<?php
echo true,"\n"; 1
echo false,"\n"; empty string
echo 1 > 0, "\n"; 1
echo 2 > 5, "\n"; empty string
echo 0 && true,"\n"; empty string
echo "" && true,"\n"; empty string
echo TRUE > FALSE, "\n"; 1
echo TRUE < FALSE, "\n"; empty string
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
String conversion to numbers
• String are converted to numbers when strings are used with
mathematical operations. How this conversion happens is given
below.
• The value is given by the initial portion of the string.
• The leading white spaces are ignored.
• If the string starts with valid numeric data, this will be the value
used. Otherwise, the value will be 0 (zero).
• Valid numeric data is an optional sign, followed by one or more
digits (optionally containing a decimal point), followed by an
optional exponent. The exponent is an 'e' or 'E' followed by one or
more digits.
When a comparison operation involves a string or a numerical string,
then each string is converted to a number and a numerical
comparison is performed.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Activity
What is the output of the following script?
<?php
echo "10" > 1 ,"\n";
echo "10 items" > 2 ,"\n";
echo "items" > 2 , "\n";
echo True == 1, "\n";
echo false == 0, "\n";
echo TRUE == FALSE, "\n";
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Activity
What is the output of the following script?
<?php
echo "10" > 1 ,"\n"; 1
echo "10 items" > 2 ,"\n"; 1
echo "items" > 2 , "\n"; empty string
echo True == 1, "\n"; 1
echo false == 0, "\n"; 1
echo TRUE == FALSE, "\n"; empty string
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP echo and print Statements
• There are some differences between echo and
print:
– echo - can output one or more strings
– print - can only output one string, and
returns always 1
– Tip: echo is marginally faster compared to
print as echo does not return any value.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Constants
.Values that never changes
Constants are defined in PHP by using the define() function.
For e.g.
define(“NCST”, “National Centre for Software Technology”)
defined() function says whether the constant exists or not.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP echo and print Statements
There are some differences between echo and
print:
echo - can output one or more strings
print - can only output one string, and
returns always 1
Tip: echo is marginally faster compared to
print as echo does not return any value.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Constants
Values that never changes.
Constants are defined in PHP by using the define()
function.
For e.g.
define(“NCST”, “National Centre for Software
Technology”)
defined() function says whether the constant exists or
not.
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Variables
Rules for PHP variables:
A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of
the variable
A variable name must start with a letter or the
underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case sensitive ($y and $Y are
two different variables)
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Variables
The variables in PHP are declared by appending the $
sign to the variable name.
For e.g
$company = “NCST”;
$sum = 10.0;
Variable data type is changed by the value that is
assigned to the variable.
Type casting allows to change the data type explicitly.
Rich set of functions for working with variable.
For e.g.
gettype, settype, isset, unset, is_int, intval etc etc
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Variables Scope
PHP has three different variable scopes:
Local
A variable declared within a function
Global
A variable declared outside a function
Static
When a function is executed, all of its variables are deleted.
If you want a local variable NOT to be deleted, use
the static keyword
IT3505 Web Application Development II
PHP Operators
All the operators such as arithmetic, assignment, Comparison,
and logical operators are similar to the operators in Java or
C++.
In PHP the string concatenation operator is denoted by ‘.’.
For e.g.
$name = “My name is”.$myname;
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Conditional Statements
Need to take different actions for different decisions.
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
if statement - executes some code only if a specified
condition is true
if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is
true and another code if the condition is false
if...elseif....else statement - selects one of several blocks of
code to be executed
switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to
be executed
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Conditional Statements Syntax
IF statement
if (<condition>) {
//php code goes
here
} <?php
IF Else statement $color=“Red”;
if (<condition>) {
//php code goes here if ($color ==“Red”) {
} echo "Please STOP";
} else {
else { echo “You can GO";
//php code goes here }
}
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Conditional Statements Syntax
•if...elseif....else statement <?php
$color=“Red”;
if (condition) {
//php code goes here if ($color ==“Red”) {
echo “Please Stop“ ;
} elseif (condition) { } elseif ($color ==“Yellow”) {
//php code goes here echo “Get ready“ ;
} else { } else {
//php code goes here echo “You can GO“ ;
}
} ?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Conditional Statements Syntax
•<?php Switch statement
$favcolor="red";
◦ select one of many
blocks of code to be
switch ($favcolor) { executed.
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, or
green!";
}
?> IT3505 Web Application Development II
Loops
When you need the same block of code to be executed over
and over again .
In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
while - loops through as long as the given condition is true
do...while - loops through the code once, and then repeats
the loop as long as the given condition is true
for - loops through a the code a given number of times
foreach - loops through the code for each element in a
collection
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Loops- While Loop
<?php
$i=1;
while (condition is true) {
//Do this; while($i<=5) {
} echo “Number: $i <br>";
$i++;
}
?>
Number: 1
Number : 2
Number : 3
Number : 4
Number : 5
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Loops-Do while Loop
<?php
$i=1;
do {
//Php code do {
} while (condition is echo “Number: $i <br>";
true); $i++;
} while ($i<=5);
?>
Number: 1
Number : 2
Number : 3
Number : 4
Number : 5
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Loops-For Loop
for (initialize counter; check; increment counter) {
//Do this;
}
The number is: 0
<?php The number is: 1
for ($i=0; $i<=10; $i++) { The number is: 2
echo "The number is: $i The number is: 3
<br>"; The number is: 4
} The number is: 5
?> The number is: 6
The number is: 7
The number is: 8
The number is: 9
The number is: 10
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Loops- Foreach Loop
This works only on collections such as arrays ,lists
foreach ($array as $value)
{
//Do this Nimal
} Kamal
Sunil
<?php Amal
$person =
array("Nimal","Kamal","Sunil"
,"Amal");
foreach $person as $value) {
echo "$value <br>";
}
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
FUNCTIONS
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Functions
Will make your code easy to read and reuse.
Large projects would be unmanageable without functions
because the problem of repetitive code would bog down the
development process
A function accepts values, processes them, and then performs
an action (printing to the browser, for example), returns a new
value, or both.
PHP has 2 types of functions
Language defined functions
User defined functions
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Language defined functions
PHP has hundreds of built-in functions . For example strlen()
returns the length of a string, in characters .
<?php
echo strlen("Hello 12
world!");
?>
You can find a compete set of language defined functions here
IT3505 Web Application Development II
User defined functions
You can define your own functions in PHP using the function
statement
function functionName() {
//Php code
}
A function name can start with a letter or underscore but not
a number
variables names are case sensitive in PHP,
function names are not
IT3505 Web Application Development II
User defined functions-Function with
no parameters
Function() {
statements;
}
function WriteThis() {
echo “I’m an undergraduate”;
}
Now when you call this function
WirteThis() will print I’m an undergraduate
IT3505 Web Application Development II
User defined functions
Function with parameters
Parameter types and return types are not written .
A function with no return statements implicitly returns NULL
function name(parameterName, ...,
parameterName) {
statements;
}
function multiply($a, $b, $c) {
return $a*$b*$c;
}
IT3505 Web Application Development II
Default Parameter Values
<?php
function setMarks($minMark=50) {
echo "The Mark is : $minMark=50 <br>";
}
setMarks(95);
setMarks(); // will use the default value of 50
setMarks(78);
setMarks(80);
?>
if no value is passed, the default will be used
IT3505 Web Application Development II
