RQF LEVEL 4

TRADE: ALL

MODULE CODE: CCMCS401

TEACHER’S GUIDE
Module name: COMPUTER SKILLS
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MODULE NAME: CCMCS401 COMPUTER SKILLS

Kigali, November, 2022

2022
Table of content

Contents
Table of content ................................................................................................................. 1
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
Module Code and Title: CCMCS401 COMPUTER SKILLS ........................................................ 1
Learning Unit 1: Describe the operating system .................................................................. 2
STRUCTURE OF LEARNING UNIT .......................................................................................... 3
Learning outcome 1.1 Introduce the operating system ........................................................ 3
Learning outcome 1.1 objectives: ................................................................................... 3
Content 1: Introduction to Operating System .................................................................. 3
Content 2. Basic functions of operating system ............................................................... 4
Learning outcome 1.2 Describe components of operating system ....................................... 5
Learning outcome 1.2 objectives: ................................................................................... 5
Content 1: Description of Graphical User Interface and Shell commands ......................... 5
Content 2. Description of Kernel mode............................................................................ 6
Content 3 : Description of file management system......................................................... 8
Learning outcome 1.3 Describe the types of operating system ............................................ 9
Learning outcome 1.3 objectives: ................................................................................... 9
Content 1: Description of types of operating system ......................................................10
Learning outcome 1.4 Describe the operating system file system .......................................11
Learning outcome 1.4 objectives: ..................................................................................11
Content 1: Explanation of role and type of file system ....................................................11
Content 2. Description of Kernel mode...........................................................................13
Content 3 : Description of file management system........................................................14
Learning Unit 2: Customize computer features...................................................................16
Learning Outcome 2.1: Identify the customer requirement for an operating system ...........17
Learning outcome 2.1 objectives: ..................................................................................17
Content 1: Consideration when choosing operating system ............................................18
Learning Outcome 2.2: Identify minimum hardware requirements for operating system to be
used ..................................................................................................................................18
Learning outcome 2.2 objectives: ..................................................................................19
Content 1: Identification of Possible hardware upgrades ................................................19

Kigali, November, 2022

 Learning Outcome 2.3: Customize the operating system ................................................21
Learning outcome 2.3 objectives: ..................................................................................21
Content 1: Creating a local user account/administrator account in window 10................21
Content 3: Partitioning hard drive in windows 10 ...........................................................26
Learning Unit 3: Protect computer system .........................................................................31
Learning Outcome 3.1: Install software utilities..................................................................31
Learning outcome 3.1 objectives: ..................................................................................31
Content 1: Description of software tools utilities ............................................................32
Content 2: Installing anti-viruses ....................................................................................33
Learning Outcome 3.2: Scan and Eliminate virus ................................................................36
Learning outcome 3.2 objectives: ..................................................................................36
Content 1: Explanation of scan types..............................................................................36
Content 2: Scan mode and elimination of Viruses ...........................................................37
Learning Outcome 3.3: Backup of computer data based on OS ...........................................38
Learning outcome 3.2 objectives: ..................................................................................38
Content 1: Description of backup type ...........................................................................38
Content 2: Identifying backup devices ............................................................................39
Learning Outcome 3.4: Restore computer data based on OS installed ................................40
Learning outcome 3.2 objectives: ..................................................................................40
Content 1: Creation of backup with system image tool in windows 10 ............................40
References: .......................................................................................................................43

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Acronyms
OS: Operating System
CMD: Command Prompt
I/O: Input and Output
UI: User Interface
CLI: Command Line Interface
DOS: Disk Operating System
MS-DOS: Microsoft Disk Operating System

iOS: Iphone Operating System

Mac-OS: Macintosh Operating System
FAT: File Allocation Table
HFS: Hierarchical File System
CPU: Central Processing Unit

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Introduction

Computer skill is the practical knowledge to use the computer in which individuals or teams
are able to complete the task effectively and efficiently. The task can be anything such as
resume writing, application writing, email, social media marketing, website development,
communication, and innovation, etc.

Almost everyone knows and learning about computers. But not all are able to work efficiently.

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Module Code and Title: CCMCS401 COMPUTER SKILLS

Learning Units:

1 Describe the operating system

2 Customize the computer features

3 Protect computer system

Kigali, November, 2022

Learning Unit 1: Describe the operating system

Picture/s reflecting the Learning unit 1

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STRUCTURE OF LEARNING UNIT
Learning outcomes:
1.1 Introduce the operating system
1.2 Describe the components of operating system
1.3 Describe the types of operating system
1.4 Describe the operating system file system

Learning outcome 1.1 Introduce the operating system

Duration: 3 hrs

Learning outcome 1.1 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Define clearly the Operating System
2. Describe appropriately the features of Operating System
3. Describe clearly the functions of Operating System

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity

Content 1: Introduction to Operating System

✓ Definition
An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer
by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The
application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services
through a defined application program interface (API).
✓ Features
Protected and supervisor mode.
Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security.
Program Execution.

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 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking.
Handling I/O operations.
Manipulation of the file system.
Error Detection and handling.
Resource allocation.

Basic functions of operating system

An operating system has three main functions: (1) manage the computer's resources, such as
the central processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers, (2) establish a user interface,
and (3) execute and provide services for applications software.
Additional Important functions of an operating System:
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on the functions of operating system

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Definition of OS
- Features of OS
- Functions of OS

Learning out come 1.1 : formative assessment

1. What is operating system? Choose the collect answer.

A. collection of programs that manages hardware resources

B. system service provider to the application programs

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 C. link to interface the hardware and application programs

D. all of the mentioned

2. Explain The main purpose of an Operating System?

Learning outcome 1.2 Describe components of operating system

Duration: 3 hrs

Learning outcome 1.2 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Describe Clearly Graphical User Interface and Command Line Interface
2. Describe appropriately Kernel mode of Operating System
3. Describe File management System of OS

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity

Content 1: Description of Graphical User Interface and Shell

commands
A user interface (UI) refers to the part of an operating system, program, or device that allows
a user to enter and receive information. User interface is either graphical interface or shell
commands.

A Graphical User Interface, the functions are carried out by clicking or moving buttons, icons
and menus by means of a pointing device. The following figure shows a graphical User
Interface on window 10 operating system.

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A Command Line Interface(CLI) or Shell commands displays text, and its commands are
usually typed on a command line using a keyboard.

To display the Command prompt(cmd) in windows, open the Start menu and type cmd. Press
Enter on the keyboard to launch the command prompt in a separate window. With the cmd,
you can type your commands from the keyboard instead of using the mouse.

Description of Kernel mode

The operating system is the most fundamental piece of software and runs in kernel mode
(supervisor mode). A Kernel is the central component of an Operating System. It is responsible
for managing all the processes, memory, files, etc. The Kernel functions at the lowest level of
the Operating System. It acts as an interface (bridge) between the software (user-level
application) and the hardware. Therefore, the communication between the software and the
hardware is done via the Kernel.

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The kernel is the indispensable and therefore most important part of an operating system.
Roughly, an operating system itself consist of two parts: the kernel space (privileged mode)
and the user space (unprivileged mode). Without that, protection between the processes
would be impossible. There are two different concepts of kernels: monolithic kernel and µ-
kernel (microkernel).

Monolithic kernel is an older approach, of which Unix, MS-DOS and the early Mac OS are
typical represent. It runs every basic system service like process and memory management,
interrupt handling and I/O communication, file system in kernel space. (Figure 1 shows
monolithic kernel).

The inclusion of all basic services in kernel space has three big drawbacks: the kernel size,
lack of extensibility and the bad maintainability. To overcome these limitations of
extensibility and maintainability, the idea of µ-kernels(microkernel) appeared at the end of
the 1980’s. The aim was to reduce the kernel. (See Figure2)

7
 Content 3 : Description of file management system
File management is one of the basic and important features of operating system. Operating
system is used to manage files of computer system. All the files with different extensions are
managed by operating system.

Before you can perform actions on files such as move, copy or delete you need to select
(highlight) them. To select a single file or directory, click on the icon of the file or directory. A
blue highlight will appear round the name

1. To select a group of adjacent files or directories:

Steps:

✓ Click on the icon of the first file in the list.

✓ Hold down the Shift key and click on the icon of last file in the list. All the files

between the two will also be selected.

2. Select a group of non-adjacent files or directories

Steps:

✓ Click on the icon of the first file in the list.

✓ Hold down the Ctrl key and click on the icons of each of the files you wish to

select.

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 Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on GUI, CLI Kernel and file system

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Graphical user interface
- Command line interface
- File system

Learning out come 1.2 : formative assessment

1. What is user interface?
2. Differentiate GUI and CLI?

Learning outcome 1.3 Describe the types of operating system

Duration: 4 hrs

Learning outcome 1.3 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:

9
 1. List correctly the types of Operating System
2. Describe clearly the types of Operating System

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity

Content 1: Description of types of operating system

Single-user, single task: As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage
the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The following are good
examples of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.

Android, Blackberry, iOS (iPhone OS), Windows 8 phone

Multi-user, multi-task: is an operating system that permits several users to utilize the
programs that are concurrently running on a single network server. The single network server
is termed as "Terminal server". "Terminal client" is a software that supports user sessions.
Examples includes Unix, Linux, Windows 2000 and VM - 386.

Single user, multi-tasking: is an operating system that allows a single user to perform more
than one task at a time. Examples include Windows xp, Windows vista, Windows 7, Windows
8, Windows 10, Mac OS.

The real time operating system: is similar as multitasking operating system. However, these
operating systems are specially designed to handle real time applications. Real time
applications are those applications which have to execute within a specific period of time.
Therefore, time is major constraint for these applications. The different examples of real time
applications are robots, machine learning etc.

There are mainly two types of real time operating system. Hard real time operating system
and soft real time operating system.

Examples of real time operating systems are MTOS, Lynx, RTX, etc.

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Brainstorming on types of OS

10
 Points to Remember (Take home message)
- Types of OS

Learning out come 1.3 : formative assessment

1. List 4 types of OS?
2. Describe 2 among them?

Learning outcome 1.4 Describe the operating system file system

Duration: 5 hrs

Learning outcome 1.4 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. List clearly the types of OS
2. Describe clearly the types of Operating System

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity

Content 1: Explanation of role and type of file system

File system role

In computing, a file system or file system controls how data is stored and retrieved. Without
a file system, data placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way
to tell where one piece of data stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces
and giving each piece a name, the data is easily isolated and identified.

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Group of data is called a "file." The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of
data and their names is called a "file system."

File system type:

The type of file system is used to determine how data and programs are accessed. It also
determines the level of accessibility available to users.

The following are the different types of file systems.

1. FAT File System
FAT stands for “File Allocation Table”. The file allocation table is used by the operating system
to locate files on a disk. A file may be divided into many sections and scattered around the
disk due to fragmentation. FAT keeps track of all pieces of a file. In DOS systems, FAT is stored
after boot sector. The file system has been used since the advent of PC.

2. FAT12 File system

The FAT12 is the file system on a floppy disk. The number “12” is derived from the fact that
the FAT consists of 12-bit entries. The storage space on a floppy disk is divided into units called
sectors. In larger storage devices, a bunch of sectors form a cluster. However, for the floppy
disk, the number of sectors in a cluster is one. Also, the size of a sector (and hence a cluster)
is 512 bytes for a floppy disk.

3. FAT16 File system

FAT16: The FAT used for most older systems, used a 16-bit binary number to hold cluster
numbers. A volume using FAT16 can hold a maximum of 65,526 clusters, FAT16 was used for
hard disk volumes ranging in size from 16 MB to 2,048 MB.

4. FAT32 File System

FAT32 is an advanced version of FAT file system. It can be used on drives from 512 MB to 2TB
in size. One of the most important features of FAT and FAT32 is that they offer compatibility
with operating systems other than Windows 2000 also.

5. NTFS File System

NTFS stands for “New Technology File System”. Windows 2000 professional fully supports
NTFS. It has the following characteristics.

6. Apple File System

Apple File System replaces HFS Plus as the default file system for iOS 10.3 and later, and for
macOS High Sierra and later. Apple File System offers improved file system fundamentals as

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well as several new features, including cloning, snapshots, space sharing, fast directory sizing,
atomic safe-save, and sparse files.

7. Hierarchical File System (HFS and HFS+)

Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietary file system developed by Apple Inc. for use in
computer systems running Mac OS. Originally designed for use on floppy and hard disks, it
can also be found on read-only media such as CD-ROMs. HFS is also referred to as Mac OS
Standard (or "HFS Standard"), while its successor, HFS Plus, is also called Mac OS Extended
(or "HFS Extended").

HFS Plus or HFS+ is a journaling file system developed by Apple Inc. It replaced the
Hierarchical File System (HFS) as the primary file system of Apple computers with the 1998
release of Mac OS 8.1. HFS+ continued as the primary Mac OS X file system until it was itself
replaced with the release of the Apple File System (APFS) with macOS High Sierra in 2017.
HFS+ is also one of the formats used by the iPod digital music player.

8. VERITAS File System

The VERITAS File System (or VxFS; called JFS and OnlineJFS in HP-UX) is an extent-based file
system. It was originally developed by VERITAS Software. Through an OEM agreement, VxFS
is used as the primary file system of the HP-UX operating system. With on-line
defragmentation and resize support turned on via license, it is known as OnlineJFS. It is also
supported on AIX, Linux, Solaris, OpenSolaris, SINIX/Reliant UNIX, UnixWare and SCO
OpenServer. VxFS was originally developed for AT&T's Unix System Laboratories. VxFS is
packaged as a part of the Veritas Storage Foundation (which also includes Veritas Volume
Manager).

Description of Kernel mode

The operating system is the most fundamental piece of software and runs in kernel mode
(supervisor mode). A Kernel is the central component of an Operating System. It is responsible
for managing all the processes, memory, files, etc. The Kernel functions at the lowest level of
the Operating System. It acts as an interface (bridge) between the software (user-level
application) and the hardware. Therefore, the communication between the software and the
hardware is done via the Kernel.

13
The kernel is the indispensable and therefore most important part of an operating system.
Roughly, an operating system itself consist of two parts: the kernel space (privileged mode)
and the user space (unprivileged mode). Without that, protection between the processes
would be impossible. There are two different concepts of kernels: monolithic kernel and µ-
kernel (microkernel).

Monolithic kernel is an older approach, of which Unix, MS-DOS and the early Mac OS are
typical represent. It runs every basic system service like process and memory management,
interrupt handling and I/O communication, file system in kernel space. (Figure 1 shows
monolithic kernel).

The inclusion of all basic services in kernel space has three big drawbacks: the kernel size,
lack of extensibility and the bad maintainability. To overcome these limitations of
extensibility and maintainability, the idea of µ-kernels(microkernel) appeared at the end of
the 1980’s. The aim was to reduce the kernel. (See Figure2)

Content 3 : Description of file management system

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File management is one of the basic and important features of operating system. Operating
system is used to manage files of computer system. All the files with different extensions are
managed by operating system.

Before you can perform actions on files such as move, copy or delete you need to select
(highlight) them. To select a single file or directory, click on the icon of the file or directory. A
blue highlight will appear round the name

1. To select a group of adjacent files or directories:

Steps:

✓ Click on the icon of the first file in the list.

✓ Hold down the Shift key and click on the icon of last file in the list. All the files

between the two will also be selected.

2. Select a group of non-adjacent files or directories

Steps:

✓ Click on the icon of the first file in the list.

✓ Hold down the Ctrl key and click on the icons of each of the files you wish to

select.

15
 Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Brainstorming on role of file system

✓ Group discussion on types of file system

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Types of file system

Learning out come 1.4 : formative assessment

Q1. What does it mean file system in operating system
Q2. What does the following acronym stands for:
a) DOS:

b) BIOS:

c) MacOS:

d) FAT:

e) NTFS:

f) CLI:

g) APFS:

h) exFAT:

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Learning Unit 2: Customize computer features

STRUCTURE OF LEARNING UNIT

Learning outcomes:
2.1 Identify the customer requirements for an operating system
2.2 Identify the minimum hardware requirements for operating system for operating
system to be used

2.3 Customize the operating system

Learning Outcome 2.1: Identify the customer requirement for an operating

system

Duration: 1 hrs

Learning outcome 2.1 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Describe clearly factors considering when choosing the Operating System

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating System Electricity

17
 Content 1: Consideration when choosing operating system
When selecting an operating system for a computer, the following factors may be considered:
1. The hardware configuration of a computer e.g. memory capacity, processor speed and
hard disk capacity.

2. The type of computer in terms of size and brand. For example, some earlier Apple
computers would not run on Microsoft Operating systems
3. The application software intended for the computer

4. User – friendliness of the operating system

5. The documentation available

6. The cost of the operating system

7. Reliability and security provided by the operating system

8. The number of processors and hardware it can support

9. The number of users it can support

There are many operating systems to choose from, each with features that should be
considered when consulting with a customer. When selecting an operating system for a
customer, you should select hardware that meets or exceeds the minimum requirements for
equipment called for by the operating system.

To select the proper operating system:

✓ Create an accurate profile of your customer by analyzing the daily, weekly, and
monthly computer activities

✓ Select appropriate software and hardware to satisfy existing and future requirements

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Brainstorming on criteria for choosing OS

Points to Remember (Take home message)

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 - Factors for best OS

Learning out come 2.1 : formative assessment

Q1. What are at least 5 customer requirements to be considered when
installing an operating system into computer?

Learning Outcome 2.2: Identify minimum hardware requirements for

operating system to be used

Duration: 1 hrs

Learning outcome 2.2 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Describe clearly software requirements considering when choosing the Operating System
2. Describe clearly hardware requirements considering when choosing the Operating System

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating System Electricity

Content 1: Identification of Possible hardware upgrades

Operating systems have minimum requirements for hardware. These are the basic
requirements for installing Windows 10 on a PC.

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Customer may need to upgrade or purchase additional hardware to support the required
applications and OS. A cost analysis will indicate if purchasing new equipment is a better idea
than upgrading. The following are common hardware upgrades:

1. RAM capacity

2. Hard drive size

3. CPU

4. Video card memory and speed

5. Motherboard

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Brainstorming on hardware requirement on the PC for installing OS

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Hardware requirements for installing OS into the computer

Learning out come 2.2 : formative assessment

Q1. Fill the table below according to minimum hardware requirements for
operating system to be used.
Item Minimum Requirement Recommended
Specification
Random Access Memory
(RAM)
Central Processing Unit

Disk Space

Operating System

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 Learning Outcome 2.3: Customize the operating system

Duration: 5 hrs

Learning outcome 2.3 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Define correctly user account created in Operating System
2. Apply correctly the steps to create local user account in windows 10
3. Manage appropriately windows services in windows 10
4. Create correctly partitions of HDD drive in windows 10

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating System Electricity

Content 1: Creating a local user account/administrator account in

window 10
You can now create new accounts whenever you want, and all users will be able to easily
access their own files and customize the appearance of Windows 10 while they're logged in
to their respective accounts.

Create a local user account in Windows 10:

Create a local account for a someone else who doesn't have a Microsoft account. And if
needed, you can give that account administrator permissions. An offline account is just
another term for local account.

Select the Start button, select Settings > Accounts and then select Family & other
users. (In some editions of Windows you'll see Other users.) Select Add someone else
to this PC.

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Enter a user name, password, password hint or choose security questions, and then select
Next.

Change a local user account to an administrator account

Under Settings > Accounts > Family & other users, select the account owner name, then select
Change account type.

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Under Account type, select Administrator and OK.

Sign in with the new administrator account.

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Brainstorming on user account control

✓ Group discussion on local and administrative account

Practical learning Activity

- Individual for creating local user account

- Individual for changing local user account to administrative local user account

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- User account control
- Local and administrative account

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Content 2: Managing windows services

Windows 10 includes a wide range of settings to customize the appearance to make the
desktop and apps look better and reflect your personality.

Changing desktop wallpaper

To change the Windows 10 desktop background, use these steps:
Open Settings.
Click on Personalization.
Click on Background.
Using the "Background" drop-down menu, select the Picture option.
Click the Browse button to select the new wallpaper image.
Using the "Choose a fit" drop-down menu, select the fit that best suits the images:
Setting up a desktop slideshow
To showcase a picture collection on the desktop, use these steps:
Open Settings.
Click on Personalization.
Click on Background.
Using the "Background" drop-down menu, select the Slideshow option.
Click the Browse button to select the folder with the picture collection.
Use the "Change picture every" drop-down menu and select how often images should
rotate.

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Enable dark or light mode
Windows 10 includes two personalization modes. The light mode is the default mode and
works well during daytime, and then there's the dark mode that uses a dark color scheme in
backgrounds and other parts of the OS and supported apps. Also, it's an option more suited
for a low-light environment.

To switch between the light and dark mode, use these steps:
Open Settings.
Click on Personalization.
Click on Colors.
Use the "Choose your color" drop-down menu and select the Light or Dark mode.

Practical learning Activity

- Individual for managing windows services

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Desktop wallpaper
- Desktop slide show
- Enabling dark mode

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 Content 3: Partitioning hard drive in windows 10
Windows 10 Disk Management tool and third-party free partition software like AOMEI
Partition Assistant Standard will help you partition hard drive easily and safely.

Method 1: Partition Hard Drive in Windows 10 with Disk Management Tool

Disk Management is a tool built in all Windows versions to manage hard disk partitions, such
as create, delete and format partitions, change drive letter, shrink volume, extend volume
and perform other disk-related tasks.

Step 1: To partition Windows 10 hard drive, let's get started from opening Disk Management
Tool in Windows 10. The easiest way is to right click Start Menu and select "Disk
Management".

Step 2: Select the hard drive you want to partition. Right click a partition (here is D: drive) and
select "Shrink Volume".

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Step 3: In the pop-up window, you can modify the amount of space to shrink. And then click
"Shrink".

Step 4: After Step 3, you will find an unallocated space behind D drive. Then, right click on it and
select "New Simple Volume" and follow the wizard to format and create a new partition.

Notes: The unallocated space created by shrinking a partition can be only used to create new
partitions. You cannot use it to extend volume. That's why you may find "Disk Management
extend volume greyed out".

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on partitioning hard drive disk

27
 Practical learning Activity

- Individual for partitioning hard drive disk

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Partitioning

Content 4: Working with Task Scheduler and event viewer

1. Task Scheduler
To create a task using basic settings on Windows 10, use these steps:

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29
 Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on task schedule and event viewer

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Task schedule and event viewer

Learning out come 2.3 : formative assessment

Q1. a) What UAC stands for? UAC:
b) What is UAC by definition?
Q2. a) What PC stands for? PC:
b) What advice is given to all windows users?
Q3. a) What is Disk Management?
b) Differentiate two main sections of Disk Management?

c) List at 5 common things (activities) that can be performed in Disk Management?

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Learning Unit 3: Protect computer system

STRUCTURE OF LEARNING UNIT

Learning outcomes:
3.1. Install software utilities
3.2. Scan and Eliminate virus
3.3. Backup and restore of computer data based on OS

Learning Outcome 3.1: Install software utilities

Duration: 4 hrs

Learning outcome 3.1 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Define correctly the term virus and anti-virus
2. Describe appropriately software utilities
3. Install correctly anti-virus into a computer

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity
Anti-virus

31
 Content 1: Description of software tools utilities
Anti-virus: Antivirus software is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent,
search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and other malicious software like worms,
Trojans, adware, and more.

Anti-malware: An anti-malware is a software that protects the computer from malware such
as spyware, adware, and worms. It scans the system for all types of malicious software that
manage to reach the computer. An anti-malware program is one of the best tools to keep the
computer and personal information protected. An anti-malware is designed to eliminate
malware from the computer. Although it has similarities with antivirus, an anti-malware
program is different from antivirus. An anti-malware program has more advanced features
and broader coverage. It addresses spyware, spam, and other threat issues that antivirus
doesn’t.
Anti-spyware: Similar to antivirus programs, anti-spyware programs help to block and
prevent spyware and other malware infections on computers. Anti-spyware programs
monitor incoming data from e-mail, websites, and downloads of files and stop spyware
programs from getting a foothold in the computer operating system. They are also frequently
updated by the developer, to keep it up-to-date and able to block the most recent spyware
programs known to exist. Some anti-spyware programs are designed only to block spyware,
while others prevent both viruses and spyware.

Adware: Adware, or advertising supported software, is software that displays unwanted

advertisements on your computer. Adware programs will tend to serve you pop-up ads, can
change your browser’s homepage, add spyware and just bombard your device with
advertisements. Adware is a more succinct name for potentially unwanted programs. It’s not
quite a virus and it may not be as obviously malicious as a lot of other problematic code
floating around on the Internet. Make no mistake about it, though, that adware needs to
come off of whatever machine it’s on. Not only can adware be really bothersome every time
you use your machine, it could also cause long-term issues for your device.

Backup software: are computer programs used to perform a backup; they create supplementary
exact copies of files, databases or entire computers. These programs may later use the
supplementary copies to restore the original contents in the event of data loss

Backup media: where you store your backup data. Backing up data can consume a lot of
storage space so it is important to consider carefully how best to store it.

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Installing anti-viruses
Steps:
Download an antivirus installer or use storage device

Download the installer for the antivirus program you are going to use and save it in a suitable
location (such as Downloads or Documents). some popular antivirus programs: Avast free
antivirus, AVG antivirus (free edition), Microsoft Security Essentials.

Choosing the right version

Make sure you pick the right version to download. Avast! And AVG offer basic free antivirus
but also trial versions for more advanced software.

Remove any existing antivirus programs

It’s always important to remove any existing antivirus software before installing a new one.
New computers often come with a trial version of antivirus software.
If you decide not to buy it when the trial expires, you should uninstall it and replace it with
one of the free programs.

You can uninstall an antivirus program using add/remove programs in the Control panel or, if
it is available, with a specialized removal tool provided by the manufacturer.

Run the new antivirus

When complete, go back to the installer you downloaded earlier and double click on the file
to install it.

When the installation has completed, the software will update itself with the latest
information about the viruses it needs to be looking for.

This can take some time (up to twenty or thirty minutes) but when it's finished, it should
confirm that you are protected.

Most antivirus software gives you the opportunity to run a scan of your computer to check
for potential problems.

This can take a long time to complete (several hours for a full scan) but it's a good idea to do
this soon after you install a new program.

Example of antivirus installation (Avast)

Step 1: Click on set up where it is stored and follow the instruction

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Step 2: choose the language then click on Next.

Step3: Uncheck participation and check custom installation & click Next to continue

Step4: Click on Next

Step5: Choose Install in trial mode and click on Next

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Continue following the instructions of installation until gets finished.

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Brainstorming on antivirus

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Antivirus
- Scan
- Elimination of virus

Learning out come 3.1 : formative assessment

1. When computer virus starts to impact data, it is known as

A. virus infection
B. virus spreading
C. data losing
D. shutting down

2. Computer virus program is usually hidden in a

A. operating system
B. application program
C. disk driver
D. both A and B

3. A virus is a piece of …………… ……………………… inserted into other programming to cause

some unexpected and usually undesirable event, such as lost or damaged files.

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4. Answer by using true or false

• Malware refers to software programs designed to damage or do other unwanted

actions on a computer system.
• Adware is software that generates revenue for its developer by automatically
generating online advertisements in the user interface of the software

Learning Outcome 3.2: Scan and Eliminate virus

Duration: 2 hrs

Learning outcome 3.2 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Run correctly anti-virus installed into the computer
2. Scan appropriately the virus found into the computer
3. Differentiate clearly scan mode and scan types
4. Eliminate appropriately the virus found into the computer

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity
Anti-virus

Content 1: Explanation of scan types

Full System Scan checks all boot records, files, and running processes to which the user has
access. This scans your computer thoroughly and takes longer time.

On demand scan: scans your computer system for viruses only when prompted to do so by
the computer user

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On access scan: scans your computer system constantly for viruses and other malicious
threats, for the entire duration that your system is powered on, unless paused by the
computer user.

Scan mode and elimination of Viruses

1. Scan mode:
A manual scan is one that you run on-demand on a drive, file/folder, or your entire computer

For example, these options will be used when you click 'Scan Now' on the home screen or
'Run A Scan' in the antivirus tasks menu.

Scheduled Scan: A Scheduled Scan is similar to Manual Scan but scans all files at the
configured time and frequency.

Real-time (automated) Scan: Real-time Scan is a persistent and ongoing scan. Each time a file
is received, opened, downloaded, copied, or modified, Real-time Scan scans the file for
threats.

2. Virus elimination:
You can usually remove a computer virus by using an antivirus software program. After
scanning your PC, you can remove threats that are on your computer by neutralization (to
make virus ineffective), deleting (remove virus permanently) or quarantine (isolate virus).

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on scan types and scan modes

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Types of scanning
- Modes of scanning

Learning out come 3.2 : formative assessment

1. Choose a correct answer that define on-access scan?
A. Performs a deep scan of your computer to remove viruses and other security
threats.
B. You can select the drives and folders you want to scan Used for the manual
scanning of selected areas on a computer, including entire drives or certain
folders

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 C. Relates to the constant monitoring of the file system on workstations and
servers.
D. No correct answer
2. List the types of virus elimination you know?

Learning Outcome 3.3: Backup of computer data based on OS

Duration: 5 hrs

Learning outcome 3.2 objectives:

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Define correctly backup in operating system
2. Differentiate clearly the types of OS
3. Identify clearly the backup devices of data
4. Differentiate clearly backup devices of data

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity
Anti-virus

Content 1: Description of backup type

A Full Backup is a complete backup of all files on the designated hard drive.
An Incremental Backup is a backup of all changed files since the last Full or Incremental
backup. For example:

A Differential Backup is a backup of all changed files since the last Full Backup.
A backup copy is a duplicate instance of a data file, application, system or server that's
created using backup software. It's used as a means to restore original data in case it's
deleted, corrupted or lost.

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Daily Backup All selected files and folders that have changed during the day are backed up
based on the files modify date.

Identifying backup devices

Tape drive: Virtually unlimited backup capacities available, easy to store and transport media,
tape backups are usually fully automatic requiring no user intervention aside from changing
tape cartridges.

Digital audio tape(DAT) drives: is a signal recording and playback medium developed by Sony
and introduced in 1987. In appearance it is similar to a Compact Cassette. The recording is
digital rather than analog. DAT can record at sampling rates equal to, as well as higher and
lower than a CD at 16 bits quantization.

A magneto-optical disk: is a rewritable disk that makes use of both magnetic disk and optical
technologies. It is similar to a magnetic diskette except for its larger size. Magneto-optical
disks are seldom manufactured and used due to the advent of flash drives and DVD/CD drives,
which are less expensive and have better writing time and reliability.

Removable disks: A disk or disk cartridge that is inserted into the drive for reading and writing
and removed when not required.

A disk drive: is a device that reads and/or writes data to a disk. The most common type of
disk drive is a hard drive (or "hard disk drive"), but several other types of disk drives exist as
well. Some examples include removable storage devices, floppy drives, and optical drives,
which read optical media, such as CDs and DVDs.

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on backup types

Points to Remember (Take home message)

- Types of backup
- Backup devices

Learning out come 3.2 : formative assessment

1. Answer by using true or false?
• Full system scan checks all boot records, files, and running processes to which
the user has access

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 • In manual mode, you have to scan your computer or other driver by your own.
• Elimination by deleting completely removes the file from the computer, which
is useful if you don't want it anymore.
• Elimination by quarantine is moving the virus to a safe location that's managed
by the antivirus software but not deleting it or cleaning it.
• On-demand scan Relates to the constant monitoring of the file system on
workstations and servers

Learning Outcome 3.4: Restore computer data based on OS installed

Duration: 5 hrs

Learning outcome 3.2 objectives :

By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. Define correctly restore in operating system
2. Create correctly full backup of windows 10 with system image tool

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
Computer Operating system Electricity
Anti-virus

Content 1: Creation of backup with system image tool in windows

10
The tool allows you to save a backup in different locations, such as inside a network folder or
secondary hard drive. However, it's recommended to use a removable storage, which you can
easily disconnect and store in a safe place.

To create a full backup of Windows 10 with the system image tool, use these steps:
Open Settings.
Click on Update & Security.
Click on Backup.

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 Under the "Looking for an older backup" section, click the Go to Backup and Restore
(Windows 7) option.
On the left pane, click the Create a system image option.
Under "Where do you want to save the backup?" select the On a hard disk option.
Using the "On a hard disk" drop-down menu, select the storage location to save the
full backup of Windows 10.
Click the Next button.
Select any additional drives that you may want to include in the backup (if applicable).
Click the Next button.
Click the Start backup button.
Click the No button.

Quick note:
After the process, you'll see an option to create a system repair disc, but because most devices
no longer include an optical disk drive, you can skip the prompt. If you ever need to restore a
backup, you can use a bootable USB flash drive to access the recovery environment.

Click the Close button.

Once you complete the steps, the tool will create a backup of your computer, including
everything on the main hard drive as well as system reserved partition, and additional drives
that you may have selected during the wizard.

The System Image Backup tool uses the "Shadow Copy" technology that allows backing up
files while they're open, and apps are running, which means that you can continue to work
during the process.

The last thing left to do is to disconnect the external drive with the backup and store it in a
safe place.

Notes: The following are possible restore drives

1. HHD/SSD
2. USB/ Flash Driver
3. Tapes drives
4. Magnetic optical drives
5. CDs or DVDs
6. Disc drive

Theoretical learning Activity

✓ Group discussion on restore

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 Points to Remember (Take home message)
- Ways for restoring data

Learning out come 3.4 : formative assessment

1. Which of the following backup technique is most space efficient?
a) Full backup
b) Incremental backup
c) Differential backup
d) All of the mentioned
2. Answer by using true or false?
a) The more important the data, the greater the need for backing it up
b) A backup is as useful as its associated restore strategy
c) Storing the backup copy near to its original site is best strategy
d) Automated backup and scheduling is preferred over manual operations
3. Differentiate restore and backup?

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References:
1. Black, David L. 1991. “Microkernel Op Erating System Architecture and Mach.”
2. Central, Windows. n.d. “How to Customize Windows 10 Look and Feel.” Retrieved July
30, 2020 (https://www.windowscentral.com/how-customize-look-and-feel-windows-10).
3. David Goodwin. 2013. File Management.
4. Helsinki, University of. n.d. “OPERATING SYSTEM AND USER INTERFACE.” Retrieved July
21, 2020 (https://blogs.helsinki.fi/students-digital-skills/1-introduction-to-the-use-of-
computers/1-1-computer-functionality/operating-system-and-user-interface/).
5. Shukla, Amit. 2017. “Introduction to Operating System and Their Types.”
6. Shukla, Amit. n.d. “Kernel in Operating System.” Retrieved July 21,
2020 (https://www.includehelp.com/operating-
systems/kernel.aspx).
7. Stallings, William. n.d. “Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles.”

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