Chapter 6

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 1

Essentials of Design an the
Design Activities
Chapter 6

Systems Analysis and Design

in a Changing World 6th Ed

Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

Chapter 6 Outline
 The Elements of Design
 Inputs and Outputs for Systems Design
 Design Activities
 Design Activity: Design the Environment

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Learning Objectives
 Describe the difference between systems
analysis and systems design
 Explain each major design activity
 Describe the major hardware and network
environment options
 Describe the various hosting services
available

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Overview
 Analysis says “what” is required and design tells us
“how” the system will be configured and constructed
 Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 covered systems analysis
activities (requirements)
 This chapter introduces system design and the
design activities involved in systems development
 Design bridges the gap between requirements to
actual implementation
 Objective of design is to define, organize, and
structure the components of the final solution to
serve as a blue print for construction
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Major Components of Design

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Two Levels of Design
 Architectural Design
 Broad design of the overall system structure
 Also called General Design and Conceptual Design
 Detailed Design
 Low level design that includes the design of the specific
program details
 Design of each use case
 Design of the database
 Design of user and system interfaces
 Design of controls and security

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Analysis Objectives versus
Design Objectives

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Analysis
vs.
Design
Models

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Design Activities

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Design Activities and Key Question

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Design Activities:
Design the environment
 The environment is all of the technology
required to support the software application
 Servers, Desktop computers
 Mobile devices, Operating systems
 Communication capabilities, Input and output
capabilities
 In Chapter 2 this was called the Technology
Architecture
 This activity is discussed in more detail later in
the chapter

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Design Activities:
Design the application architecture and software

 Partition system into subsystems

 Define software architecture
 Three layer or model-view-controller
 Detailed design of each use case
 Design class diagrams
 Sequence diagrams
 State machine diagrams

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Design Class
Diagram

Detail design for

two use cases:
Process New Sale
Make payment

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Design Activities:
Design the user interfaces

 Dialog design begins with requirements

 Use case flow of activities
 System sequenced diagram
 Design adds in screen layout, look and feel,
navigation, user experience
 Now we require interface design for many
different environment and devices
 Smart phone
 Notebooks, tablets, iPads

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Design Activities:
Design the system interfaces

 Information system interacts with many other

systems, internal and external
 Much more integration now
 System interfaces connect with other systems
in many different ways
 Save data another system uses
 Read data another system saved
 Real time request for information
 Software services

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System to system interface
using XML

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Design Activities:
Design the database

 Starting with the domain model class diagram

(or ERD)
 Choose database structure
 Usually relational database
 Could be ODBMS framework
 Design architecture (distributed, etc.)
 Design database schema
 Tables and columns in relational
 Design referential integrity constraints
 Foreign key references
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Database Table Definition
Using mySQL

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Design Activities:
Design the security and system controls

 Protect the organization’s assets

 Becomes crucial in Internet and wireless
 User interface controls
 Application controls
 Database controls
 Network controls

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Design the Environment
The design activity now in more detail
 Design for Internal Deployment
 Stand alone software systems
 Run on one device without networking
 Internal network-based systems
 Local area network, client-server architecture
 Desktop applications and browser-based
applications
 Three-layer client server architecture
 View layer, domain layer, and data layer
 Desktop and browser based applications
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Network Diagram
Internal Network System

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Internal Network Terminology
 Local area network
 a computer network in which the cabling and hardware
are confined to a single location
 Client-server architecture
 a computer network configuration with user’s computers
and central computers that provide common services
 Client computers
 the computers at which the users work to perform their
computational tasks
 Server computer
 the central computer that provides services (such as
database access) to the client computers over a network

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Internal Network Terminology
 Browser-based internal network
 Hypertext markup language (HTML)
 the predominant language for constructing Web
pages and which consists of tags and rules about
how to display pages
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
 The foundation protocol of the Internet; used to
provide reliable delivery of messages between
networked computers

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Three Layer Architecture
 Three Layer Client-Server Architecture
 a client/server architecture that divides an application into view
layer, business logic layer, and data layer
 View layer
 the part of the three-layer architecture that contains the user
interface
 Business logic layer or domain layer
 the part of a three-layer architecture that contains the programs
that implement the business rules and processes
 Data layer
 the part of a three-layer architecture that interacts with the data

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Abstract Three Layer
Architecture

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Internal Deployment with
Three Layer Architecture

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Design the Environment
(continued)
 Design for External Deployment
 Configuration for Internet deployment
 Advantages and risks
 Hosting Alternatives for Internet deployment
 Colocation
 Managed services
 Virtual Servers
 Cloud computing
 Diversity of Client Devices with Internet
deployment
 Full size, tablets and notebooks, smart phones
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Configuration for Internet
Deployment

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Configuration for Internet
Deployment
 Advantages
 Accessibility—Web-based applications are accessible to a
large number of potential users (including customers, suppliers,
and off-site employees).
 Low-cost communication—The high-capacity networks that
form the Internet backbone were initially funded primarily by
governments. Traffic on the backbone networks travels free of
extra charges to the end user. Connections to the Internet can
be purchased from a variety of private Internet service providers
at relatively low costs.
 Widely implemented standards—Web standards are well
known, and many computing professionals are already trained in
their use.

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Configuration for Internet
Deployment
 Potential Problems
 Security—Web servers are a well-defined target for security
breaches because Web standards are open and widely known.
Wide-scale interconnection of networks and the use of Internet
and Web standards make servers accessible to a global pool of
hackers.
 Throughput—When high loads occur, throughput and response
time can suffer significantly. The configuration must support not
only daily average users but also a peak-load number of users.
 Changing standards—Web standards change rapidly. Client
software is updated every few months. Developers of widely
used applications are faced with a dilemma: Use the latest
standards to increase functionality or use older standards to
ensure greater compatibility with older user software.

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Configuration for Internet
Deployment
 Security improved by:
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
 an encrypted form of information transfer on the Internet
that combines HTTP and TLS
 Transport Layer Security (TLS)
 An advanced version of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
protocol used to transmit information over the Internet
securely

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 Performance
improved by
multiple server
configurations

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Hosting Alternatives for Internet
Deployment
 Hosting:
 Running and maintaining a computer system on
someone’s behalf where the application software and
the database reside
 The process of providing physical servers at a secure
location and selling those services to other
businesses that wish to deploy Web sites
 Issues when considering hosting alternatives
 Reliability, security, physical facilities, staff, potential
for growth

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Hosting Alternatives for Internet
Deployment (continued)

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Hosting Alternatives for Internet
Deployment (continued)
 Colocation
 a hosting service with a secure location but in which the
computers are usually owned by the client businesses
 Managed Services
 a client owns software but may want to purchase
additional services, such as installing and managing the
operating system, the Internet servers, database servers,
and load balancing software
 Virtual servers
 the client company leases a virtual server that is
configured as a real server, with a certain amount of CPU
capacity, internal memory, hard drive memory, and
bandwidth to the Internet
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Hosting Alternatives for Internet
Deployment (continued)
 Cloud Computing
 an extension of virtual servers in which the resources
available include computing, storage, and Internet access
and they appear to have unlimited availability
 a client should be able to buy computing capacity much
like one purchases such a utility as water or electricity
 the client shouldn’t have to be concerned with such
environmental issues as how or where this computing
capacity is provided, just as an individual doesn’t have to
worry about how electricity is generated
 Service Level Agreement
 For all alternatives, part of the contract between a
business and a hosting company that guarantees a
specific level of system availability
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Diversity of Client Devices with
Internet Deployment
 Full size devices
 Desktops, laptops, 15-27” high resolution
 Mid level tablet devices
 Tablets 8-10 inches, landscape or portrait mode,
lower resolution, might need specific view layer
 Small mobile computing devices
 Very small screens, regular web sites hard to read,
really need specific view layer for mobile web viewing

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Design for Remote, Distributed
Environment

 Two interfaces to same Web app for internal vs.

external access
 Back end, Front end UI to same Web app
 Not as secure

 Virtual private network (VPN)

 Closed network with security and closed access built
on top of a public network (Internet)

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Virtual Private Network (VPN)

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RMO
Technology
Architecture:

Lots of
locations:
Need carefully
designed
remote access

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RMO’s Current Technology
Architecture

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Summary
 This chapter discussed system design, the six design
activities, and designing the environment.
 System design is he bridge between requirements and
implementation—a blue print for what needs to be built.
 Design occurs at two levels: architectural design and
detail design.
 Models of the functional requirements (domain model
class diagrams, use case diagrams, system sequence
diagrams, use case descriptions, state machine diagrams,
and activities diagrams) are used as the basis for creating
design models.

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Summary (continued)
 There are six design activities: design the environment,
design the application architecture and software, design
user interfaces, design system interfaces, design the
database, and design system controls and security.
 The first activity, Design the environment, is covered in
detail. This includes designing for internal deployment
and design for external deployment.
 Important issues are three layer architecture, deploying
using the Internet, and hosting alternatives.
 Hosting alternatives include colocation, managed
services, virtual servers, and cloud computing.

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