DATABASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (DBMS)
By- Prof. ADARSH ASHOK
FITCS
 Table of Content...
Introduction to Databases
Basic Concepts:
> Data
» Database
» Database systems
> DBMS
» Purpose of Database system
>» Characteristics of Database
> Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
> Database Languages
> Three level architecture
> Various components of a DBMS

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

Data...
= Known facts that can be recorded and have meaning.
= Latin word ‘Datum’ means a single piece of information, while data is plural.

INformaf?tion...
= Information means result of processing data that is meaningful to the end users.

Database/Catalogs/Schemas...
® A logical and clear collection of related data.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

Database Management system...
= A DBMS is computerized system that enables users to create and maintain a database.
= The DBMS is a general purpose software system does the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating and sharing databases among various users and applications.

Metadata...
=» Data about data / data about the structures used to store data.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 What is a Table
© A table is a rectangular grid or matrix of cells. It is a collection of rows and columns.
© Each table will have distinct table name in a schema, and is uniquely identified by its name
within that schema.
° Tables in a different schemas can have same name.
© A table is expected to have at least one column or one column combination.
© Each vertical array of cells in a table is known as a column.
© Each horizontal array of cells in a table is known as a row.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

101 BBA Baroda
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102

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102 BCA

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Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 Characteristics of Database

. Self describing nature of a database system.

. Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction.

. Support of multiple views of the data.

. Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 Logical Data Models
Hierarchical Data Model
Network Data Model
een

Relational Data Model

Object Oriented Data Model
Object relational Data Model
Nested Relational Data Model
Multidimensional Data Model
re

XML Data Model

9. Document Store Data Model
10.Graph Data Model NoSQL Data Models
11.Key — Value Store Data Model

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 Aavantages of DBMS
Controlling redundancy.
(e)

Restricting Unauthorized Access.

Providing persistent Storage for program objects.
Providing Storage structures and search techniques for efficient query processing.
Providing backup and recovery.
Providing Multiple user Interfaces.
Representing complex relationships among data.
Enforcing integrity constraints.
Potential for application develooment time.
Flexibility.
Availability of up-to-date information
Economics of scale

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

Certainly! Let's break down each of these concepts:

1. Controlling Redundancy : This refers to the practice of minimizing the duplication of data within a database or
information system. Redundancy can lead fo inconsistencies and inefficiencies. By controlling redundancy, you ensure
that each piece of data is stored only once, which simplifies maintenance and reduces the chance of errors.

2. Restricting Unauthorized Access: This involves implementing security measures to ensure that only authorized users can
access certain data or system functionalities. Techniques include authentication (verifying identity) and authorization
(granting specific permissions). This is crucial for protecting sensitive information and maintaining privacy.

3. Providing Persistent Storage for Program Objects: Persistent storage means that data is saved in such a way that it
remains available even after the program or system has been turned off or restarted. For example, databases and file
systems provide persistent storage, allowing data to be retained over time.

4. **Providing Storage Structures and Search Techniques for Efficient Query Processing: This involves designing and using
data structures (like indexes, hash tables, or B-trees) and algorithms that enable fast and efficient retrieval of data from a
database. Efficient query processing is important for performance and user experience.

5. Providing Backup and Recovery: This is the process of creating copies of data (backups) and having procedures in
place to restore data in the event of data loss, corruption, or system failure. Regular backups and recovery plans are
essential for data protection and business continuity.

6. Providing Multiple User Interfaces: This refers to offering various ways for users to interact with a system or database.
Examples include graphical user interfaces (GUIs), command-line interfaces (CLIs), and web interfaces. Different
interfaces can cater to different user needs and preferences.
 7. Representing Complex Relationships Among Data: In databases, this means organizing data in a way that captures
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intricate relationships, such as one-to-many or many-to-many associations. This is offen achieved through relational
models, object-oriented models, or graph databases, depending on the complexity and nature of the data.

8. Enforcing Integrity Constraints: Integrity constraints are rules that ensure the accuracy and consistency of data in a
database. Examples include primary keys (which uniquely identify records) and foreign keys (which maintain referential
integrity between tables). Enforcing these constraints helps prevent invalid data entries and maintains data quality.

9. Potential for Application Development Time: This refers to the impact of the database or system design on the time it
takes to develop applications. A well-designed system can streamline development, reduce coding time, and simplify
maintenance, whereas a poorly designed system can lead to longer development cycles and higher costs.

10. Flexibility: In the context of databases or systems, flexibility means the ability to adapt to changing requirements or
environments. A flexible system can accommodate new types of data, changes in user needs, or evolving business
processes without requiring significant rework.

11. Availability of Up-to-Date Information: This refers to ensuring that the information provided by a system or database is
current and accurate. Keeping data up-to-date involves regular updates and synchronization to reflect the most recent
changes or additions.

12. Economics of Scale: This concept involves reducing the per-unit cost of services or production as the scale of
operations increases. In the context of databases, if means that as the size of the database or number of users grows, the
cost per user or per unit of data storage offen decreases, making larger systems more cost-effective.

Each of these concepts plays a crucial role in designing, managing, and maintaining effective and efficient information
systems and databases.
 Disadvantages of DBMS
Increased Cost
Complexity
Currency Maintenance
Performance
Frequency Upgrade/Replacement Cycles
Complex design
Damaged part
Compatibility
Data isolation
Difficulty in accessing data

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

Absolutely, let’s break down each of these concepts:

1. Increased Cost: This refers to the rise in expenses associated with maintaining, upgrading, or scaling a system or
infrastructure. Costs can increase due to factors such as higher hardware requirements, more complex software,
increased licensing fees, or the need for more personnel fo manage and support the system.

2. Complexity: This describes how intricate and multifaceted a system or process is. Complexity can arise from various
factors, such as the number of components involved, the interdependencies between them, and the sophistication of the
system’s functions. Greater complexity offen means higher costs, more potential for errors, and increased difficulty in
maintenance and troubleshooting.

3. Currency Maintenance: This involves keeping data or systems current and up-to-date. In databases, currency
maintenance means ensuring that data reflects the latest changes and updates. In broader terms, it can also refer to the
need to regularly update software or hardware to keep if relevant and functional.

4. Performance: This is qa measure of how efficiently a system or component operates, often in terms of soeed and
responsiveness. Performance can be affected by various factors, including hardware capabilities, software optimization,
and the complexity of the tasks being performed. High performance is crucial for user satisfaction and system efficiency.

5. Frequency Upgrade/Replacement Cycles: This refers fo how often hardware or software needs to be upgraded or
replaced fo stay effective and relevant. Frequent upgrades or replacements can lead to higher costs and disruptions but
may be necessary to keep up with technological advancements and maintain system performance.
e)
6. Complex Design: This refers to a system or structure that is intricate and challenging to understand or
implement due fo Its multiple components, interdeoendencies, and detailed architecture. Complex designs
can be difficult to develop, maintain, and troubleshoot, and may require specialized knowledge or skills.

7. Damaged Part: In the context of hardware or systems, this refers to a component that has been physically
or functionally impaired, affecting the overall performance or operation of the system. Repairing or
replacing damaged parts is essential to restore full functionality and prevent system failures.

8. Compatibility: This is the ability of different systems, components, or software to work together seamlessly.
Compaiibility issues can arise when new technologies or updates do not integrate well with existing systems,
leading to potential conflicts, errors, or reduced functionality.

9. Data Isolation: This refers to the separation of data in a way that ensures different sets of data are kept
distinct from one another. Data isolation can be important for maintaining security, privacy, and data
integrity, and is often achieved through database design practices or access controls.

10. Difficulty in Accessing Data: This describes the challenges users face when trying to retrieve or interact
with data. Difficulty in accessing data can be caused by poor system design, inefficient query processing,
inadequate indexing, or complex data structures. Ensuring easy access to data is crucial for effective data
management and user satisfaction.

Each of these factors can significantly impact the effectiveness, efficiency, and usability of systems and
infrastructure. Understanding and managing these aspects are key to maintaining robust and reliable
technology solutions.
Database
Languages

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 Database Languages

Database languages are used to interact with and manage databases. They enable users to perform various
operations such as querying data, updating records, and defining the structure of the database.

SQL (Structured Query Language): SQL is the most widely used database language for relational
databases. It provides a standardized way to interact with databases and includes commands for:

‘Data Querying: SELECT statements to retrieve data.

‘Data Manipulation: INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements to modify data.
*Data Definition: CREATE, ALTER, and DROP statements to define and modify database structures.
«Data Control: GRANT and REVOKE statements to manage permissions and security.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

Three Schema Architecture of DBMS

o The Three-Schema Architecture of a Database Management System (DBMS) is a

framework that helos manage data abstraction and independence in databases. It
divides the database system into three distinct levels, each representing a different
view of the data. This architecture is crucial for ensuring data consistency and
simplifying database management. Here's a detailed breakdown of each schema:

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 EXTERNAL LAYER

The three layers of a three-schema

CONCEPTUAL
architecture are: LAYER

¢ External Layer

¢ Conceptual Layer INTERNAL

LAYER
¢ Internal Layer

DATABASE

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 What ts External Schema?

1. External Schema (View Schema)

*Definition: This schema defines how users and applications interact with the database. It includes
various user views or perspectives of the data, tailored to specific user needs.

«Purpose: It provides different ways of presenting and accessing data to different users or
applications, ensuring that users see only the data they are permitted to access.

-Components: Includes user-specific views, sub-schemas, and access permissions. It allows for
customization of data presentation and restrictions based on user roles and requirements.

“Example: This schema might include views for different departments in an organization, such as a
view showing only employee information for HR or a view with sales data for the sales team.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 What is Conceptual Schema?

3°
2. Conceptual Schema (Logical Schema)
Definition: This schema provides a unified view of the entire database, abstracting
away the details of the physical storage. It defines the logical structure of the database
and the relationships among data entities.
Purpose: It represents the whole database as a whole and ensures that the data is
logically organized and accessible. It also enforces constraints and data integrity rules.
Components: Includes the database's logical structure, entities, relationships,
constraints, and data integrity rules. It provides a high-level view without concern for
how data is physically stored.
Example: This schema might define tables, columns, relationships, primary and foreign
keys, and constraints in a relational database.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 What is Internal Schema?

o 3. Internal Schema (Physical Schema)

Definition: This schema describes the physical storage of data on the hardware. It deals with
how data is actually stored in the database, including file structures, indexing, and storage
allocation.
Purpose: It focuses on the efficiency of data storage and retrieval, optimizing performance,
and managing storage resources.
Components: Includes details about data files, data blocks, access methods, indexing, and file
organization.
Example: This schema might involve specifying how data is stored on disk, which indexes are
used, and how data retrieval operations are optimized.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

 Advantages of Three schema
architecture of DBMS
The three-schema architecture in database management systems (DBMS) offers several advantages, including:
Data Independence: The separation of the three schema layers (external, conceptual, and internal) provides data
independence. Changes made to one layer do not affect the other layers, allowing modifications to be made without
disrupting the entire system. This enhances flexibility and simplifies maintenance.
Modular Development: The three-schema architecture enables modular development of the database system. Each
schema layer can be designed, implemented, and modified independently, promoting a modular and scalable approach
to database development.
Enhanced Security and Privacy: By segregating the external schema from the physical storage details in the internal
schema, the three-schema architecture helps in enforcing security and privacy measures. Access controls can be
implemented at the external schema level to restrict user access to sensitive data, ensuring data security.
Improved Performance: The separation of the internal schema allows for efficient storage and retrieval mechanisms to
be implemented. Physical optimizations such as indexing, partitioning, and caching can be tailored to the specific
needs of the internal schema, resulting in improved performance and query execution times.
Data Consistency and Integrity: The conceptual schema acts as an intermediary layer between the external and
internal schemas, ensuring data consistency and integrity. It provides a standardized and consistent view of the data
across different external schemas, enforcing data integrity constraints and validation rules.
Database Design and Evolution: The three-schema architecture aids in the design and evolution of the database
system. Changes to the conceptual schema, such as modifying entity relationships or adding new attributes, can be
made without impacting the external or internal schemas. This separation allows for easier database evolution and
adaptation to changing business requirements.
Prof. ADARSH ASHOK
 Disadvantages of three schema
architectures of DBMS
While the three-schema architecture in database management systems (DBMS) offers several advantages, it also has some
disadvantages to consider:
Increased Complexity: The three-schema architecture introduces additional complexity to the design and development of a
database system. Managing and coordinating the interactions between the external, conceptual, and internal schemas can be
more challenging compared to a simpler, single-schema approach.
Higher Overhead: The separation of the three schema layers can result in increased overhead in terms of storage and
processing. Each layer requires its own set of mappings, transformations, and operations, which may impact system
performance and resource utilization.
Additional Development Effort: Designing and implementing the three schema layers requires additional development effort.
Creating and maintaining the mappings and transformations between the schemas can be time-consuming and may
introduce additional opportunities for errors.
Lack of Flexibility: While the three-schema architecture provides data independence, it may also limit the flexibility to make
certain types of changes. Modifying the conceptual schema, in particular, can have ripple effects on the external and internal
schemas, requiring updates and adjustments in multiple layers.
Potential for Inconsistencies: Despite efforts to maintain data consistency, the separation of the three schemas introduces
the possibility of inconsistencies. Synchronization issues between the layers, such as when changes are made in one schema
without reflecting those changes in the others, can result in data inconsistencies and integrity problems.
Learning Curve: Understanding and working with the three-schema architecture may require a steeper learning curve for
developers and database administrators. The concepts and techniques involved in managing the interactions between the
schemas may be more complex and require additional training and expertise.
Prof. ADARSH ASHOK
 What are the components of DBMS?
Hardware, Software, Data, Database Access Language, Procedures and Users all together form the components
of a DBMS.

Hardware

Data Acess
Langauge

Procedure

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

o Hardware

o The hardware is the actual computer system used for keeping and accessing the database. The
conventional DBMS hardware consists of secondary storage devices such as hard disks.
Databases run on the range of machines from micro computers to mainframes.

° Software

© Software is the actual DBMS between the physical database and the users of the system. All
the requests from the user for accessing the database are handled by DBMS.

° Data

co It is an important component of the database management system. The main task of DBMS is
to process the data. Databases are used to store the data, retrieved, and updated to and from
the databases.

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

°
Users

o There are a number of users who can access or retrieve the data on demand using the
application and the interfaces provided by the DBMS.
oc The users of the database can be classified into different groups —
Native Users
Online Users
Sophisticated Users

Specialized Users

Application Users
DBA- Database Administrator

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK

THANK YOU

Prof. ADARSH ASHOK