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Learning JavaScript 2nd Edition Shelley Powers Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Shelley Powers
ISBN(s): 9780596521882, 059652188X
File Details: PDF, 7.31 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
Learning JavaScript

SHELLEY POWERS

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo

A Note Regarding
Supplemental Files
Supplemental files and examples for this book can be found at
http://examples.oreilly.com/9780596521882/. Please use a
standard desktop web browser to access these files, as they
may not be accessible from all ereader devices.

All code files or examples referenced in the book will be

available online. For physical books that ship with an
accompanying disc, whenever possible, we’ve posted all
CD/DVD content. Note that while we provide as much of the
media content as we are able via free download, we are
sometimes limited by licensing restrictions. Please direct any
questions or concerns to [email protected].
Preface
JavaScript was originally intended to be a scripting interface
between a web page loaded in the browser client (Netscape
Navigator at the time) and the application on the server. Since
its introduction in 1995, JavaScript has become a key
component of web development, and has found uses
elsewhere as well.

This book covers the JavaScript language, from its most

primitive data types that have been around since the beginning
of the language, to its most complex features, including those
that have to do with Ajax and dynamic page effects. After
reading this book, you will have the basics you need to work
with even the most sophisticated libraries and web
applications.

Audience
Readers of this book should be familiar with web page
technology, including Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and
HTML/XHTML. Previous programming experience isn’t
required, though some sections may require extra review if you
have no previous exposure to programming.

This book should help:

 Anyone who wants, or needs, to integrate JavaScript into
his own personal website or sites

Anyone who uses a content-management tool, such as a

weblogging tool, and wants to better understand the
scripting components incorporated into her tool templates

Web developers who seek to integrate JavaScript and

some of the dynamic web page/Ajax features into their
websites

Web service developers who want to develop for a new

market of clients

Teachers who use web technologies as either the focus or

a component of their courses

Web page designers who wish to better understand how

they can enliven their designs with interactive or animated
effects

Anyone interested in web technologies

Assumptions and Approach

As stated earlier, this book assumes you have experience with
HTML and CSS, as well as a general understanding of how
web applications work. Programming experience isn’t
necessary, but the book covers all aspects of JavaScript, some
of which are relatively sophisticated. Though the heavier
pieces are few, you will need to understand JavaScript well
enough to work with the newer Ajax libraries.
The Development Environment
Working with JavaScript can be especially challenging because
your applications have to work not only on different types of
machines, but also in several different browsers. If you look at
web server logfiles for a site, you can see accesses from
modern browsers, such as Firefox 3 and IE8, as well as
ancient browsers such as IE5.

You can get caught up in trying to create JavaScript for all

possible variations of operating system and browser, but a
better bet is to pick a group of target browsers that matches the
browsers used by most of the people accessing your web
pages, and use these to test your applications. You may find
that your applications won’t work with older browsers, but at
some point, you won’t be able to support all environments for
all people.

Throughout this book, I’ll be mentioning “target browsers” when

I mention how a piece of JavaScript works. For the book, my
target browsers are Firefox 3.x, Opera 9.x, Safari 3.x (including
recent builds of WebKit, the infrastructure that forms the basis
of Safari), and primarily IE8, the next version of Internet
Explorer. Most of the examples for IE should also work with IE
7.x and IE 6.x, and I’ll try to note otherwise. Here is a list of the
URLs where you can access these browsers:

You can download Firefox from http://www.mozilla.com/en-

US/firefox/.
 Safari is installed with Mac OS X, but you can also access
it for the Mac and Windows at
http://www.apple.com/safari/. Safari is based on the open
source WebKit project, which provides nightly builds for
testing at http://webkit.org/.

You can access Opera at http://www.opera.com/.

Internet Explorer is built into Windows, but you can access

the IE8 beta at http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-
explorer/beta/default.aspx.

JavaScript and browser development is very dynamic, and this

adds a unique challenge when writing a book on JavaScript.
Though I tried to include the most updated coverage of
JavaScript, both the JavaScript specification (the ECMAScript
specification, to be more accurate) and the browsers
themselves were undergoing significant changes. For instance,
as I was in the editing phase of this book, the ECMAScript
working group announced plans to abandon work on what was
known as JavaScript 2 and focus on a new interim specification
release, ECMAScript 3.1. However, most of the changes in the
newer ECMAScript aren’t implemented in many of the target
browsers. In the cases where I was relatively confident that the
specification introduced a functionality that will be implemented
in future browsers, I made a note, at a minimum, of upcoming
changes.

In addition, browser makers are always introducing new

versions of their tools. The target browsers used to test
examples in this book reflect the state of the browsers at the
time I wrote the book, which may not quite reflect what you’ll
find when you read the book.

However, most of the material I’ve focused on is “classic”

JavaScript, which not only is stable, but also will always form
the platform on which new changes to both browser and
scripting language are based. Most, if not all, of the examples
in this book should work in older and future browsers, as well
as the target browsers used to test the examples.

Knock on wood.
How the Book Is Organized
The book is organized into six loosely grouped sections.

Chapters 1 through 3 provide an introduction to the structure of

a JavaScript application, including the simple data types
supported in the language, as well as the basic statements and
control structures. These establish a baseline of understanding
of the language for the sections that follow.

Chapters 4 and 5 introduce the main JavaScript objects,

String, Number, and Boolean, in addition to other built-in
objects, such as Math, RegExp (for regular expressions),
Array, and the all-important Function.

Chapter 6 takes a breather from the language bits and

prepares the reader for the more complex scripting examples
later in the book by introducing the browser debugging tools,
as well as troubleshooting techniques.

Chapter 7 introduces event handling, and Chapter 8 then

expands on the subject by covering form events and
JavaScript applications with forms.

Chapters 9 through 11 delve into the more sophisticated

aspects of web page development. These chapters cover the
Browser Object Model (BOM) and the newer Document Object
Model (DOM), and show how you can create your own custom
objects. Understanding these models is essential if you wish to
create new windows, or individually access, modify, or even
dynamically create any page element. In addition, with custom
objects, you can move beyond the capabilities that are pre-built
into either language or browser. Also included in these
chapters is a look at browser cookies and some of the more
modern client-side storage techniques.

Chapters 12 through 15 finish the book by diving into the

advanced uses of JavaScript, including dynamic page effects
and Ajax, as well as a more detailed look at using XML or
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) with Ajax applications.

Though I try to follow a logical course when covering

JavaScript, sometimes I’ll need to use functionality in an
example that I won’t cover in detail until a later chapter. When
this occurs, I’ll try to make a note about which chapter includes
coverage of the more advanced functionality.
A Chapter Breakdown
The following is a detailed breakdown of this book’s contents,
including a brief description of what each chapter covers:

Chapter 1, Hello JavaScript!

Introduces JavaScript and provides a quick first look at a
small web page application. This chapter also covers some
issues associated with the use of JavaScript, including
some good programming practices recommended for
JavaScript applications.
Chapter 2, JavaScript Data Types and Variables
Provides an overview of the basic data types in JavaScript,
as well as an overview of language variables, identifiers,
and the structure of a JavaScript statement.

Chapter 3, Operators and Statements

Covers the basic statements of JavaScript, including
assignment, conditional, and control statements, as well as
the operators necessary for all three.

Chapter 4, The JavaScript Objects

Introduces the three primary built-in JavaScript objects,
including Number, String, and Boolean, as well as Date
and Math. The chapter also introduces the RegExp object,
which provides the facilities to do pattern matching.

Chapter 5, Functions
 Focuses on one other JavaScript built-in object: Function.
Function is key to creating custom objects, as well as
packaging blocks of JavaScript into reusable functionality
that can be invoked more than once in an application.

Chapter 6, Troubleshooting, Debugging, and Cross-Browser

Issues
Briefly introduces the debugging environments for the
book’s target browsers (Internet Explorer, Safari, Firefox,
and Opera), as well as covers basic cross-browser
development.

Chapter 7, Catching Events

Focuses on event handling, including both the original form
of event handling (which is still commonly used in many
applications) as well as the newer DOM-based event
handling.

Chapter 8, Forms, Form Events, and Validation

Introduces using JavaScript with forms and form fields,
including how to access each field type—such as text input
fields and drop-down lists—and validate the data once
retrieved. Form validation before the form is submitted to
the web server helps prevent an unnecessary round trip to
the server, and thus saves both time and resource use. This
chapter also briefly introduces issues related to security and
forms.

Chapter 9, Browser As Puzzle Box

 Begins to look at object models accessible from JavaScript,
starting with the Browser Object Model—a hierarchy of
objects including the window, document, forms, history,
location, and so on. Through the BOM, JavaScript can open
windows; access page elements such as forms, links, and
images; and even create some basic dynamic effects.

Chapter 10, Cookies and Other Client-Side Storage

Techniques
Covers script-based cookies, which store small pieces of
data on the client’s machine. With cookies, you can store
usernames, passwords, and other information so that users
don’t have to keep reentering data. In addition, this chapter
provides a brief overview of new and upcoming client-side
storage techniques, such as Google’s Gears and HTML5
local storage that offer capabilities beyond what a cookie
can provide. The chapter also includes a review of the
JavaScript sandbox.

Chapter 11, The DOM, or Web Page As Tree

Focuses on the DOM, a straightforward, but not trivial,
object model that provides access to all document elements
and attributes. Though the model is comprehensive and its
coverage is fairly straightforward, the chapter could present
some challenging moments for new programmers.

Chapter 12, Dynamic Pages

Provides a general introduction to dynamically altering the
web page, including modifying an individual element’s style,
as well as adding and removing elements from the page.
 Some of the effects we’ll explore in this chapter include
drag-and-drop, collapsing and expanding page sections,
visibility, and movement. An understanding of CSS is
required.

Chapter 13, Creating Custom JavaScript Objects

Demonstrates how to create custom objects in JavaScript
and covers the prototype structure that enables such
structures in the language. We’ll discuss some
programming language concepts, such as inheritance and
encapsulation, but you don’t need prior experience with
these concepts to benefit from reading this chapter.

Chapter 14, Moving Outside the Page with Ajax

Introduces Ajax, which, despite all the excitement it has
generated, is actually not a complicated use of JavaScript.
The chapter walks through a complete example, including
server-side code.
Chapter 15, Ajax Data: XML or JSON?
Expands on the example in Chapter 14 that demonstrated
Ajax with an HTML fragment by demonstrating how to
generate and process XML through an Ajax application,
and then how to do the same with JSON. We’ll cover the
advantages of both techniques, as well as when to use one
over the other.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Constant width
Used for command lines and options that should be typed
verbatim, C# keywords, and code examples

Constant width italic

Used for replaceable items, such as variables or optional
elements, within syntax lines or code
Constant width bold

Used for emphasis within program code

Italic
Used for pathnames, filenames, Internet addresses (such
as domain names and URLs), and new terms where they
are defined

NOTE

Indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note.

WARNING

Indicates a warning or caution.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you
may use the code in this book in your programs and
documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission
unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For
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from this book does not require permission. Selling or
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and quoting example code does not require permission.
Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this
book into your product’s documentation does require
permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution

usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For
example: “Learning JavaScript, Second Edition, by Shelley
Powers. Copyright 2009 Shelley Powers, 978-0-596-52187-5.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or
the permission given here, feel free to contact us at
[email protected].

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Acknowledgments
I want to thank my editing and review team for helping me write
a better book. This includes technical editors Tony Ruscoe,
Jeni Tennison, Matthew Russell, and Trey Holdener, who did
an excellent job reviewing the content, as well as my long-time
editor, Simon St.Laurent. In addition, I’d like to thank the other
members of the production team: Rachel Monaghan, Sumita
Mukherji, Joe Wizda, and Jessamyn Read.
Chapter 1. Hello JavaScript!
One reason JavaScript is so popular is that it’s relatively easy
to add JavaScript to a web page. All you need to do, at a
minimum, is include an HTML script element in the page,
specify "text/javascript" for the type attribute, and add
whatever JavaScript you want:

<script type="text/javascript">
...some JavaScript
</script>

Installation is not required, nor do you have to torturously work

through any odd library path configurations. JavaScript works,
straight out of the box and in most web browsers, including the
big four: Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari. All you
need to do is add a scripting block, and you’re in business.

Traditionally, you add JavaScript blocks to the head element in

the document (delimited by opening and closing head tags),
but you also can include them in the body element—or even in
both sections. However, adding script to the body is not usually
considered a good technique, as it makes it more difficult to find
the script when you’re modifying it at a later time. The exception
to this rule is when performance is an issue, which I’ll cover in
Chapter 6. All of the examples in this book add scripting blocks
only to the web page head section.
Hello World!
Also traditionally, the first example when learning a new
programming language is known as “Hello, World”—a simple
application that prints out “Hello, World!” to the user interface,
whatever it may be. In the case of JavaScript, the user interface
is the web page. Example 1-1 shows a web page with a
JavaScript block that, using only one line of JavaScript, pops
open a small window commonly called an alert box with the
words “Hello, World!”

Example 1-1. The smallest JavaScript application: “Hello,

World!”
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"
lang="en">
<head>
<title>Hello, World!</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" />

<script type="text/javascript">

alert("Hello, World!");

</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
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 Transcriber’s Note:
Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent
hyphenation in the text. These were left unchanged. Obsolete and
alternative spellings were retained. Misspelled words were corrected.
Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially
printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Final stops missing
at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added. Duplicate
words at line endings or page breaks were removed. The only
footnote was moved to the end of the chapter.
The following items were changed:

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added unprinted word “have” ... glad to have relinquished ...

For hand-held devices, tap anywhere in the table of prisoners on

trial to open a screen that displays the entire table.
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