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Analysis of text Is

The document outlines different types of writing, including argumentative, expository, descriptive, and narrative, each serving distinct purposes such as influencing, informing, painting a picture, or telling a story. It also discusses communicative functions of language, including referential, poetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual functions, which serve various roles in communication. Additionally, it explains the concepts of cohesion and coherence, emphasizing the importance of idea connection at both the content and sentence levels.

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7 views

Analysis of text Is

The document outlines different types of writing, including argumentative, expository, descriptive, and narrative, each serving distinct purposes such as influencing, informing, painting a picture, or telling a story. It also discusses communicative functions of language, including referential, poetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual functions, which serve various roles in communication. Additionally, it explains the concepts of cohesion and coherence, emphasizing the importance of idea connection at both the content and sentence levels.

Uploaded by

mrv52697
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of texts (I)

Type of text
• Argumentative/Persuasive: Writing that states
the opinion of the writer and attempts to
influence the reader.
• Expository: Writing in which author’s purpose
is to inform or explain the subject to the
reader.
• Descriptive: A type of writing that tries to
paint a picture for the reader.
• Narrative: Writing in which the author tells a
story. The story could be fact or fiction.
Expository writing can be found in:
• Textbooks.
• Journalism (except for opinion and editorial
articles).
• Business writing.
• Technical writing.
• Essays.
• Instructions.
All of these kinds of writing are expository because
they aim to explain and inform.
Descriptive writing can be found in:
• Fiction.
• Poetry.
• Advertising.
• Journalism.
Persuasive writing can be found in:
• Advertising.
• Opinion and editorial pieces.
• Reviews.
• Job applications.

The author’s aim here is to persuade.


Narrative writing can be found in:
• All types of fiction (e.g., novels, short stories,
novellas).
• Poetry.
• Biographies.
• Anecdotes.
Communicative functions 1
• The referential function: and describes a situation,
object or mental state. e.g. ‘The autumn leaves have all
fallen now’.
• The poetic function: focuses on ‘the message for its own
sake’ (how the code is used) and is the operative
function in poetry as well as slogans.
• The emotive function: relates to the addresser (sender)
and is best exemplified by interjections and other sound
which add information about the addresser's
(speaker's) internal state, e.g. ‘Wow, what a view!’
Communicative functions 2
• The conative function: engages the addressee
(receiver) directly and is best illustrated
by vocatives and imperatives, e.g. "Tom! Come
inside and eat!"
• The phatic function: is language for the sake of
interaction. It can be observed in greetings and
casual discussions. It also opens, maintains,
verifies or closes the communication channel:
‘Hello?’, ‘Ok?’, ‘Bye’...
• The metalingual (‘metalinguistic’) function: is the
use of language to discuss or describe itself.
Cohesion and coherence
• Coherence means the connection of ideas at
the idea level. How the author develops and
supports the ideas present in the text 
Content of the text.

• Cohesion means the connection of ideas at


the sentence level. The “grammatical” aspects
of writing  Form of the text.
Cohesion
• It is achieved using:
– Repetition
– Substitution
– Deixis
– Ellipsis
– Lexical cohesion (semantic fields)
Coherence
• It involves:
– Content = The ideas present in the text.
– Progression = How ideas follow each other.
• Logical implications and connections. E.g.:
AB and BC, then AC.
A is true.
Therefore C is also true.
– Intention = What the author is trying to achieve.
– Closure = How the author sums up everything at
the end of the text.

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