An Atlas

OF THE GEOLOGY
AND MINERAL
DEPOSITS
OF UKRAINE

1
INTRODUCTION
An Atlas of the Geology and Mineral Deposits of Ukraine, with emphasis on the location and description of that can be helpful in better understanding the commercial potential of Ukraine’s mineral resources.
known mineral showings and prospects, was compiled in Kyiv by a group of researchers under the direction At the same time, the Mineral Advisory Group offered to share their experience in structuring investments
of Dr. Leonid Galetsky of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. When Dr. Galetsky approached Mr. James in various foreign jurisdictions with Ukrainian legislators and government officials. Of special note, a series
Temerty to support the translation and publication of an English version of the Atlas, Mr. Temerty sought of seminars and discussions were held in Ukraine to explain the concept of the “Contract of Work” that
assistance in making the Atlas a more practical tool for foreign investors who might be interested in the min- had proven very effective in attracting foreign investment in the mineral resources sector of developing
eral opportunities that may exist in Ukraine. A small Mineral Advisory Group was formed with the partici- countries. While the Ukrainian authorities have not fully adopted that approach, and the legislative and
pation of senior retired mining executives from INCO Limited – Dr. Walter Curlook, former vice chairman, regulatory framework governing investment in the sector continues to evolve, it is our conviction that this
Mr. Terrence Podolsky, former vice president of exploration, and Dr. Walter Peredery, senior geologist. Atlas should encourage foreign investors to explore the opportunities that exist in Ukraine.
This group started by assisting Dr. Galetsky in translating the Atlas into English. Under the direction As Ukraine continues to develop the institutions of democratic government and expands its market
of Dr. Peredery and Mr. Podolsky, the Atlas was expanded with over 60 pages of new text, maps, and economy, the investment environment for the mineral industry is becoming increasingly attractive for
descriptions, identifying regions for gold, rare elements, titanium and zirconium placer, kimberlites, both domestic and foreign investors.
and diamonds, and outlining historical mining regions. The additional data provide solid information James Temerty and the Mineral Advisory Group
An Atlas
OF THE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL
DEPOSITS OF UKRAINE
Scale 1:5 000 000

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Kyiv and Toronto

2007
 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE

Editor-in-chief: L.S. Galets'kyi

Project manager: N.M. Cherniyenko

Editorial board: A.S. Drannyk, M.M. Havrylenko, P.F. Hozhyk, D.S. Hurs’kyi, V.I. Kalinin, V.A. Kolosovs'ka, Ye.O. Kulish, E.V. Sobotovych,
V.M. Solovyts'kyi, M.P. Shcherbak, V.M. Shestopalov, Ye.F. Shniukov, P.F. Shpak, V.I. Starostenko, V.Ya. Velikanov, Ye.O. Yakovlev.

Authors team: M.O. Akulov, M.M. Baisarovych, V.M. Bielanov, M.A. Borodulin, L.V. Bochai, M.R. Buryan, I.I. Chebanenko, A.V. Chekunov,
N.M. Cherniyenko, E.S. Dekhtulyns’kyi, A.A. Drozdovs’ka, L.S. Galets'kyi, P.F. Hozhyk, A.I. Grygoryeva, G.H. Hryshai, Ye.P. Gurov, T.V. Il'chenko,
V.P. Ivanchikov, O.V. Ivannikov, A.S. Ivchenko, V.Yu. Ishchenko, V.G. Khaliava, K.N. Koleichuk, V.A. Kolosovs'ka, E.I. Kolot, S.S. Krasovs'kyi,
B.L. Krups'kyi, V.V. Kukhar, R.I. Kutas, G.M. Ladyzhens'kyi, S.D. Lepkyi, D.Ya. Levites, G.G. Liutyi, V.I. Lial’ko, G.V. Lysychenko, L.A. Lobanova,
M.O. Lomayev, I.I. Marakhovs'ka, G.F. Marychev, N.V. Maslun, T.G. Movsha, O.Yu. Mytropol’s’kyi,A.G. Nasad, T.S. Nechayeva, V.A. Nesterovs’kyi,
B.O. Nikolayenko, B.S. Panov, I.S. Paran’ko, I.K. Pashkevych, V.G. Pastukhov, V.I. Pavlyshyn, V.M. Peliushenko, V.I. Pochtarenko, V.Ye. Pokid’ko,
N.G. Pyshna, V.P. Semenenko, V.M. Shestopalov, T.P. Shevchenko, P.F. Shpak, V.O. Shumlians'kyi, V.O. Sliadnev, E.E. Sobolevs'kyi, V.B. Sollogub,
N.V. Solohub, V.M. Solovyts'ky, K.O. Sukhodol's'kyi, D.Ya. Telegin, A.P. Tomashevs’kyi, V.I. Trehubenko, S.M. Tsymbal, V.A. Tsviashenko, V.O. Tuts’kyi,
T.Z. Vanda, I.S. Vasylyshyn, V.Ya. Velikanov, G.I. Velykyi, A.P. Volyk, B.D. Vozgrin, Ye.O. Yakovlev, O.O. Yakubenko, N.A. Yurkova, B.F. Zernets’kyi.

English text editors: I. Stebelsky, W. Peredery

Translator and word processor: O. Omelians’ka
Additional English text: T. Podolsky, W. Peredery

Main sponsor: Northland Power Inc., Canada, James Temerty, Chairman

Sponsor support:
CCI Holding Limited, Australia, John Cannane, Vice-Director
CCI Ukraine Limited, Viktor Jouravlev, General Director
Aurora Pacific, Canada, Walter Stunder, President A catalogue record for this book is available from the
MFS – Invest, Ukraine, Alexander Prityka, President; Anatoly Vadyasov, General Director University of Toronto Press

© Authors’ project – UICPT “GEOS-XXI Century” ISBN-10:0-8020-8989-5 ISBN-13:978-0-8020-8989-2

© Design, electronic mock-up – ZLATOGRAF Printed in Canada
© Publisher – Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007 Printed on acid-free paper

8
4
To the editors and readers of An Atlas of the Geology and Mineral Deposits of Ukraine

Dear Friends,

The work before you contains information about some of Ukraine's most significant treasures. Prepared by a group of leading specialists in the field, An Atlas
of the Geology and Mineral Deposits of Ukraine incorporates a century of geological research of our country's territory.

Reading this book, even people without specialized training will be convinced of the wealth and variety of Ukraine's natural resources, her ancient geological
formations and rare mineral deposits. In many areas, Ukraine's deposits represent a substantial proportion of the world's mineral resources, ranking our country
among the most important mining regions of the planet.

This new geological atlas should serve as an invitation to the further study and development of Ukraine's resources and encourage international cooperation
and investment in this sphere.

I sincerely hope as well that this new publication will help the international community to become better acquainted with the rich history of Ukraine, her land
and natural wealth.

President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko

5
 Topaz "Golden Polissia", Volyn'

Editor-in-chief Project manager

L.S. Galets'kyi N.M. Cherniyenko

UNIQUE UKRAINIAN GEOLOGICAL PUBLICATION

For the first time, leading scientists and researchers associated with the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and the State Committee on Geology and the
Exploitation of Mineral Resources of Ukraine have cooperated in creating a unique Atlas of the Geology and Mineral Deposits of Ukraine. Comprising
75 different maps at a scale of 1:500 000, the publication provides a summary of the geological structure, natural resources, and environmental situation
throughout the entire Ukrainian territory.
Ukraine is an outstanding geological region generously endowed with a wide variety of geological structures and minerals. The country's eight thousand
deposits contain over 90 types of mineral resources: ferrous, non-ferrous, rare, and noble metals; uranium; graphite; kaolin; coal; oil and gas; mineral
waters; and gemstones.
Many deposits described in the Atlas represent opportunities for foreign investors and developers. These include gold, rare and non-ferrous metals as well as
iron, manganese and uranium ores, kaolin and clay, gemstones, and mineral water. The maps and text in this Atlas will mark Ukraine's debut in the interna- Cartographers team, from left to right:
tional world of geological information and draw attention to the possibilities for international cooperation in mining and processing projects. Project manager N.M. Cherniyenko, V.K. Boichuk, I.Ye. Klochko,
L.A. Pozniak, G.M. Storozhuk, V.P. Cherednichenko,
I.O. Nahorniak, O.I. Suvorova, S.I. Horenko

L.S. Galets'kyi

N.M. Cherniyenko

Leading authors, from left to right:

V.M. Bielanov, V.O. Sliadnev, V.A. Kolosovs'ka,
V.M. Solovyts'ky, L.V. Bochai, V.Ya. Velikanov

6
CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Pre-Triassic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
SECTION I. General overview maps Pre-Permian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Pre-Carboniferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Ukraine. Geographical-economic description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pre-Devonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Administrative districts of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Pre-Silurian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Satellite map of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pre-Ordovician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Physical geography of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Location of Ukraine within Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Pre-Vendian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Ukraine in the context of the main geological structures of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pre-Riphean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

SECTION II. Geophysical maps SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps

Aeromagnetic surveys coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Middle Eocene (Kyiv suite and its age analogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Magnetic anomaly field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Santonian) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Regional magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Gravimetric surveys coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Residual gravity anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 SECTION Vl. Ecological and hydrogeological maps
Regional gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Thermal field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Hydrogeological districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Deep penetration geophysics: MTS, DSS and CDPT coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Surface geological processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Apparent conductivity of sedimentary cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Impact of surface geological processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Apparent conductivity of the Earth's crust to a depth of 20 km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Zones of ecological-geological risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Apparent conductivity of the Earth's crust to a depth of 50 km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Landscape and geochemical zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Integral conductivity of the lithosphere to a depth of 80 km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Industrial waste load on geological environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Effective electric resistivity of the Earth's crust at a depth of 50 km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Natural radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Effective electric resistivity of the lithosphere at a depth of 80 km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Eco-geological situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Electric heterogeneity of the lithosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
The Moho discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps
Deep structure of the lithosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Deep structure of the Earth's crust along the geotraverses II, VI, VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Mineralogenic zoning of the sedimentary cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Metallogenic provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
SECTION III. Structural maps Fossil fuels – oil and gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Glaciers and Quaternary sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Ferrous metals (Iron, Manganese and Chromite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Quaternary deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Gold deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Structure of the sedimentary cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Rare metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Tectonic map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Titanium and zirconium placers and source deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Structure of the basement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Linear and ring geological structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Gems, semiprecious and decorative stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Neotectonics and recent vertical movements of the Earth's crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Geothermal power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Geodynamic map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Mineral water sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Clay and kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
SECTION IV. Geological slice maps Enterprises, industrial wastes and mining tailings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Mineral deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Geological coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Mineral deposits currently in production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Pre-Quaternary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Mining areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Pre-Neogene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 History of mining in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Pre-Paleogene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Unusual geological features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Pre-Cretaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Pre-Jurassic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

7
 INTRODUCTION NAMES AND REFERENCES

1. Personal names
An Atlas of the Geology and Mineral Deposits of Ukraine was first compiled in the Ukrainian language after a long period of geolog- Personal names are spelled according to the preference of individuals for their common use in English. Where
ical investigations. Its preparation was carried out using newly developed concepts in geology and geophysics, such as the evolution of individuals have not used their name in English, it is transliterated according to the modified Library of
the Earth's crust, its fracturing and non-uniformity, its division into geoblocks, its tectonic-magmatic activation, geodynamics, metal- Congress system.
logenesis and the emergence of metallogenic provinces. 2. Geographical Names
This English language edition of the Atlas contains 75 maps with short explanatory notes. During the compilation of various maps, Geographical names are rendered in the language of the country in which they are found. Polish and Romanian
extensive research was carried out on the existing literature in both the Ukrainian and Russian languages. Geological literature from the names, for example, are spelled in their original Latin script. Russian and Ukrainian names are transliterated
countries bordering Ukraine was also used. from their respective Cyrillic scripts according to a modified Library of Congress system, as used in the
The geology of Ukraine spans a huge time interval, from the ancient Archean to the most recent eras, a period of some 3.5 billion years. Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Map and Gazetteer (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984).
In this period the geology passed through several stages of volcanic-sedimentary accumulations, magmatisms, orogenic tectonisms and 3. References
mineral deposition. The principal geologic structures include the Precambrian of the Ukrainian Shield, the Proterozoic mobile belts References listed at the end of this atlas are rendered in their original languages, Russian and Ukrainian.
and other structures in the Ukrainian Shield, the old East European Platform, the younger Scythian Plate, the folded areas of the 4. Transliteration table
Donbas and the Carpathian and Crimean Mountains.
Ukraine is the geological and geographical center of Europe. The main geological structures of the European continent, such as the Ukrainian Russian English Ukrainian Russian English
East European, the West European and the Central European platforms, the Tethys structures, the Alpine-Carpathian and the Аа Аа Aa Нн Нн Nn
Crimean-Caucasus folded structures meet each other on its territory. The geographical center of Europe is situated near Rakhiv in Бб Бб Bb Оо Оо Oo
Transcarpathia (Zakarpattia oblast’). Вв Вв Vv Пп Пп Pp
Гг - Hh Рр Рр Rr
Ukraine occupies some 603 700 square kilometers or about 0.4% of the Earth’s land surface. It accounts for a significant portion of the
 Гг Gg Сс Сс Ss
total mineral production of the world, including 25% of the manganese, 10% of the iron and 5% of the coal. Ukraine has nearly 8000 Дд Дд Dd Тт Тт Tt
deposits and showings, represented by the 90 types of mineral commodities. Of these, about half are explored. Some of the more impor- Ее Ээ Ee Уу Уу Uu
tant deposits include iron, manganese, uranium, coal, titanium, zirconium, sulfur, kaolin, mercury and graphite. Of lesser importance Єє Ее Ye/ie* Фф Фф Ff
are deposits of gold, phosphorus, rock and potash. There are also deposits of beryllium, lithium, scandium, rare earth metals, base met- Жж Жж Zh zh Хх Хх Kh kh
Зз Зз Zz Цц Цц Ts ts
als such as zinc-copper, and nickel-copper-cobalt and associated precious group elements (platinum, palladium, etc.), fluorite, alunite,
Ии Ыы Yy Чч Чч Ch ch
barite, gems (beryl, topaz, opal) and semiprecious stones (cristobalite-silicites and chalcedony, etc.) and a variety of facing stones. Іі Ии Ii Шш Шш Sh sh
Recently discovered occurrences of native copper, molybdenum, tin, tantalum, niobium and vanadium are potential targets for explo- Її - Ii Щщ Щщ Shch shch
ration and hold promise of becoming economic deposits. Йй Йй Y/i* Юю Юю Yu/iu*
Natural springs in Ukraine are sources for vast quantities of mineral waters. Кк Кк Kk Яя Яя Ya/ia*
Лл Лл Ll ь ь ’
Other than coal, Ukraine also has oil and gas deposits. These are found in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, in the Carpathian Mountains,
Мм Мм Mm - ъ “
and in the southern part of Ukraine in the Crimean region. Combustible shales and methane-bearing shales are encountered in a number
of places in the country. At this time Ukraine is not self-sufficient in oil and gas, and it imports these commodities.
Old tailings deposits have been shown to contain economic concentrations of gold and rare and noble metals, as well as other useful * The first variant is used only at the beginning of a name. The second is used within the name or at the end of it.
non-metallic minerals. Some of these deposits are mineable under current economic conditions.
About 48% of the country's industry and about 20% of the total labor force are involved in some way with either the mining, process-
ing or exploration of various mineral commodities. At this time there are about 400 underground mines, over 1500 open pits, tens of
ore-processing plants, and several oil and gas extraction plants in operation. In total, they provide 23-25% of the gross national prod-
uct, and about one third of Ukraine’s foreign trade income comes from exported minerals.
Ukraine exports kaolin, bromine, sulfur, manganese concentrates, iron, titanium, zirconium and graphite ores; quartz sand for the glass
ABBREVIATIONS
industry; rock and potassium salts; minerals for paints; non-metallic minerals for the metallurgical industry; facing stones; etc. CIS – Commonwealth of WEP – West European VSP – vertical seismic
Production capacities of the following commodities can be easily adjusted to meet demand: beryllium, lithium, scandium, rare earth Independent States Platform profile
metals, kaolin, titanium, zirconium, gem stones and facing stones. DDA – Dnipro-Donets’ CDPT – common depth point Ga – billion years old
The Atlas can be used for a number of purposes. First of all it will serve as a basis for the understanding of the geology of Ukraine and Aulacogen technique Ma – million years old
its resource base, and as a quick reference source for a wide spectrum of interests. It can be used to point out areas that require further DDD – Dnipro-Donets’ DSS – deep seismic sound- mGal – milligal
geological work, be they routine or with a specific problem. It can be used in the appraisal of the ecological environment of the coun- Depression ing mW – milliWatt
try. It can be used as a base in planning engineering projects. And it can also serve as a source of information for companies interest- EEP – East European MTS – magneto-telluric nT – nano Tesla
ed in the potential for finding new mineral resources in Ukraine. For these purposes, the compiled geophysical maps present a high- Platform sounding ohm•m – resistivity
ly organized picture of the entire country and in particular the configuration of major structures deep in the crust of the Earth. KMA – Kurs'k Magnetic MZ – metallogenic zone S – electroconductivity
This Atlas illustrates the main results of the geological work carried out in this and the previous century. In a compact form it sum- Anomaly SFZ – structural-formation- ρeff – effective electric
marizes accomplishments and provides a base for further geological exploration in the new millennium. To acknowledge all of the US – Ukrainian Shield al zone resistance
individuals who contributed to this Atlas is a difficult task indeed. Some of their names, however, are given in the References at VCM – Voronezh Crystalline SMZ – structural-metallo- Δq – bouger anomaly
the end of this Atlas. The editorial board is thankful in particular to the teams of authors who put their efforts together to produce Massif genic zone
results that will, hopefully, stand the test of time. We are very grateful for their cooperation. VPP – Volyn’-Podillia Plate

8
T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

section I

GENERAL OVERVIEW MAPS

■ Ukraine. Geographical-economic description

■ Administrative regions of Ukraine

■ Satellite map of Ukraine

■ Physical geography of Ukraine

■ Location of Ukraine within Europe

■ Ukraine in the context of the main geological structures of Europe
 UKRAINE
GEOGRAPHICAL-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION
The relief is mainly (95 %) lowlands and gently rolling uplands, whose elevations above sea level rise
Ukraine is a large country in Eastern Europe. With an area of 603 700 sq. kilometers, it extends from north from 100 to 500 m; the hilly or mountainous landscape (5%) is represented in the western part by the
to south 893 km and from west to east 1316 km. Carpathians (maximum elevation, 2061 m, Hoverla mountain) and Crimean Mountains in the south
Ukraine borders on Belarus, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Romania and Slovakia. In the south (1545 m, Roman-Kosh Mountain).
Ukraine has a coastline on the Black and Azov seas. The total length of its frontiers is 6500 km, includ- The main rivers are Dnipro (its course through Ukraine is 981 km), Boh or Southern Buh (806 km),
ing 1050 km of sea coast. Dnister (705 km) and Sivers’kyi Donets’ (672 km).
Population (1.01.2002), 48.0 million; density, 82 persons per sq. km. Railways: There are 22 100 km of track, of which about one third is electrified.
Ukraine is inhabited by many nationalities or ethnic groups. According to the population census of Roads: The general extent of paved roads is about 164 000 km.
December 5, 2001, Ukrainians comprise 77.8% of the population of Ukraine, Russians, 17.3%; The major sea ports are: Illichevs'k, Izmail, Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol', Berdians'k,
Belarusians, 0.6%; Crimean Tatars and Moldovans, 0.5% each; Bulgarians, 0.4%; Hungarians, Poles and Yevpatoriia, Feodosiia.
Romanians, 0.3% each; and Jews, 0.2%. Over one hundred other nationalities or ethnic groups account for Airports: The major airport is at Kyiv (international); regional centers also have commercial airports, some
the remaining 1.5% of the population. with international flights.
Ukraine includes 24 administrative districts, called oblasts (singular = oblast’), and the Autonomous Mining industry: oil, gas, coal, uranium, iron, manganese, titanium, mercury, nickel, zirconium, graphite,
Republic of Crimea.Their rural areas are further subdivided into townships, called raions, and their larg- kaolin, sulfur, cooking and rock salt, facing and decorative rocks, etc.
er cities contain city raions. Heavy and light industry: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metal working, machine and instrument-
The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv, with 2 602 000 residents (5.12.2001). Other cities with more than 0.5 mil- making, electrotechnical, chemical, textile, construction industry, food processing, etc.
lion residents are: Kharkiv, 1470 th.r.; Dnipropetrovsk, 1064 th.r.; Donetsk, 1016 th.r.; Odesa, 1029 th.r.; Power facilities: All electric power systems (including thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power generat-
Zaporizhzhia, 814 th.r.; Lviv, 732 th.r.; Kryvyi Rih, 667 th.r.; and Mykolaiv, 514 th.r. There are 102 cities ing plants) are part of a common network serving Ukraine and the adjoining countries of the
in Ukraine that have over 50 th.r. each. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Eastern Europe.
While the official language is Ukrainian, both Ukrainian and Russian are commonly spoken. Agriculture: grain, vegetables, fruit (including berries), animal products.
The Ukrainian currency is the hryvnia. The measurement system is metric. Foreign trade: exports – minerals for processing, cast iron, steel, rolled metal, ferroalloys, equipment,
The climate of Ukraine is mostly temperate continental, but it approaches subtropical on the south instruments, machines, clothing and footwear, agricultural commodities. Imports – energy resources,
coast of Crimea. non-ferrous metals, small and medium-sized machinery, home appliances, etc.

10 SECTION I. General overview maps

 ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS OF UKRAINE

Geographic Center of Europe

Administrative centers of districts (oblasts) Note: most districts, or oblasts, bear the name of their administrative center.

SECTION I. General overview maps 11

 SATELLITE MAP
OF UKRAINE

KYIV

12 SECTION I. General overview maps

 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF UKRAINE

Reservoirs
1. Kyiv
2. Kaniv
3. Kremenchuk
4. Dniprodzerzhyns’k
5. Dnipro
6. Kakhovka
7. Pechenihy
8. Chervonyi Oskil
9. Dnister
10. Ladyzhyn

Geographic Center of Europe

SECTION I. General overview maps 13

 LOCATION OF UKRAINE WITHIN EUROPE

1 – Luxembourg
2 – Liechtenstein

Geographic Center of Europe

14 SECTION I. General overview maps

LEGEND UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MAIN GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF EUROPE
East European Platform (EEP)

Plate complexes

Pre-Cambrian basement horsts:

1-Baltic Shield; 2 -Voronezh Crystalline Massif;
3 - Belarus Crystalline Massif; 4 - Ukrainian Shield.

East European Platform geoblocks:

Laplandian-White Sea Volga-Ural

Botnich-Svecofennian Voronezh-Ukrainian

Intergeoblock mobile zones:

1 - Volyn'-Dvina, 2 - Raakhe-Rybinsk, 3 - Riazan'- Saratov

Geodynamic system of transregional megazones of activation:

1 - North Ukrainian, 2 - Central Ukrainian,
3 - South Ukrainian, 4 - Novgorod-Perm,
5 - North-Onega, 6 - Khybyny, 7 - Murmansk-Botnich

The main structural elements

Pre-Cambrian folded basement horsts

Plates of the ancient platforms

Baikal folded areas

Caledonian folded areas

Possible outlines between

Hercynian folded areas Alpine folded areas Continental (tectonic) ledge
structural elements

Ancient cores and massifs within the Alpine Uplifts and massifs
Hercynian marginal troughs Western outline of the East European
folded area
Platform (Teiseire-Tornkvist zone)

Plates of platforms with Dalsland, Baikal Tectonic depressions

Alpine intermountain depressions and foredeeps
(partially more ancient) basement Thrusts and overthrusts
Main areas of Alpine folding: State boundary of Ukraine
Plates of young platforms with Paleozoic 1 - Carpathian Mountains; 2 - Hungarian Depression;
basement 3 - Alps Faults Geographic Center of Europe

SECTION I. General overview maps 15

 Columnar remnant, volcanics, Karadah, Crimea "Swallow's nest", Southern Crimea Ai-Petri Mountain, Jurassic limestones, Crimea Flysch Carpathians, Volovets', Zakarpattia oblast’

Silurian sedimentary strata in the Smotrych river canyon; Cretaceous sedimentary strata, Bel'bek canyon, Western Crimea Volcanic massif - Karadah natural preserve, Crimea "Golden Gates", volcanics, Karadah, Crimea
the Old Fortress, Kamianets'-Podil's'kyi, Khmel’nyts'kyi oblast’

Proterozoic granites, Four Brothers Rock, Zhytomyr Karhalets’ Sphinxes, Western Crimea Silurian sedimentary strata in the Smotrych canyon, Lake Mors’ke Oko (Sea Eye), a tarn in the Carpathians,
at Kamianets'-Podil's'kyi, Khmel'nits’kyi oblast’ L’viv oblast’

16
T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

section II

GEOPHYSICAL MAPS
■ Aeromagnetic surveys coverage
■ Magnetic anomaly field
■ Regional magnetic field
■ Gravimetric surveys coverage
■ Residual gravity anomalies
■ Regional gravity
■ Thermal field
■ Deep penetration geophysics: MTS, DSS and CDPT coverage
■ Apparent conductivity of sedimentary cover (S1)
■ Apparent conductivity of the Earth's crust to a depth of 20 km (S20)
■ Apparent conductivity of the Earth's crust to a depth of 50 km (S50)
■ Integral conductivity of the lithosphere to a depth of 80 km (S80)
■ Effective electric resistivity of the Earth's crust at a depth of 50 km (ρ50)
■ Effective electric resistivity of the lithosphere at a depth of 80 km (ρ80)
■ Electric heterogeneity of the lithosphere
■ The Moho discontinuity
■ Deep structure of the lithosphere
■ Deep structure of the Earth's crust along the geotraverses II, VI, VIII

17
 AEROMAGNETIC SURVEYS
COVERAGE

LEGEND
Aeromagnetic surveys at a scale of 1:25 000 and above. Contour
lines are drawn at intervals under 10 nT.

Aeromagnetic surveys at a scale of 1:25 000 and above. Contour

lines are drawn at intervals over 10 nT.

Aeromagnetic surveys at a scale of 1:50 000 and above. Contour

lines are drawn at 10-25 nT intervals.

Aeromagnetic surveys at scales of 1:100 000, 1:50 000 and

below. Contour lines are drawn at intervals over 25 nT.

AEROMAGNETIC SURVEYS COVERAGE during comprehensive interpretations of geological-geophysical

netic fields at 1:200 000 and 1:1 000 000 scales have been level. This allowed not only analyses and interpretations of the data on regional scales.
The entire territory of Ukraine has been covered by an air- issued and published. observed field, but also performance of various transformations Large-scale airborne magnetic surveys (1:5000, 1:25 000) have
borne magnetic survey at 1:200 000 scale, and some areas by In compiling maps of the anomalous magnetic fields, a refer- without any fear that "false" anomalies may appear on the been carried out in Ukraine mostly in the mining areas. Such
more detailed surveys. Preliminary maps of anomalous mag- ence grid has been used for reducing the field to a common boundaries of different maps. In this way, the maps may be used surveys cover about 50% of the Ukrainian territory.

18 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 MAGNETIC ANOMALY FIELD

LEGEND
Isolines of magnetic anomaly field, 100 nT

MAGNETIC ANOMALY FIELD malies can be divided into three main groups: linear, iso- lying field pattern or buried structures of the basement.
metric and background. Linear anomalies of different sizes The magnetic field of the Ukrainian Shield is characterized
This map of the total magnetic field was compiled using and orientations are predominant. Trends and forms of the by a diversity of forms and differentiation of anomalies. Depression (aulacogen) (II). In the central part of the
both ground and airborne magnetic surveys. anomalies are in general agreement with principal geologi- The Kryvyi Rih-Kremenchuk (I) anomalous magnetic zone Dnipro-Donets' Depression two regional positive anomalies
Equal accuracy consistency of the airborne magnetic data allows cal structures. Linear anomalies may extend for tens and is marked by intense anomalies of extensive strike which have been established over an unchanging negative back-
us to trace and compare magnetic fields for different geological even hundreds of kilometers. Generally, they reflect mar- coincide with iron formations. The same character of the ground (from 0 to 200 nT). These regional anomalies may
regions and reveal the distribution of anomalies in Ukraine. gins of geological structures and disjunctive dislocations. field was also observed in the Kyiv magnetic province be related to Devonian effusive mafic rocks.
The magnetic anomaly field varies in terms of its distribution, By its nature, a magnetic anomaly is related to rock composition (Yadlivs'k-Trakhtemyriv zone). Both zones are separated by The Kursk magnetic anomaly, partially in northeastern
size and form. The intensity of positive anomalies varies and its ferrous mineral content. Positive magnetic anomalies a wide belt (up to 150 km) of dominantly negative magnet- Ukraine, is a continuation of the southern slope of the
between 1 and 10 000 nT (nano Tesla) but some anomalous point to intermediate and basic formations in the crystalline ism, which cuts the entire Ukrainian Shield in a sub- Voronezh massif in Russia.
zones caused by iron formations reach 20 000-40 000 nT or basement. Negative or weakly positive fields reflect nonmagne- meridional direction. Boundaries of the East European Platform (see p. 34), with
more. The intensity of a negative field does not exceed 500 nT. tic or weakly magnetic sedimentary and felsitic magmatic rocks. The Ukrainian Shield is separated from the Voronezh folded areas, are traceable by changes in the character of the
By observing the isolines and the field's intensity, all ano- Nonmagnetic sedimentary cover does not change an under- massif (northeast of Ukraine) by the Dnipro-Donets' field and trends of the anomalies.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 19

 REGIONAL MAGNETIC FIELD

LEGEND
Isolines of magnetic field, nT

REGIONAL MAGNETIC FIELD and particularly in mapping the petrophysical aspects of some Magnetic data gathered from the satellites contributed to a bet- magnetic anomalies form circular and linear zones. Some of
rocks and in the study of tectonics. ter understanding of the regional features of the Earth's crust these magnetic anomalies produce a submeridional chain
Regional magnetic anomalies in the Ukrainian territory are Particular attention was directed in recent years towards apply- and allowed to exclude the influence of local anomalies caused pattern and are probably caused by basic diapirs. They occur
well-differentiated, particularly within the Ukrainian Shield ing magnetics in the studies of the distribution of the deeply by near surface magnetic rocks. in the same location as the inferred Kryvyi Rih Deep Fault
and the Volyn’-Podillia Plate, where a magnetic survey is high- buried magnetic bodies in the Earth's crust. For this purpose the On a regional scale several positive magnetic anomalies are (Kryvyi Rih - Sumy) (see p. 51). Negative magnetic anom-
ly effective in delineating iron deposits, ferrous quartzites and airborne magnetic data collected at different altitudes were noted, including the L'viv, Odesa, Dnipro (Zaporizhzhia) and alies are less widespread and coincide spatially with the
other minerals. Regional magnetic data are also useful in study- recalculated and the results demonstrated the presence of others. These are interpreted to be caused by large diapirs of Kryvyi Rih Block of the Ukrainian Shield and the Dnipro-
ing the geological structure of the upper part of the Earth's crust deeply buried bodies at various depths. basic rocks that penetrated the Earth's crust. Less intense Donets' Depression.

20 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 GRAVIMETRIC SURVEYS COVERAGE

LEGEND
Gravimetric surveys at 1:50 000 scale and above
Contour lines are drawn at 0.5-0.25 mGal intervals and below

Gravimetric surveys at 1:200 000, 1:100 000

and 1:50 000 scales
Contour lines are drawn at 1-2 mGal intervals

GRAVIMETRIC SURVEYS 1:1 000 000 scale. All the data have been published. administrative districts, and on the other hand, to make vari- 1:10 000 are very effective for facilitating geological survey
In preparing the maps for publication, all the data have been ous transformations of the gravity field. The latter produces and exploration work. A significant part of Ukraine is covered
The entire territory of Ukraine has been covered by preliminary tied into a common network. This allowed, on the one hand, additional data on the deeply buried structures. Large-scale by these surveys. Nearly all mining areas have been covered by
gravimetric surveys at a 1:200 000 scale, and some at a to compile standardized maps of entire geological regions or gravimetric surveys combined with magnetic data at a scale of gravimetric surveys at a 1:50 000 scale.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 21

 RESIDUAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES

LEGEND
Isolines of residual gravitational field, mGal

RESIDUAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES

The map of residual gravity anomalies was compiled on the basis of A sublatitudinal trending band of gravity anomalies, observed
reduction of the measured gravitational field. the Ukrainian Shield reflects mainly the petrophysical hetero- against a background of reduced gravity in southern Ukraine,
This map depicts not only the local anomalous elements which geneity of the Precambrian basement. corresponds to the suture zone between the East European
reflect the near-surface structure of the Earth's crust but also Linear anomalies, as a rule, are caused by fault structures. A low anomalies caused by the Devonian basic effusions form a wide Platform and the Scythian Plate. This suture zone is also known
elements of the regional anomalies of the deep structure of the gravity area occurs in the northwestern part of Ukraine, corre- band in the central part of the Depression while on its flanks as the zone of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic suture grabens.
Ukrainian territory. Regional gravity anomalies correspond to sponding to the zone between the East European Platform and narrow bands of negative anomalies occur. The latter are attrib- Gravitational field alternations and linear anomalies make it
the main components of the East European Platform. On the the Carpathian folded structures. It has distinct linear bands uted to the salt deposits in the sedimentary cover. possible to map at least two sublatitudinal zones: one of them
о
Ukrainian territory they include the Ukrainian Shield, the with a northwestern trend.Within this gravitational field area A wide band of elevated gravity is observed towards the folded follows the 48 N latitude, from the south-east (the southern
Dnipro-Donets' Depression, the Donets' Basin, the Volyn’- the Rava-Rus'ka series of faults are fairly well defined. These Donets' Basin (see p. 51) where positive and negative anomalies Donets' Basin) through the Ukrainian Shield (the Devladiv
Podillia Plate, as well as the Alpine Carpathians and the faults demarcate the suture zone between the ancient Archean- are replaced by predominantly positive ones towards the folded fault) to the westо (the Carpathians); the other one trends to the
Crimean and the Hercynian (Dobruja) folded complexes. Proterozoic and Baikal basements. Donets' Basin. south of the 52 N latitude, along the southern slope of the
Within the residual gravity field of the Ukrainian Shield, the Another terrain of low gravity is located in the northeastern part A transitional zone between the folded Donets' Basin (see p. 51) Voronezh Crystalline Massif (the Obolon' fault) through the
following structures are outlined: a mosaic structural pattern of of Ukraine. It reflects the structural features of the transitional and the Azov Sea Coastal Massif of the Ukrainian Shield is no- Chernihiv gravitational maximum, the Ovruch graben-syncline
the Volynian Block and the Kirovohrad submeridional zone zone between the Voronezh Crystalline Massif (Southern table for its increased gravity patterns with sublatitudinal trends. and then to the west beyond the territory of Ukraine.
(see pp. 50-51), an isometric form of anomalies of the Dnipro Russia) and the Dnipro-Donets' Depression. The Depression The gravitational field features of the southeastern Dnipro- Thus, the map of residual gravity anomalies reflects internal
Block and a complicated linear mosaic field of the Near-Azov itself is characterized by alternating bands of positive and neg- Donets' Depression and the northwestern Donets' Basin show features of geological structures and the nature of the bound-
Sea area. The characteristic pattern of the gravitational field of ative anomalies with north-western trends. Positive gravity abrupt sutures between these structures. aries between them.

22 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 REGIONAL GRAVITY

LEGEND
Isolines of gravitational field, mGal

REGIONAL GRAVITY acterized by positive gravity anomalies. Among them, the rainian Carpathians (the Ivano-Frankivs'k minimum), along anomaly-forming geological objects in the Earth's crust.
Zaporizhzhia and Vinnytsia maxima are caused by high-density the southern slope of the Voronezh Crystalline Massif (the Analyses of gravity and magnetic fields shows that, in terms
The regional gravity map (reduction of gravity field taken into rocks, including rocks in the lower part of the Earth’s crust. The Kharkiv minimum) and the Indolo-Kuban’ Depression. A of density and magnetism, the abnormal rocks do not have
account) reflects the distribution of the anomaly-producing Chernihiv, Pryluky, Holovaniv and Volyn' positive anomalies are number of local gravity minima, known within the Ukrainian the same geological nature. For instance, no dense rocks are
geological bodies deep in the Earth's crust. related to the Chernihiv Uplift, the Central Dnipro Graben, the Shield (Ovruch, Kirovohrad) and the northern Black Sea observed in the Holovaniv and Pryluky positive gravity struc-
A good proportion of the Ukrainian territory, including the Kirovohrad Block and the Korosten' Pluton respectively. coastal area, are inferred to be related to the suture zones. tures in a regional positive magnetic field, whereas the Odesa
Ukrainian Shield, the Volyn’-Podillia Plate, the Dnipro-Do- Negative gravity anomalies of the gravity field, reflecting the Hence a map of the regional gravity field (including the influ- regional positive magnetic anomaly is clearly reflected in the
nets' Depression and the Black Sea Coastal Depression, is char- highly fractured rocks at great depths, are found in the Uk- ence of the local gravity field) reflects the deeply buried gravitational field.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 23

 THERMAL FIELD

LEGEND
Isolines of heat flow, mW/m2

THERMAL FIELD the size of the heat source and the age of the structures. observed in the Crimean steppe, the Donets' Basin, and the There are also some heat producing zones in the Donets'
The heat flow values range from 22 to 120 mW/m 2. Fore-Dobruja and L'viv Depressions. Basin (II), the Carpathian Foredeep (III) and the Ukrainian
Several hundred reliable heat flow determinations have been Depending on the type and the age of the structures, three dif- In the zones underlain by Meso-Cenozoic rocks, the high head Shield (IV).
done over the territory of Ukraine. ferent thermal field areas are distinguished. The old East flow figures are generally within 70-90 mW/m2 range, and in Thus, the regional heat flow data combined with other geo-
Heat flow arrangement is governed mainly by the tectonic European Platform is characterized by low heat flows areas of volcanic and hydrothermal activity, these values reach logical and geophysical evidence allows us to delineate with
pattern and the geological evolution in any given region. (22-60 mW/m2) and is fairly well outlined by the 50 mW/m2 up to 115 mW/m2 and more. The Transcarpathian Depression greater precision some of the more important geological
Tectonic movements and magmatism are accompanied by a heat flow isoline. As a general rule, common minimum val- is one such zone. Heat flow there exceeds 80 mW/m2. In the structures and ascertain their geodynamic character.
release of energy from the Earth's depths, which plays a major ues (22-45 mW/m2) are observed within the Ukrainian Shield. Zaluzhzhia, Bihan’ and Berehove structures (I), the heat flow Delineation of such areas is important in identifying possi-
role in the formation of positive thermal anomalies. This ener- The intermediate heat flows (50-70 mW/m2) correspond to figures reach up to 120 mW/m2. Some areas in Central Crimea ble sources of geothermal energy which could be harnessed
gy disperses very slowly, thus showing a dependence between the structures stabilized during the Paleozoic period and are are also characterized by high heat flows. in the future.

24 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 DEEP PENETRATION GEOPHYSICS:
MTS, DSS AND CDPT COVERAGE

LEGEND
Magneto-telluric sounding (MTS) test sites

Deep MTS test sites

Deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles, geotraverse (GT)

and their numbers

International geotraverses “Eurobridge” , “Granite”

and “Dobre”

CDP Reflection profiles

Superdeep (SD-8) (5432 m) and deep (D-9) (6750 m) drill holes

DEEP PENETRATION GEOPHYSICS: some lithosphere sections (p. 37) have been compiled. Since geotraverse crosses three superdeep drill holes (Krivyi Rih, Ural, Kovel'-Kyiv-Kharkiv, the Feodosiia-Heniches'k-Kryvyi Rih
MTS (MAGNETOTELLURIC SOUNDING), DSS (DEEP SEIS- 1980, a number of combined investigations, such as an MTS survey Tiumen'). A Ukrainian group of geoscientists is involved in a and others. Altogether, 1500 soundings were taken mainly using
MIC SOUNDING) AND CDPT (COMMON DEPTH POINT at a 1:5 000 000 scale, a CDPT survey to a depth of 60-90 km study of an area measuring 300 km by 1000 km using MTS sur- electric survey stations CES-2, which enabled the study of the
TECHNIQUE) COVERAGE and an airborne magnetic survey at 1:200 000-1:50 000 scales veys on a 25x25 km grid pattern, deep CDPT, DSS surveys and lithosphere down to 50-100 km and deeper.
have been performed. Data obtained from superdeep boreholes aeromagnetic surveys at a height of 200 to 2000 m. The LEMU-402 and LEMU-404 (a magnetotelluric method)
Geophysical investigations of the deep lithosphere and the upper in the Kryvyi Rih and the Dnipro-Donets' Depression have been During the past 10 years, much of the territory of Ukraine was surveys made it possible to get data on geoelectrical sections of
mantle in Ukraine have been carried out for the past 25 years. taken into account. covered by MTS surveys on a basis of 50x50 km and 25x25 km the Dnipro-Donets' Depression and the Ukrainian Shield to a
Systematic gravity and magnetic surveys at 1:200 000 scale cov- Since 1988, the geologic-geophysical and geochemical researches of grids and along regional profiles with readings taken at 10 km depth of 300-500 km. Moreover, the knowledge of electric para-
ered the entire country. In addition, some irregular profiles of the deep portions of the Earth's crust and the upper mantle, along intervals. The profiles include the Uzhhorod-Chernivtsi- meters at different depths, obtained from the MTS surveys, was
deep seismic sounding have been carried out in this period. the Odesa-V. Tura-Urengoi ("Granite" project) geotraverse, have Luhans'k, the Mykolaiv-Vinnytsia-Kovel' (VI Geotraverse), the essential in the compilation of a map of the deep crustal struc-
Based on these data, the Moho discontinuity map (p. 34) and been in progress as part of a joint Ukrainian-Russian program. This Kiliia-Odesa-Kryvyi Rih-Kharkiv (VIII Geotraverse), the tures and the upper mantle at a 1:5 000 000 scale.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 25

 APPARENT CONDUCTIVITY OF
SEDIMENTARY COVER (S1)

LEGEND
Isolines of integrated longitudinal conductivity, S

APPARENT CONDUCTIVITY 1 to 1500 S and reflects the main geological structures and their its conductivity increases as well (up to 1000 S and 1500 S, the southern Donets' Basin, 100 to 300 S. The data show
OF SEDIMENTARY COVER characteristics. Sedimentary cover with up to 50 m thick weath- respectively). In the northwestern part of the area where the base- essential differences in the lithologic composition of rocks,
ering crust (rarely 100 m), has the lowest column conductivity ment is steeply dipping at depths from 2 to 4 km there are distinct their grade of metamorphism and their temperature regime in
The map of apparent conductivity of the sedimentary post- ranging from 1 S (northern part of the Ukrainian Shield) deviations from this regularity. The Luts'k ring-shaped anomaly the deep horizons.
Archean cover of Ukraine has been compiled from geological to 3-5 S (central part of the Ukrainian Shield). Within the Kryvyi of about 300 S has been mapped there. Hence, such electrical methods relating to the integral conducti-
survey data (1:50 000 and 1:200 000) and electrical log data from Rih structure the readings are in the order of 10-15 S. As the Within the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, the column conductivity vity of rocks allow us to distinguish specific lithologies within the
deep boreholes. thickness of sedimentary cover increases towards the Carpathians changes substantially in the following structural units: the Dnipro sedimentary cover. This is important geological information, par-
The apparent conductivity of the sedimentary cover varies from (up to 20 km) and the Black Sea Coastal area (up to 10-15 km) Graben, 1500 to 2000 S; the eastern Donets' Basin, up to 700 S; ticularly for great depths, where drilling data are limited.

26 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 Proterozoic granites, Polonne, Khmel’nyts'kyi oblast’ Columnar basalt, Basaltove village, Rivne oblast’

APPARENT CONDUCTIVITY OF THE LITHOSPHERE mentary cover and the Earth's crust. In comparison to the S20, A well-marked Dnipro-Kherson anomaly (IV) of more than southern Ukraine along the Kerch-Kherson-Rozdil'na-
the S50 surveys of the Dnipro Graben (I) reveal a two-fold 1000 S conductivity, extends into the Black Sea in the south of Mohyliv-Podil’s'kyi line.
Maps of the electrical features of the lithosphere have been increase of linear conductivity (up to 5000 S, and at some sites Ukraine. Both the Rakhiv and the Luts'k regional ring anomalies occur
compiled using MTT (magnetotelluric traverse) surveys. more than 10 000 S), providing evidence of higher temperatures The map showing integrated linear conductivity of the litho- in the upper mantle in the western part of Ukraine. Their val-
Among others, such maps of the apparent conductivity give an at this depth. It should be noted that in the southeastern part of sphere to a depth of 80 km (S80) presents the total electrical ues of electrical conductivity reach up to 1500 S. Conductivity
indication not only of the Earth's crust down to depths of 20 the Graben, sounding was not deep enough at some MTT conductivity of the sedimentary cover, the Earth's crust and of the Luts'k anomaly increases gradually up to 1000 S, while
km, 50 km (see pp. 28, 29), but also of the upper mantle at observation points due to the shielding effect of the low-ohm the upper mantle. As shown on the map S80, similar patterns the Rakhiv anomaly changes little with depth. This gives an
depths of 80 km (see p. 30). rock sections. In the Dnipro-Donets' Depression (see p. 51), or of linear conductivity in the geological environment, typical indication of their different depths of development.
The map of the apparent conductivity of the Earth's crust the folded Donets' Basin, not much change is observed in the of the Earth's crust (S1, S20, S50), occur also in the upper A unique and most intense anomaly of electrical conductivity (up
down to 20 km (S20) presents the total linear conductivity of conductivity (conductivity of the Donets'k high resistance area mantle down to 80 km. to 5000 S, and in some places up to 10 000 S) has been discovered
both sedimentary and crystalline formations in the Earth's varies by 25-50 S). The conductivity of the Luhans'k structure, The Odesa-Kirovohrad zone of high electrical conductivity, in the Dnipro Graben, in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression. It
crust. The map S20 is preliminary in nature and depends on the however, is much higher (up to 1000 S or more) and is similar which is not observed at a depth of 20-30 km (from 2.5 S to 25 should be noted that the southern part of the Graben has been
density of observations which give information on the structure to that of the Belgorod anomaly (of up to 500 S), which is S), is clearly traced in the lowest part of the Earth's crust. For only partly studied because of the shielding effect of the low-ohm
of the rocks to a depth of 20 km. In comparison to the S1 map located on the border with Russia. this reason the longitudinal conductivity of the Earth's crust rock section. Electrical characteristics of the Donets' Basin are
of sedimentary formations, the S20 map displays many similar- In the Carpathian area, conductivity of the Rakhiv anomaly increases by a factor of 2 and reaches 250-1000 S down to a essentially different from those of the Dnipro Graben. Although
ities. Some differences do exist, however: a redistribution of (II) increases perceptibly up to about 1500 S, but conductivity depth of 50 km, and at 80 km depth in the lithosphere it reach- the sedimentary cover is twice as thick there, reaching up to 20
conductivity in the Carpathians is observed - in one location a of the Luts'k anomaly (III) remains relatively unchanging at the es even higher values of 500-1500 S. A chain of local conductivity km or more, the Earth's crust and sediments are characterized by
ring anomaly is apparent (Rakhiv-Ivano-Frankivs'k), while the level of about 500 S (see pp. 28, 29). anomalies stretching northeastward was found in the upper relatively low linear conductivity of 500 S to 100 S or less. This
conductivity of the Luts'k anomaly is twice as intense; in the Substantial differentiation of electrical conductivity in the Earth's mantle across the whole territory: Rozdil'na-Pervomais'k- may result from the abundant high-resistance sedimentary for-
Ukrainian Shield, conductivity within the crystalline forma- crust is observed in the Ukrainian Shield. The Odesa-Kirovohrad Cherkasy-Pryluky-Hlukhiv (V). mations in the geological section, the effect of metamorphism
tions varies from 5 S to 50 S and zones of relatively high resis- trend is a wide zone with values of 250 S to 1000 S of linear con- The most stable values of electrical conductivity are found in and the relatively cool Earth's crust and upper mantle. The
tance occur; within the Dnipro Graben, conductivity is much ductivity (running northeast within the Riasnopil’ anomaly) and the Dnipro high-resistance field, where conductivity remains Luhans'k-Belgorod zone of conductivity (VI) consists of three
higher, reaching 2500 S or more; in the northeastern Donets' occurs under a high-resistance (low-conductivity) cover up to 30 km unchanging and is in the order of 10-50 S. A certain increase in local anomalies. The Luhans'k anomaly is within the boundaries
Basin, the Luhans'k and Svativ ring anomalies are located. thick. It seems to divide the Ukrainian Shield into the Volyn' and the linear conductivity, up to 50-100 S, is observed in the of the Donets' Basin (conductivity up to 1500 S), while the
The map of integrated conductivity of the Earth's crust to a the Dnipro high-resistance areas where linear conductivity is rela- Volyn' high-resistance area. Belgorod anomaly is associated with the Voronezh Massif (con-
depth of 50 km (S50) shows the total conductivity of the sedi- tively unchanging (10-50 S), and only seldom increasing up to 100 S. A high conductivity zone of up to 1000-1500 S is traced in ductivity values of 500 S and more) in Russia.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 27

 APPARENT CONDUCTIVITY
OF THE EARTH’S CRUST TO A DEPTH OF 20 km (S20)

LEGEND

Isolines of column longitudinal conductivity, S

28 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 APPARENT CONDUCTIVITY
OF THE EARTH’S CRUST TO A DEPTH OF 50 km (S50)

LEGEND
Isolines of column longitudinal conductivity, S

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 29

 APPARENT CONDUCTIVITY
OF THE LITHOSPHERE TO A DEPTH OF 80 km (S80)

LEGEND
Isolines of column longitudinal conductivity, S

30 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 EFFECTIVE ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY OF THE
EARTH'S CRUST AT A DEPTH OF 50 km (ρ50)

LEGEND
Isolines of effective electric resistivity, ohm.m

EFFECTIVE ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY The map of effective electric resistivity of the lithosphere at a
OF THE LITHOSPHERE depth of 50 km (ρ50) presents the distribution of the electric Generally, ρeff values tend to decrease by a factor of 1.5-2
characteristics in a transition zone between the lowest part of within the high-resistance areas and local anomalies, and
The maps of apparent conductivity of sedimentary forma- the Earth's crust and the upper mantle (maximum thickness of increase in the high-conductivity and isometric structures
tions (S 1), the Earth's crust (S 20, S 50) and lithosphere to a the Earth's crust in Ukraine based on the DSS data is about 50 anomalies of ρeff are substantially lower (up to 1000 ohm•m). with values from 50 ohm•m to 100 ohm•m or more.
depth of 80 km (S 80) include also information on the elec- km), where ρeff varies widely from 25-50 ohm•m to The Kharkiv high-resistance anomaly, located on the northern Anomalies where ρeff remains at about 50 ohm•m suggest a
tric characteristics of the studied section as a whole. These 70 000 ohm•m or more. Minimum ρeff values of up to flank of the Dnipro field, attains a ρeff of about 1000 ohm•m. deeper origin. Data concerning ρeff to a depth of 200 km and
are complemented by the maps of effective electric resisti- 25 ohm•m are typical for the Pryluky anomaly of electric con- The Volyn' high-resistance field is a relatively uniform area deeper have been obtained across a large area, making it pos-
vity ( ρ eff), calculated using the MTT data for a certain ductivity located at the intersection of the Dnipro paleorift and where the ρeff varies from 500 ohm•m to 1000-1500 ohm•m sible to assess penetration depths for the most important
depth, on which the influence of the overlying (especially the Odesa-Kirovohrad-Pryluky zone of high electric conductiv- within the limits of the local high-resistance anomalies anomalous zones and fields. The Yalta and Kharkiv local
low-resistant) formations is essentially excluded. In this ity. Within the latter one, as well as in the Luts'k (I), Rakhiv (Vinnytsia, Olevs'k and others). anomalies are adjacent to the Dnipro high-resistance area at
exercise the ρ eff is quite sensitive to the anomalous values (II), Luhans'k (III) and other isometric anomalies, ρeff ranges The map of effective electric resistivity of the lithosphere at a a depth of more than 100 km and form a deep meridional
(both high and low) of effective electric resistivity of rock from 50 to 70 ohm•m. depth of 80 km (ρ80) reflects distribution of effective electric band. The Odesa-Kirovohrad-Pryluky high-conductivity
formations. Brief analyses of the effective electric resistivi- Formations of the central part of the Dnipro high-resistance resistivity in the upper mantle showing the characteristic fea- zone, as well as the Luts'k, Rakhiv, Luhans'k and Belgorod
ty are presented for maps at 50 km and 80 km depths. field reach a maximum ρeff of 70 000 ohm•m or more. Local tures of its structure and the state of matter. ρeff anomalies, are traceable to depths of about 200 km.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 31

 EFFECTIVE ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY OF THE
LITHOSPHERE AT A DEPTH OF 80 km (ρ80)

LEGEND

Isolines of effective electric resistivity, ohm.m

32 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 ELECTRIC HETEROGENEITY
OF THE LITHOSPHERE

LEGEND
High-resistance regions of the stable lithosphere:
A-Volyn’, B-Dnipro

Local high-resistance structures of the litosphere:

1-Uzhhorod, 2-L’viv, 3-Olevs’k, 4-Vinnytsia, 5-Zaporizhzhia,
6-Donets’, 7-Yalta, 8-Kharkiv. 1000 - ρeff value, ohm.m

Odesa-Kirovohrad-Pryluky low-resistivity zone

of mantle instability

Low-resistivity ring structures of unstable mantle:

1-Rakhiv, 2-Luts’k, 3-Pryluky, 4-Smila, 5-Pervomais’k,
6-Kherson, 7-Tokmak, 8-Luhans’k, 9-Svativ, 10-Crimean.
100 - ρeff value, ohm.m

ELECTRIC HETEROGENEITY also measurable corresponding changes in the ρeff and the inte- region. Within this area the ρeff reaches up to 1000 ohm.m. To
OF THE LITHOSPHERE grated longitudinal conductivity with depth below the Earth’s sur- the east, the Rakhiv (Ivano-Frankivs’k) geodynamic structure is
face. According to the ρeff distribution pattern, the following deep characterized by a highly conductive anomaly, notably at the
A map of the electric heterogeneity deep in the lithosphere structures are distinguished: stable areas of high resistivity, activa- depth of 5 to 20 km, where ρeff is only 10-20 ohm•m.
has been compiled on the basis of magnetotelluric sounding tion zones of high electric conductivity and local ring anomalies. The Kerch (Crimean), Krasnoperekop (Kherson) and Tokmak
(MTS) at depths of 50-80 km in the Dnipro Graben of the The Odesa-Kirovohrad-Pryluky (Odesa-Chernihiv) activation high ρeff values (over 70 000 ohm•m) and by high values in local electric conductivity anomalies, with ρeff 70, 100 and
Dnipro-Donets' Depression, up to 300 km in the Ukrainian zone is the most outstanding structure of the region. It is charac- the Donets' Basin (from 7000 to 15 000 ohm•m), thus attest- 250 ohm.m respectively, are observed in southern Ukraine at
Shield and 80-100 km in the rest of the Ukrainian territory. terized by the intensely reworked crust, by the dynamic activity ing to the high stability of the area. depths of 50-65 km.
Application of the MTS in the study of the lithosphere struc- and heterogeneity of rocks. This zone is a regional structure with The Volyn' area of stability is situated in the western part of Thus, the MTS data show subvertical heterogeneity produced
ture made it possible to use electric characteristics of rocks, a norteastern strike. In the Ukrainian Shield it coincides spatial- the Ukrainian Shield and Volyn’-Podillia. By comparison to by dynamic zones, activated ring structures and stable areas
which depend on their composition, temperature and pres- ly with the Kirovohrad Block, and within the Dnipro-Donets' the Dnipro area of stability, its crust is characterized by in the Earth's crust and upper mantle.
sure, to reflect mainly the present rock dynamics (PT regime) Depression it is complicated by the Dnipro Graben paleorift. The rather low ρeff values (about 1000 ohm•m at a depth of 80 km The Volyn' and Dnipro high-resistivity areas of stability, traced to
deep in the Earth. Dnipro stable area of the lithosphere comprises the Ukrainian and 1500 ohm.m at a depth of 300 km). In this region the depths of 200-300 km, are considered to be important geological
Analyses of the MTS data revealed the following regularities in Shield (to the east of the Kryvyi Rih-Kremenchuk fault) and the rocks are less stable. The Luts'k ring structure, which exceeds structures governing the stability of the lithosphere in Ukraine.
the geoelectric section. Within the Ukrainian Shield, Volyn’- southern part of the folded Donets' Basin. 150 km in diameter, is manifested as a distinct anomaly of According to the MTS data, there are regional geoelectric
Podillia and along the Donets' Basin, the geoelectric section at In the central part of the high resistivity area within the electric conductivity to a depth of 300 km. heterogeneities on the territory of Ukraine which characterize
depths of 10-15 km is characterized by high resistivities greenstone belts (the Sura, the Verkhivtseve and the The Uzhhorod area of stability (high-resistivity), with ρeff of geodynamically stable areas and active zones in the Earth's
( ρ eff reaches 1500-7000 and even 70 000 ohm•m). There are Chortomlyk structures), the rocks are characterized by very about 1000 ohm.m, has been outlined within the Carpathian crust and mantle.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 33

 THE MOHO DISCONTINUITY

LEGEND
Isolines of Moho
discontinuity

THICKNESS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST Zones of deep faults

(below sea level)

A lineament (the boundary Deep faults between

To a depth of 35 km between continental blocks
and oceanic crust)
Edge of Crimean
From 35 to 40 km B lineament (border of the
Mountains
East-European platform)
Outline of the Riphean
From 40 to 50 km C lineament (Radians’ke- graben within the Dnipro-
Melitopol’) Donets’ Depression (DDD)

More than 50 km Zones of mantle lineaments Edge of Carpathian

(D ID II E IE II FIF II) Mountains

THE MOHO DISCONTINUITY discontinuity is characterized by submeridional patterns of thick- with a "thin" (less than 30 km) and the other with a "thick" Lineament FI FII – Istanbul-Sevastopol’-Slavians'k.
ened crust coinciding with the Lower Proterozoic zones of (over 40 km) crust. 3. Marginal faults of the main tectonic regions (Crimean and
The Mohorovicic or Moho discontinuity is considered to be rocks. The older structures are crossed by younger ones and, Lineament B coincides with the northwestern and southern Carpathian Mountains, Dnipro-Donets' Depression).
a complicated transitional zone of varying thickness at the at the intersections, there are commonly two Moho disconti- boundaries of the East European Platform. Seismic investigations, including Deep Seismic Sounding,
boundary between the Earth's crust and the upper mantle. nuities inferred. Localities with different crust thickness are Lineament C (Radians'ke-Melitopol') represents a subvertical allowed tracing continuous seismic sections to depths of 70-
Within Ukrainian territory, the Earth's crust thickness varies usually divided by large faults. fault zone dipping to the north and northeast. It forms the 90 km with horizontal, inclined and steeply dipping reflecting
from 25 km to 65 km. Maximum crust thicknesses are found The following types of fault zones are distinguished in northeastern limit of the high grade granulite facies terrain. surfaces. It was found that the Moho discontinuity with
beneath the Carpathian Mountains (65 km) and the Crimean Ukraine: 2. Inferred lineaments or deep transitional faults with north- multi-surfaces might be a thinly bedded transitional zone. Its
Mountains (up to 60 km). Minimum thicknesses are observed 1. Lineaments A, B and C are characterized by considerable eastern strikes stemming from the asthenosphere (DI DII, EI thickness is variable and exceeds 10 km in some places.
within the Transcarpathian Depression (25 km) and in the length and play an important role in the formation of the EII, FI FII). According to the Kryvyi Rih superdeep drill hole data, the
Dnipro-Donets' Depression (30-35 km). Earth's crust. Lineament DI DII – Tyrrhenian-Vrancea-Sumy-Urals best reflectors of the multi-surfaces correlate with crushed
Within the Ukrainian Shield and its slopes the Moho Lineament A divides the territory into two segments, one Lineament EI EII – Burgas-Mykolaiv-Kharkiv low-density fault zones in the Earth's crust.

34 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

 DEEP STRUCTURE
OF THE LITHOSPHERE

LEGEND
Mantle diapir structure of magnetic basic Zones of activity in the mantle
rocks of the Earth's crust

Nodes of regional gravity field data: Ring structures in the lithosphere

a – positive, b – negative

Contour line of the Moho

Stable regions of the lithosphere
discontinuity (km)

Area of the lithosphere with a normal Outline of the Riphean rift within the
geoelectric section Dnipro-Donets' Depression (DDD)

Deep faults Edge of the Crimean Mountains

DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE LITHOSPHERE

depths of 200-300 km. Within this area, a unique anomaly of trending in the southwesterly direction. It crosses the Black Sea data) that points to differentiation in the mantle. The pres-
This map has been compiled on the basis of the results deri- regional positive gravity, whose origin is related to deeply Coastal Depression, the Ukrainian Shield and the Dnipro- ence of a basalt cover, kimberlite breccia pipes and the vari-
ved from the analysis of seismic data and measurements of buried rocks of high density, was recognized. Donets' Depression. The zone is clearly manifested at 50-70 km ation of electric conductivity at depth (where ρeff decreases
potential fields. The Volyn' stable area, encompassing the western part of the depth, where the electric resistivity decreases to 50 ohm•m or to 10 ohm•m at a depth of 100 km) point to the presence of
The Dnipro and Volyn' high resistivity in the lithosphere and Ukrainian Shield and the Volyn’-Podillia Plate, is relatively less. Deep Seismic Sounding data indicate that the Earth's crust melted mantle somewhere in the interval between 70 and 140 km
mantle down to depths of 200-300 km have been interpreted uniform in structure. The effective electric resistivities of is 35-40 km thick there, and that the zone is bounded by deep depth where o
the temperature is estimated to have reached
on the basis of the MTS data. These two zones are separated deeply buried horizons of the lithosphere do not exceed faults with up to 10 km offsets of the Moho discontinuity. 1000-1300 C.
by the Odesa-Kirovohrad-Pryluky mantle activity zone of high 1000-1500 ohm•m. This value is several orders of magnitude The geological structure at Luts’k was traced down to 200- In the Ukrainian Carpathians, there are the Uzhhorod highly
conductivity. There are also several other structures of uplifted lower than that of the Dnipro field. The thickness of the 300 km. The diameter of this structure exceeds 150 km. resistant field and the unique Rakhiv highly conductive, ring-like
mantle, such as the Rakhiv (I) in the Carpathians and Luts'k (II) Earth's crust in the Volyn’-Podillia Plate, however, reaches Within the structure, Deep Seismic Sounding data demon- dynamic geological structure, 200 km in diameter, which coin-
in the Volyn' region. maximums of 50-60 km, whereas its layering is not at all well strated a complicated pattern of the Moho discontinuity cides with the regional negative gravity anomaly. Such a rela-
The Dnipro stable field of the lithosphere, involving the eastern developed. The peripheral parts of the Plate are irregular in which is about 40 km deep here at its center and plunges tionship between the density and the electric conductivity of the
part of the Ukrainian Shield and the folded Donets' Basin, is terms of its magnetic features and the density. down to 55 km depths in the peripheral parts (depth differ- geological environment may indicate a heating and destabilizing
characterized by maximum values of the effective electric resis- The Odesa-Kirovohrad-Pryluky zone (III) of activity is up to ences along the fault system reach up to 15 km). A marker (increase of rock volume) of the structure. This is also supported
tivity from 50 000 in the crust, to 100 000-150 000 ohm•m at 200 km wide and is a deeply buried geodynamic structure horizon was revealed at a depth of 110 km (VI Geotraverse by up to 80-100 m W/m2 heat flow readings in the area.

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 35

 LEGEND BOUNDARIES: Inferred layers in the Earth’s crust

Ukrainian Shield and Voronezh massif (southern part)

Volyn’-Dvina transregional interblock zone – volcano- Granitic
Platforms
plutonic belt
Folded regions
Dioritic
Megablocks:
A – Briansk-Podillia Geotraverses with constructed sections
B – Kursk-Dnipro Basaltic
Legend for the section along geotraverse GT II

Kryvyi Rih-Krupets intermegablock zone Sedimentary deposits

Crust-mantle mixture
First-order blocks:
1 – Volyn’ (mobile belt), 2 – Podillia,
Folded complexes
3 – Kirovohrad (mobile belt), 4 – Dnipro, Direction of displacement
5 – Azov, 6 – Briansk, 7 – Rossosh’,
8 – Kursk, 9 – Scythian plate, Reflecting areas Legend for the sections along geotraverses GT VI and GT VIII
10 – Dnipro-Donets’ Depression
Cover of the transitional zone from mantle to crust Velocity isolines, km/sec
Interblock suture zones:
1 – Bila Tserkva-Odesa Inferred layers
Wave guides
2 – Orikhiv-Pavlohrad
Moho discontinuity Granitic (Vp<6.4 km/sec)
Interblock zones of faulting

Folded regions: Cover of the asthenosphere based on geothermal data

Dioritic (6.4<Vp<6.8 km/sec)
D - Donets’k, KM - Crimean Mountains,
FC - Flyschoid Carpathians, FD - Forecarpathian Sources of geothermal anomalies, estimated age in millions of years:
Depression, TD - Transcarpathian Depression Basaltic (Vp>6.8 km/sec)
160–180 Ma
BASIC COMPLEXES OF THE PRECAMBRIAN MASSIF
Basic granulites, Granulite gneisses Crust-mantle mixture (Vp>7.2 km/sec)
4–15 Ma
Basic-ultrabasic rocks, Granitoids
Moho discontinuity, upper mantle
Granite-greenstone, Amphibolite-plagiogneisses,
Plagiogranitoids Fractured mantle (a), compact mantle (b) Surface of the protoasthenosphere

Transcontinental tectonic sutures (a)

Gneissic schists, Basic-ultrabasic rocks, Deep faults
Granitoids Trans-crustal faults (b)
Possible boundary between Mesozoic-Paleozoic (MZ-PZ)
and Riphean basement (Rf)
Leptite-keratophyres, Gabbro-diorite- Zones of inclined faults
granodiorite Possible boundary of the Riphean and
Archean-Proterozoic basement (AR-PR-Rf) Surface of the pre-Riphean basement
VOLCANOGENIC-SEDIMENTARY COMPLEXES Regional thrusts Isotherms, 600 oC
Faults of large magnitude, including the deep ones
In depressions and downwarps
Anomalous elevated crustal density
Volcanic rocks of the Vyhorlat-Hutyn ridge
In folded terrains
Felsitic magmatic center Anomalous decreased crustal density
Basic magmatic center
In mountainous folded terrains
Decreased mantle density
Magnetically active layer and its magnetization, A/m (ampere/m)

In the Scythian Plate Highly magnetic blocks

Density g/cm3

36 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH’S CRUST ALONG THE GEOTRAVERSES II, VI, VIII

SECTION II. Geophysical maps 37

 "Golden Gates", volcanic, Karadah, Crimea Demerdzhy pillars, limestone, Crimean Mountains Volcanic massif – Karadah natural reserve, Crimea Flysch rock in the Carpathians, Volovets',
Transcarpathian oblast’

DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH’S CRUST Studies of deep magnetic nonhomogeneities have been carried crust, adjusting for lesser pressures and higher temperatures, established for the first time.
ALONG GEOTRAVERSES II, VI AND VIII out utilizing a combination of data from DSS and geothermal somewhat lower velocity parameters were used: 5.7-6.3, Geotraverse II (see p. 37) in the western part of Ukraine illus-
sources. As a result, two-dimensional magnetic models along the 6.3-6.7, 6.7-7.4 km/sec. trates a complex structure. This is an assemblage of tectonic
Studies of the deep structure of the lithosphere of Ukraine were geotraverses have been constructed. Deep magnetic nonhomo- An analysis of the “petrological” model of the Earth’s crust blocks of similar origin, consolidated with time, and subse-
carried out using a complex quantitative interpretation of Deep geneities have been analyzed, taking into account such variables along the profiles indicates that the thickness of individual lay- quently substantially changed and mobilized as a result of a long
Seismic Sounding (DSS), gravimetric, magnetometric, geo- as the gravity data, the thickness of the crust, the relationships ers in the complex changes rapidly laterally. The layers may evolution, including the effects of Alpine orogeny in Neogene-
electric and geochemical data. Interpretation of DSS was car- of its layers, the degrees of metamorphism and the structure. even seem to disappear. Such changes are not chaotic, since the Quaternary times.
ried out using a dense network of profiles which included inter- The distribution of temperatures along the traverses was dominance of one layer in a given section of the crust reflects On the basis of GT II a number of features of the Earth’s crust
national geotraverses. Seismic data give an indication of various obtained on the basis of solving a two-dimensional stationary the petrological composition of blocks on the surface. have become apparent and it is possible to construct – a
velocity layers in the Earth’s crust, its thickness and blocky equation of thermal conductivities from the calculated crustal The Kryvyi Rih-Krupets, Bila Tserkva-Odesa and the Orikhiv- schematic view of the relief of Moho, large lineaments of the
structure, and the relief of the upper part of the mantle. and mantle components of the thermal flow. Schematic petro- Pavlohrad intermegablock suture zones have complicated struc- lithosphere, a blocky structure of the Earth’s crust, and the
Construction of a solid model of the Earth’s crust is based on the logical models of the consolidated pre-Riphean crust were con- tures (see GT VIII section, p. 37). faulted tectonic patterns.
interpretation of the layering and density of the crust with depth. structed on the basis of complex geophysical data. Thus, a The superimposed structures – the Dnipro-Donets’ Depres- The main feature of the thermal field of the Carpathian region
The calculation of density of the model relies on the detailed number of complexes were recognized and inferred to be sion and the Volyn’-Dvina volcano-plutonic mobile belt are is the increase of its thermal flow from the ancient platform
two-dimensional velocity sections based on gravity modelling of “granitic”, “dioritic” and “basaltic”. Within the Ukrainian characterized by an abruptly reduced thickness of the consol- towards the internal portions of the Carpathian mountains.
the crustal matter, where the correlated density is dependent on Shield they are characterized by the following longitudinal idated crust with an actual enlargement of its base (see GT VI The blocky and the deep structures of the Earth’s crust in
the velocity with some corrections for crystalline rocks of diffe- velocities: 5.7-6.4, 6.4-6.8, and 6.8-7.6 km/sec. and GT VIII). Sections illustrate faulted tectonic patterns, Ukraine correlate well with the metallogenic provinces of
rent compositions. In distinguishing various complexes in the depressions of the and in particular the inclined nature of the deep faults are the country.

38 SECTION II. Geophysical maps

T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

section III

STRUCTURAL MAPS
■ Glaciers and Quaternary sediments

■ Quaternary deposits
■ Structure of the sedimentary cover

■ Tectonic map

■ Structure of the basement

■ Linear and ring geological structures

■ Neotectonics and recent vertical movements of the Earth's crust

■ Geodynamic map
 Glacial boulder (erratic), brought from Karelia to the Romny region (Sumy oblast’) 180 000 - 200 000 years ago.

GLACIERS AND THEIR QUATERNARY DEPOSITS

The Quaternary deposits (anthropogenic) are widespread in upland and the Dnipro lowland, stretching in a tongue-like deluvial loess deposits of Neo-Pleistocene age with relict During the ice age, when the sea level was lower, loess was
most of Ukraine, except on the steep slopes of the Carpathian fashion along the Dnipro valley to the city of soils. In the Dnister and the Donets' regions the loess deposited on the present-day shelves of the Black Sea. At that
and Crimean Mountains, the Donets' Ridge and the beds of Dniprodzerzhyns'k. The glacial deposits, or moraines, are deposits are also of the eolo-deluvial and eluvial origin. time, the rivers cut deeply into the bedrock. Subsequently, when
rivers cutting the crystalline Ukrainian Shield. These deposits represented by unsorted fragments of basement rocks, boul- The loess deposits as a general rule are represented by coarse the sea level rose, large estuaries were formed. For this reason,
are characterized by variable lithological composition, relative der-bearing sandy loams, clays, and loamy sands. Their grained sandy loam, and less commonly by loamy sand. Their the deposits more common to the Black Sea shoreline are not of
thinness, and genetic variety. The most common genetic vari- thickness varies considerably, from 0.5 to 18 m. In the mid- thicknesses are in the order of 5-10 m on the elevated grounds, marine but of estuarine-marine or estuarine origin. As a general
eties are: eolian-deluvial loesses, glacial and glacial-water dle Dnipro area there are some large glacial dislocations and and 40-50 m in the lowlands. In general, loess deposits cover rule they comprise sands, silts and, less commonly, shells. At the
deposits, alluvial, eluvial, deluvial-colluvial and marine separations. This is one region in the world where the pre- close to 70% of the territory of Ukraine. delta of the ancient Dnipro River there is a 40-50 m thick layer
deposits. The thickest deposits (40-60 m) occur on lower sent erosional level allows one to observe the entire glacio- The alluvial deposits formed the flood plains and terraces of of alluvial-marine sediments such as sands and silts.
ground which has undergone some neotectonic subsidence. At tectonic complex. The glacial-water deposits underlie and the rivers. River beds in the mountainous Forecarpathian Eluvial deposits are represented by the eluvial sediments derived
higher elevations, or uplifted grounds, the thicknesses of such overlie the glacial deposits, and also form other glacial fea- region contain pebbles and boulders, gravel and well-sorted from the basement rocks and by the relict soils. The latter are
deposits range from 5 to 12 m, and in the mountainous regions tures such as kames, drumlins, and frontal aprons. They are sands, 2 to 12 m in thickness. River beds in the lowlands are rather thick (10-18 m) in the Early-Pleistocene of the Black Sea
they are from 0.5 to 2.5 m. represented by sands, loamy sands, sandy loams and loams characterized by gravels, sands, sandy loams, and loamy sands area and underlie the loess deposits of the Neo-Pleistocene.
In the northern regions of Ukraine and partly in the Fore- varying in thickness from 3 to 50 m, but in the glacial valleys measuring from 10 to 30 m in thickness. In regions which have In the Carpathian and Crimean Mountains, and to a lesser
carpathian area there are widespread glacial and glacial- they are up to 100-120 m thick. In the Polissia region the been uplifted during the Quaternary period, up to nine terraces extent over the Donets' Ridge there are widely distributed elu-
water deposits of two different ice ages: Early Pleistocene glacial and glacial-water deposits form frontal aprons and may be distinguished in the river valleys. In the vial-deluvial and deluvial-coluvial pebbly-loamy deposits, up to
(South Polish) (440 000-690 000 years ago) and Middle moraine frontal apron flatlands. Beyond the Polissia region Transcarpathian lowland, as a result of its subsidence and the several meters in thickness. In Crimea there are relatively wide-
Neo-Pleistocene (Dniprovian) (180 000-300 000 years ago). and to the outer limit of the glacier, the glacial-water uplift of the Carpathian Mountains, the alluvial deposits reach ly developed deluvial-proluvial and alluvial-proluvial pebbly-
The first one covered the northwestern part of the deposits are overlain by eolo-deluvial sheets of Middle-Late or exceed 100 m in thickness. loamy deposits. In places their thickness reaches 30 to 40 m.
Forecarpathians and the Volyn' region, and the second one Neo-Pleistocene age, represented by loess with relict soils. Marine deposits are found not only at the bottom of the Black Amongst other genetic types, there are mud and lake deposits
covered almost all of the Polissia region, part of the Dnipro To the south of the glacier there are widely distributed eolo- and Azov seas, but also form terraces along their shorelines. that are locally developed.

LEGEND
a – 1-9 alluvium, 1-9 terraces f – glacial-water dc – deluvial-coluvial

a f II – alluvial-glacial water f,g – glacial-water, glacial

vd – eolo-deluvial
vd I-III – eolo-deluvial Early-Late Neo-Pleistocene
ap – alluvial-proluvial vd II-III – eolo-deluvial Middle-Late Neo-Pleistocene
g II – glacial

La,a I – estuary-alluvial, alluvial-estuarine

Lm II – estuarine-marine (ancient euxenic) e – eluvial
La I – estuarine-alluvial Early Neo-Pleistocene vd,e – eolo-deluvial,eluvial
La II – estuarine-alluvial Middle Pleistocene (ancient euxenic) vd,e I-III – eolo-deluvial, eluvial Late Neo-Pleistocene
aL II – alluvial-estuarine Middle Pleistocene ed – eluvial-deluvial

am – alluvial-marine m – marine
am I – alluvial-marine Early Neo-Pleistocene m I – marine Early Neo-Pleistocene (Chaudyn)
dp – deluvial-proluvial
am II – alluvial-marine Middle Pleistocene m III – marine Late Neo-Pleistocene

40 SECTION III. Structural maps

 GLACIERS
AND QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS

LEGEND
Eolo-deluvial loesses, Middle-Late Neo-Pleistocene,
4-5 terraces on the alluvium

Eolo-deluvial loesses, Middle-Late Neo-Pleistocene,

on the glacial-water and glacial deposits of the Dniprovian ice age

BOUNDARIES AND AREAS

g I – Early Neo-Pleistocene glaciation (440 000-690 000 years ago)

g II – Middle Neo-Pleistocene glaciation (Dniprovian) Glacial dislocations (faults)

(180 000-300 000 years ago)
Glacial detached mass
DEPOSITS
f I – Glacial-water deposits, Early Neo-Pleistocene
f II – Glacial-water deposits of theDniprovian ice age Mud volcanoes

SECTION III. Structural maps 41

 Quaternary deposits, Viazivok village, Poltava oblast’

QUATERNARY DEPOSITS Plain (C). Regions are distinguished within each area. For Some subregions are divided into districts, which depict the In the Quaternary deposits of the lake-muddy flats facies,
example, the Forecarpathian region (A-II) is within the (A) details in Quaternary sedimentation (the presence of marine there are large resources of peat and sapropelite. Associated
The division of Quaternary deposits of Ukraine is based on the area and the North Ukrainian region (Polissia, C-I) in the (C) and loess deposits, etc.). Districts can have their own names with the river sediments, there are alluvial gold deposits in the
anthropogenic features of the cover, taking into account the area. Subregions are the main units on the map, having differ- (such as Inhulets', C-II-13-c and Kerch, C-II-16-c) or are Carpathian Mountains, and deluvial gold deposits in the
structural-geomorphological conditions of their formation. In ent sets of characteristics (facies composition, structure and named after sections of subregions (Eastern Poltava, C-II-9-b Nahol'nyi Ridge of the Donbas area. In the Osnyts'k-Volyn'
particular, the age, the genesis and the thickness of the deposits thickness). For instance, the Zhytomyr Polissia subregion and others). region, the alluvial placer occurrences and deposits of ilme-
were differentiated. (C-I-2) is characterized by the prevailing Middle Pleistocene In addition, the map shows the boundaries of the Lower Qua- nite, zircon and cassiterite are associated with the terrigenous
Quaternary deposits are divided into areas, regions (oblasts), (Dnipro) moraine and thin glacial lacustrine deposits, while ternary and the Middle Quaternary (Dnipro) moraine Pliocene-Quaternary formations.
subregions and districts. Areas are the largest units, represent- the Kyiv Polissia subregion (C-I-3) has a more complete and deposits. Quaternary rocks of different origins are represented
ing the major geological structures of Ukraine: the Carpathians thick geological section of Quaternary rocks. Most of the sub- by various colours: eluvial-deluvial, colluvial-deluvial, delu- This compilation for the entire territory of Ukraine is the first
(A), the Crimean Mountains (B) and the Ukrainian Platform regions are named after settlements, rivers, etc. vial, loess and soil, loess, outwash plain and alluvial. of its kind.

Area Region (Oblast') Subregion District

1 2 3 4 3 4
A Carpathians A-I Carpathian Mountain C-II-3 Liubar
C-II-4 Podillia
A-II Forecarpathian A-II-1 North-Western C-II-5 Trans-Buh
A-II-2 Central C-II-6 Ros' C-II-6-a Northern Ros'
A-II-3 South-Western C-II-6-b Southern Ros'
A-III Transcarpathian A-III-1 Western C-II-7 Central Dnipro C-II-7-a Eastern Dnipro
A-III-2 Eastern C-II-7-b Western Dnipro
B Crimean Mountains B-I Mountainous B-I-1 Central Mountainous C-II-8 Hlukhiv
B-I-2 Southern Coastal C-II-9 Poltava C-II-9-a Western Poltava
C-II-9-b Eastern Poltava
B-II Foothills C-II-10 Bohodukhiv
C Ukrainian Platform Plain C-I North Ukrainian (Polissia) C-I-1 Volyn’ Polissia C-I-1-a Western Volyn’ C-II-11 Velykyi Burluk C-II-11-a Northern Velykyi Burluk
C-I-1-b Eastern Volyn’ C-II-11-b Southern Velykyi Burluk
C-I-2 Zhytomyr Polissia C-I-2-a Western Zhytomyr C-II-12 Oril’-Donets'
C-I-2-b Eastern Zhytomyr C-II-13 Southern Ukrainian C-II-13-a Western Dnister
C-I-2-c Ovruch C-II-13-b Dnister
C-I-3 Kyiv Polissia C-II-13-c Inhulets'
C-I-4 Chernihiv Polissia C-II-13-d Dnipro Rapids (Zaporizhzhia)
C-II-13-e Azov Sea
C-I-5 Desna-Dnipro Polissia C-I-5-a Oster C-II-14 Donets' C-II-14-a Central Donets'
C-I-5-b Desna C-II-14-b Western Donets'
C-I-5-c Southern Snov C-II-14-c Northern Donets'
C-I-6 Novhorod-Sivers'kyi C-I-6-a Central Novhorod-Sivers'kyi C-II-15 Black Sea
Polissia C-I-6-b Southern Novhorod-Sivers'kyi C-II-15-a Northern Black Sea
C-I-7 Shostka Polissia C-II-15-b Southern Black Sea
C-II Central and Southern C-II-1 Volynian C-II-1-a Western Buh C-II-15-c Lower Dnipro
Ukrainian (Loess) C-II-1-b Styr-Horyn' C-II-15-d Danube
C-II-2 Malopolissia C-II-2-a Western Malopolissia C-II-16-a Syvash
C-II-2-b Eastern Malopolissia C-II-16 Northern Crimea C-II-16-b Tarkhankut
C-II-16-c Kerch

42 SECTION III. Structural maps

 QUATERNARY DEPOSITS

LEGEND
Dominant Quaternary deposits

Eluvial-deluvial

Colluvial-deluvial
Boundaries and their symbols

Deluvial
Areas

Loess and soil Regions

Loess Alluvial low-terraced floodplain Subregions

Outwash plain accumulation Alluvial high-terraced floodplain Districts

SECTION III. Structural maps 43

 Pliocene deposits, Odesa Miocene deposits, Liadove village, Vinnytsia oblast’ Poltava sand outcrop, Vytachiv village, Kyiv oblast’ Pliocene Kuial'nyk horizon stratotype, Odesa

LEGEND
Fore-Dobruja Jurassic Trough Dnipro-Donets’ Mesozoic Depression: northern flank (1),
Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover of the Ukrainian Shield
southern flank (2)

Grabens and erosional-tectonic depressions

Stryi Jurassic Trough Prypiat’-Dnipro Devonian Graben
(1 – Ovruch, 2 – Kins’ka-Yaly)

Astroblemes (1* – Obolon’, 2 – Bilylivka, 3 – Rotmistrivka,

4 – Illintsi, 5* – Bovtyshka, 6 – Zelenyi Hai, 7 – Ternivka). Lviv-Lublin Cretaceous Trough Voronezh Anticline (southern slope)
* - more than 10 km in diameter

Main coal-bearing depressions (1 – Ryzhanivka, 2 – Tetiyiv-Orativ-

Tarnivka, 3 – Hlyns’k-Bohdanivka, 4 – Krynychuvate-Mykhailivka- Folded structures: Carpathians (1), Donbas (2), Dobruja (3),
Southern Ukraine Monocline
Marianivka, 5 – Novo-Oleksandrivka-Domotkan', 6 – Synel'nykove- Crimea (4)
Dnipro, 7 – Sanzhary, 8 – Orikhiv, 9 – West and East Kryvyi Rih)

Karkinit-Northern Crimean Late Cretaceous-Paleogene Trough Alpine troughs: Carpathian (1), Indolo-Kuban' (2), Inner
Volyn’-Podillia Plate with sections of the Moldovan Plate
Transcarpathian (3)

Volyn’-Odesa Monocline Southern Ukrainian Monocline superimposed on the Volyn’-

Karkinit-Northern Crimean Triassic-Early Cretaceous Graben
Odesa monoclinal structurе

Northern flank of the Dnipro-Donets’ Depression superimposed

Paleozoic troughs (1 – Lviv, 2 – Fore-Dobrudzhian) Central Crimean Cretaceous-Paleogene Uplift
on the Voronezh Anticline

Volyn’ Paleozoic Uplift Al’ma Cretaceous-Paleogene Depression Boundaries of geological structures

44 SECTION III. Structural maps

 STRUCTURE OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVER

SECTION III. Structural maps 45

 STRUCTURE OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVER Mesozoic Podillia monocline, the North Moldovan and the fill consists of terrigenous continental (Bajocian-
Kovel' ridges, and on its southwest side, there are blocks with Bathonian,160.0-173.0 Ma) deposits, and in the upper part it
In the platform stuctures with sedimentary cover, some of the later dislocations. consists of Upper Jurassic lagoon and marine sediments.
earliest periods of deposition are the Riphean-Early Vendian. The Voronezh anticline (in Russia), separated from the The South-Ukrainian Monocline consists of Lower Cretaceous
They correspond to the aulacogenic, transitional period of Ukrainian Shield by the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, represents strata. In the west it is bordered by the Volyn’-Podillia Plate,
development, which started forming in the late Vendian time. an uplifted basement covered by sedimentary strata. The south- and the eastern side is limited by the Azov-Pavlohrad fault and
Among the aulacogenic structures one of the best known is the western limb of the structure (in Ukraine) occurs at 200-250 m the Near-Azov ridge of the Pre-Riphean rocks. The basement
Dnipro-Donets' Aulacogen. The Aulacogen is linear, trends in depth. On the Ukrainian territory the limbs of this anticline of the Monocline is dipping to the south and has been traced
a northwesterly direction, has faulted boundaries and is under- have also depressional and synclinal structures. down to a depth of 5-6 km. To the northeast of the Monocline,
lain by a Precambrian basement. The basement rocks at the The structural shapes of the sedimentary cover, formed at dif- there is the Kins’ka-Yaly Depression located in the Ukrainian
margins of the Aulacogen are as shallow as 150 m but towards ferent times in the platform history, have an inherited charac- Shield. This assymetric structure formed during the Alpine
the center they are 5 km deep, and in the southeast reach 12 km ter from the basement. During the accumulation of sediments, orogeny and is filled with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata.
depths. Under the folded formations of the Donets’ Basin the however, the structural conditions were changing. There were During the Alpine tectonic stage, the Monocline was also the
basement rocks, according to our geophysical data, lie at about changes in the shape of the cover, size, and configuration of site of deposition of transgressive-regressive sedimentary
22 km depth. the structures. deposits, indicating an active tectonic environment.
The Brahyn basement ridge divides the aulacogen structure into Thus, the formation of both the Dobruja Foredeep (southwest of The Carpathian Foredeep is a large tectonic structure divided
the Prypiat' and the Dnipro-Donets' grabens. Odesa) and the Karkinit Depression began in the Late into three zones – Bil’che-Volytsia, Sambir and Boryslav-
The Prypiat'-Donets’ Aulacogen, one of the largest in Europe, Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic folding. The maximal sinking in the Pokuttia. The latter two have been transformed into covers.
was formed during the Devonian stage of platform develop- Dobruja Foredeep occurred in the Jurassic period. On the sur- The Transcarpathian Deep is a young (Neogene) depression
ment. This structure is about 1000 km long, 150 to 300 km face this depression is not evident, but it was established on the formed on a very complicated heterogeneous basement. The
wide, and separates such large structures as the Voronezh and basis of geophysical surveys and extensive deep diamond drilling. basement has a blocky-folded structure and consists of sedi-
Mazur-Belarus anticlines from the Ukrainian Shield. The northern and southern margins of the Dobruja Foredeep mentary and volcanic rocks of the Paleogene, Cretaceous, Paleogenic flysh deposits on Prut river, Dyliatyn village, Ivano-
The Aulacogen has a complicated faulted blocky structure. A are faulted with downthrow components in the order of 1-2 Jurassic, Triassic ages and possibly metamorphic Paleozoic Frankivs'k oblast’
system of sublatitudinal and submeridional faults, and perpen- km. These features give it the shape of a graben. In Ukraine rocks. The Neogene consists of molass-type sediments, origi-
dicular to these additional faults form a series of horsts and its length is over 200 km, and its width varies from 35 km near nally up to 3 km in thickness, which are now dislocated into a
grabens at various levels. At its northwestern end, the the Prut river, to 60 km near the Black Sea. The bottom of series of subhorizontal slices.
Aulacogen abuts on the Polissia saddle. In the southeast it this graben structure is 5-7 km deep, according to the seismic Folded Structures. Structural-stratigraphic studies indicate that
comes in contact with the folded Donbas region, forming a data. The lower part of the sedimentary pile consists of there were periods of restructuring of the original tectonic plan
transitional zone marked by the development of the Bakhmut marine carbonate and terrigenous Silurian, Devonian and brought on by changes in the tectonic regime. In the Donbas
and Kal’mius-Torets’ troughs. lower Carboniferous deposits measuring 3-4 km in total area, the Hercynian age folded structures involving the
The Dnipro-Donets' Aulacogen has a long history, being initi- thickness. The Upper Jurassic, Paleogene, Miocene, Pliocene Carboniferous coal-bearing strata, commonly form numerous
ated, probably, in the Riphean period. It was reactivated in the and Quaternary sediments form the upper part of the geolog- folds of variable amplitudes, in places decoupled and faulted.
Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Mesozoic, so that it ical section. These strata are lying conformably on the lower The folded stuctures of the northern Dobruja are characterized
was essentially complete by the end of the latter period. And Paleozoic pile. by complex folding of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic strata
finally it was reactivated in the Cenozoic period. The Karkinit Depression (northern Crimea) is a 10-11 km deep which are covered by the undeformed Upper Cretaceous and
According to the character of its structure and the associated trough of near latitudinal strike, filled with Lower Cretaceous Cenozoic sediments.
magmatism, the Aulacogen is classified by most investigators clayish terrigenous strata and volcanic rocks, Upper The northern Dobruja is composed of folded Paleozoic and
as a riftogenic type. The aulacogenic deposits are covered by Cretaceous-Eocene clayey-carbonate, Oligocene-Miocene Lower Mesozoic sediments and the Dobruja Foredeep is
less complicated strata and produce the structure of the clayey terrigenic, and Miocene-Pliocene carbonate-clayey adjacent to it.
Depression as we see it today. Above the Aulacogen, synclines accumulations. The Depression corresponds to the boundary Although separate parts of the Carpathians were involved in
were formed, and over the uplifted basement rocks anticlines zone between an old and a young platform, complicated by folding at different geological times and have their own dis-
and arches were produced. ridges, structural wedges, and locally some folded rocks which tinctive historical-geological character, including some for-
The Ukrainian Shield is a crystalline basement that has a relief appear in the lower part of the sedimentary cover. In its Aptian- mational peculiarities, morphology of folds and dislocations,
of about 200 m on average and, in places, rises to 320 m above Albian stages a distinct graben structure is evident which is the final phases of the tectogenesis occurred almost simulta-
sea level. It is covered not only by Quaternary but also in places related to a Jurassic age depression. In the Upper Cretaceous neously – in the Miocene. In general, the Carpathians repre-
by Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. Depending on the location, and the overlying strata, the graben loses its character and is sent an asymmetrically structured mountain system with adja-
their thicknesses vary from 10-20 m to 300-500 m. The bound- more like a platformal depression. cent depressions.
aries of the Shield are generally marked by deep seated faults. The Volynian uplift in the western part of Ukraine is distin- The mega-anticlinorium of the Crimean Mountain system was Cretaceous deposits, Bel'bek canyon, Western Crimea
To the west the basement gradually sinks beneath a thick guished by the elevated basement and by rocks in the old sedi- formed at the Kimmeridgian stage of tectogenesis, and involved
Phanerozoic cover, or the pericratonic Dnister Depression mentary cover (Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian). folding of the Scythian plate margin. The main role was played
trending in the north-south direction. On the southeastern side, Strata of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, up to 250 m in by forces pushing from the south to the north, corresponding to
the Shield is in contact with the Scythian Plate, and the contact thickness (Jurassic, Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene the closure of the Tethys Sea in the Mediterranean area.
is also marked by a deep-seated fault. and Quaternary) are nearly flat lying and discordantly overlap In the Triassic and Jurassic periods, separate graben-like
The Dnister Depression, on its north side, abuts against the the old sedimentary cover. depressions were formed in the southwestern part of the
Lukiv-Ratne basement ridge: on its southwestern side, the The Indolo-Kuban Depression (Crimea), covering the southern Crimean flatlands. They correspond to the near-latitudinal
Depression passes into the Carpathian Foredeep along a part of the western Cis-Caucasia, Azov Sea and Kerch-Taman’ present-day Al’ma Depression, and the northern part of the
series of steps. On its western and southwestern sides the district, is filled with Oligocene-Miocene terrigenic clays Indol Depression. The Al'ma Depression is a large synclinal
basement gradually sinks from 3.5 to 4.0 km depths, and in (Maikop series), and Pliocene-Pleistocene carbonate and structure along the limbs of which there are flysch strata over Mountains is along the Simferopol' fault. The age of this
the Carpathian Foredeep it reaches 7 to 8 km depths. The clayey sediments, up to 10-13 km in total thickness. Its eastern a kilometer in thickness. At the fault boundaries there is also mega-uplift is Cretaceous-Paleogene. Some rather high topo-
thickness of the sedimentary strata in the Dnister Depression side is also part of the marginal depression of the northwestern a well-developed folding. Minor dislocations are associated graphic features are present in this type of terrain
ranges from 1.5 to 6 km. This Depression contains the Upper Caucasian Mountains. with dragfolds. (Novoselivka, Kalamit and Simferopol').
Paleozoic Lviv Trough (or the Lublin Trough, as it is known The near-latitudinal Ovruch graben-syncline is located within Characteristic structures were produced in the Ukrainian Shield The map on p. 45 illustrates the evolutionary history of the sed-
on the territory of Poland). On the south side the Dnister the Ukrainian Shield. Its geological section consists of effusive during the Meso-Cenozoic activity. These are depressions and imentary cover and reveals a strong relationship between the
Depression sedimentary rocks rest on the crystalline base- rocks with minor layers of sandstones and phyllites (Zbran suite paleovalleys associated with the deep-seated faults that were structure of the cover, the basement and the folded systems. It
ment rocks, and on the north side they are found on the of Upper Proterozoic) in its lower part, and a cover of terrige- filled by continental coal-bearing sediments and deposits of the shows clearly the differences between various geological regions
Riphean strata. nous rocks rich in flora and fauna remains dated as Devonian transgressive-regressive varieties. formed during various periods of their evolution. The divisions
The main structural features of the Dnister Depression were and Carboniferous. An east-west trending mega-uplift occupies the central and incorporate tectonic evolution that makes it possible to trace
formed under the influence of both vertical and tangential The submeridional Jurassic Stryi Depression (western Ukraine) southwestern parts of the Crimean flatlands and some terrain the history of structures. The divisions are of utmost importance
movements of the basement blocks. There are the Pre- was formed in the Kimmeridgian stage. Its lower sedimentary under the Black Sea. Its boundary with the Crimean for metallogenic analyses.

46 SECTION III. Structural maps

TECTONIC MAP adjacent to the Ukrainian Shield in the west and southwest. The Marmarosh massif was also affected by the Variscan fold-
Near the western edge of the EEP, where the folded areas are, ing event. Its northwestern part reaches the Carpathians and
The tectonic divisions are established on the historical geological the thickness of the sedimentary cover reaches 6-7 km. In the forms two blocks – the Chyvchyn and the Dilove. The massif
principle, which involves distinguishing between territories that early history of the development of its cover there are two consists of Riphean-Early Paleozoic metamorphic rocks that
have different histories of their geological development. The plat- stages: the pre-plate stage, during which the Volyn’-Podillia were folded in the early Carboniferous, and were later
forms, which occupy over 90% of the Ukrainian territory, are Depression of Riphean age was formed, and the plate stage, reworked by a series of Alpine tectonic phases. As a result, the
subdivided on the basis of the age of consolidation of their base- when the pericratonic Dnister Foredeep (Upper Vendian- folding is very complex and there is superimposed a later
ments (taking into account the time of formation of the basal Lower Devonian) was initiated and developed under the influ- regional metamorphism. In addition, two major allochroous
sedimentary complexes) and the main ages of their folded ence of the Baikalian Halychyna geosyncline and the covers (Bilopotok and Dilove) were added by overthrusting on
regions. Smaller subdivisions of the platforms are based on their Caledonian Middle European (Pre-Carpathian) geosyncline. the flysch rocks of the Carpathians.
structural differences, which determine the current structural Other than the structural stratigraphic complexes of the peri- Folding in the Crimean Mountains and its eastern wing (the
state of their separate parts and are the products of various tec- cratonic development, included in the sedimentary cover of the southern section of the Kerch peninsula) is attributed to the
tonic processes over time. In addition some paleotectonic struc- Volyn’-Podillia Plate, are the Middle-Upper Devonian terri- Kimmeridgian-Alpine tectogenesis. The Crimean Mountains are
tures are outlined on the basis of which other major geotectonic genic carbonate and evaporite-carbonate formations, the Cre- considered to be a complicated folded-blocky geological struc-
elements developed on the Ukrainian territory. taceous coal-bearing strata, the Jurassic and Cretaceous terrige- ture which resulted mainly from the horizontal movements. This
The platforms include: 1) an ancient (Pre-Riphean) East Euro- nic carbonate rocks, the terrigenic Paleogene and Neogene produced structures with tangential compressions. Western,
pean Platform (EEP) – its basement consolidated during a num- evaporites and the terrigenic carbonate formations. Central and Eastern parts of the Crimean Mountains differ in
ber of Pre-Baikalian tectonic epochs; 2) a young West European The Dobruja Foredeep was formed as a marginal depression in the geological history in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and in the time
Platform with Baikalian (the Roztochchia zone and Lezhaisk Upper Paleozoic, inheriting elements of different ages and genet- of completion of the geosynclinal stage, from the Lower
(Pol. Lezajsk)) and Caledonian (Rava-Rus'ka and Kokhanivka ically two different paleostructures – the Baikalid marginal Kimmeridgian in the west to the latest phases of the Alpine
zones) folded basements; and 3) a Scythian Plate of Baikalian depression of Dobruja and the Upper Vendian-Lower Paleozoic orogeny in the east. The Crimean Mountains have an overall
and Variscan age basements, totally restructured and consolidat- pericraton. The depression was filled by terrigenic and marine car- character of a mega-anticline, but in detail consist of a number "Dinosaur backbone", Sudak area, Southern Crimea
ed in the Kimmerdgian stage of tectogenesis. The western edge of bonate formations (Vendian-Devonian), coal-bearing lagoon- of structural-tectonic elements that have synclinal and anticlinal
the EEP is generally accepted to run along the eastern margin of continental strata (Carboniferous), red-colored salt-bearing aspects. These structures are complicated by the gently dipping
the Roztochchia zone (Belz-Baluchyn and Rohatyn faults) and lagoon-continental molasse formations (Permian), continental- overthrusts that dip to the south.
farther to the southeast along the Rava-Rus'ka fault. The south- lagoon terrigenic, carbonate and salt-bearing formations The Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine are part of the European
ern boundary of the EEP is taken to be along the Kahul-Izmail (Jurassic) and carbonate-terrigenic Cretaceous, Paleogene and Mediterranean Carpathian arch. Studies have indicated that
fault, along the northern Dobruja, along a fault crossing Lake Neogene formations. there are large subhorizontal displacements which complicate the
Syvash and running to the Black Sea. The reason for including The Black Sea Coastal Depression formed in the Cretaceous- initial folding and give the appearance of a complexly stacked
the Dobruja terrain into the EEP is based on the similarity of the Paleogene. It inherited its structure from the Mesozoic deck of thrust sheets. The Carpathians in Ukraine are divided
structural-lithological complexes of the basements of the Dubruja grabens of Dobruja and the Syvash area. The northern edge of into the inner and the outer Mountains. The inner Carpathians
Depression with analogous complexes in the southern slopes of the Depression is in contact with the Ukrainian Shield, while are characterized by a geosynclinal development during the early
the Ukrainian Shield, and also on the platform character of the its southern side is in contact with the Crimean flatlands or a Alpine stage which culminated in the Upper Cretaceous and the
Vendian and Lower Paleozoic cover rocks of the Depression. zone of uplifts and depressions of the Scythian Plate. The Paleogene. The main folding and thrusting occurred between
The Scythian Plate includes the Crimean flatlands and terrains dominant sedimentary sequence in the Depression consists of Lower and Upper Cretaceous (Austrian orogeny) and between
under the Black and Azov seas. Its basement consists of folded terrigenic and carbonate-terrigenic strata of the Cretaceous, Cretaceous and Paleogene (Laramide orogeny). The largest tec-
complexes of late Baikalian and Variscan cycles of tectogenesis Paleogene and Neogene. tonic units of the inner Carpathians are the zones of the Peniny
reworked in the Kimmeridgian orogenic period. In terms of geol- The Mesozoic Dnipro-Donets' Depression is the largest negative and the Marmarosh Mountains. The southeastern extension of
ogy, character of metamorphism and petrochemical features, the structure in the southwestern part of the EEP. It formed as a the latter is the Marmarosh crystalline massif. The outer
Scythian Plate basement rocks are very close to the Upper result of the deepening of the structure in the Devonian. The sed- Carpathians are part of the late Alpine geosyncline which devel-
Paleozoic metamorphic and magmatic complexes of the north- imentary cover varies considerably, and ranges from 1.5 km to oped in the late Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene, with its last
ern Dobruja. In spite of the incomplete paleotectonic recon- 22.5 km in the deepest parts of the Depression. Four structural- stage culminating in the Miocene. This geosyncline is comprised
struction, the metamorphic character and intense dislocation of stratigraphic sequences are recognized – 1) Devonian-Lower of flysch deposits. It also has evidence of thrusting and stacking
the Kimmeridgian structural metamorphic complex indicate that Visean, represented by salt-bearing terrigenic, effusive volcanics, of thrust sheets. Some of the largest thrust structures include
those at Skyba, Krosnen’, Duklia and Porkulets’. Detail of strata in the "Dinosaur backbone", Sudak area,
it could be also a part of the Scythian basement. The sedimenta- and carbonate strata, 2) Upper Visean-Lower Permian repre-
A large deep-seated Penine fault separates the Carpathians from Southern Crimea
ry cover of the Scythian Plate consists of four structural-strati- sented by terrigenic and salt-bearing strata, 3) Upper Permian-
graphic complexes – the Lower Cretaceous (terrigenic clays), Cretaceous represented by dominantly terrigenic and carbonate- the inner Transcarpathian Deep. The Carpathian basement con-
Upper Cretaceous-Eocene (carbonates), Oligocene-Lower terrigenic formations, 4) Cenozoic, mainly terrigenic deposits. sists of dislocated Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene The zone represents a large cover which has been pushed on top
Miocene (clayey terrigenic) and the Middle Miocene-Pliocene The southwestern flank of the Depression is in contact with the sediments and metamorphic complexes of the Paleozoic. In the of the authochtonous part of the Foredeep and consists not
carbonate-clayey deposits. Ukrainian Shield. Here the oldest strata are coal-bearing. The Neogene cover rocks there is a zonality in terms of the specific fea- only of a series of folds of Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks, but
The EEP includes the following main structural components – northeastern flank lies on the Voronezh sloping part of the com- tures of the strata, the character of the structural forms, the local also of Miocene molasse rocks.
the Ukrainian Shield and its slopes, Volyn’-Podillia Plate and plex. In this area the basement is only at 100-200 m depths, but development of the salt dome tectonics and others. The Vyhorlat- Three large near latitudinal tectonic megazones, the Northern,
fragments of its southeastern extension or the Moldovan Plate, the farther to the southeast it is at about 6 km depth, where it comes Hutyn volcanic rocks, comprised of basic tuffs and lavas, are pre- the Central and the Southern Ukrainian, are shown on the map.
Paleozoic Dobruja Foredeep, the Black Sea Coastal Depression, in contact with the Donbas folded area. The basal section here sent in various zones within the Transcarpathian Deep. They experienced asssociated magmatism, metasomatism, min-
the Dnipro-Donets' Depression and the southern slope of the consists of Middle-Upper Devonian strata. The Carpathian Foredeep is located between the folded Car- eralization and movements along faults during the entire
Voronezh Massif. The Ukrainian Shield is the largest geological Within the orogenic folded portions of the plaforms three periods pathians and the adjacent platforms. Three separate zones, Riphean and Later Phanerozoic periods. Evidence of
structure occupying the center of the Ukrainian section of the are recognized – the Variscan, the Kimmeridgian and the Alpine. Bil'che-Volyts'ke, Sambir and Boryslav-Pokuttia, are recognized Neotectonic movements, even in the stable adjacent crystalline
EEP. The Shield includes a number of structural formational The Donets’ Basin was formed during Variscan orogeny and is within it. The first one covers a young platform in the west and Ukrainian Shield rocks, is well preserved to the present day.
folded zones which are distinguished by their specific features of considered to be the northern wing of a geosynclinal belt embrac- an old one in the east. Its monoclinal Pre-Miocene basement Thus, various structural elements indicated on the map, having
early Precambrian history of geological development and are sep- ing the EEP in the south which was folded in the end of the Upper (along with the Sarmatian cover) is dipping beneath the Sambir undergone a complicated and long history of geological develop-
arated by deep-seated faults. These features are illustrated on the Paleozoic during the Saalic orogeny. Studies of the Donets’ Basin zone. The Sambir zone is a system of linear folds and slivers of ment, are commonly complex (polystructural) and heterogeneous
structural map of the basement in this Atlas. As a region of the have indicated that the Basin was structurally connected with the Lower Miocene rocks which form a cover pushed on top of the in character. Their structure reflects a certain succession in the
Earth's crust that was subjected to mainly upward movements, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression from the Riphean to the autochtonous part of the Foredeep. The Lower Miocene are distribution, and also regularity of formations, which characterize
Ukrainian Shield persisted as a positive feature throughout its his- Carboniferous. molasse-type deposits which in the northwest are lying on the a given tectonic regime. Imprinted in the folded zones framing the
tory since it became a craton. Its present shape, however, was Another Variscan age region of folded rocks is the northern Riphean and Paleozoic basement rocks, and in the southeast on EEP, including their platformal equivalents (structural stages and
essentially formed in the Middle Paleozoic (Devonian) which is Dubruja and is known as the Prut prominence. It consists of the Mesozoic strata of the epi-Paleozoic platform. The structural-stratigraphic complexes), are the results of the
associated with the breaking apart of the Sarmatian Shield and the metamorphosed and complexly folded greenstones formed Boryslav-Pokuttia zone, considered to be a marginal part of the Baikalian, Caledonian, Variscan, Kimmeridgian, and Alpine
formation of the Dnipro-Donets' Depression. during the Breton phase. These rocks have been affected by outer Carpathian geosyncline, continued to submerge, relative epochs of tectogenesis. The Pre-Baikalian epochs are also record-
The Volyn’-Podillia Plate, with parts of the Moldovan Plate, is later overthrusting related to the Kimmeridgian tectogenesis. to the other parts of the Foredeep, even in the Miocene period. ed in the basement structures of the East European Platform.

SECTION III. Structural maps 47

 FOLDED STRUCTURES
LEGEND
Variscan: Marmarosh Massif restructured during Alpine orogeny
Ancient (Pre-Riphean) East European Platform
(1), Northern Dobruja (2), Donets' Basin (3)

Ukrainian Shield within basement isoline of 0 m (1),

slopes of the Shield within 500 m deep basement isoline Kimmeridgian and Alpine: Crimean Mountains and Kerch Peninsula
(2, 3, 4)

Volyn'-Podillia Plate with sections of the Moldovan Plate (1)

Plate within the boundaries of the Ukrainian Shield slope (2) Alpine: Carpathians (1 – Inner, 2 – Outer)

Hypothetical Riphean rift zone of the Prypiat'-Dnipro Deep

Volyn'-Polissia Riphean Deep axial section
FOREDEEPS

Dnister Upper Vendian and Lower Paleozoic Foredeep Voronezh Massif slope Lower Devonian and Carboniferous Dobruja Foredeep

Young (epi-Paleozoic) West European Platform with structural

Cretaceous-Paleogene Black Sea Coastal Depression (1) Miocene Carpathian Foredeep (A); Oligocene-Miocene Indolo-
elements of its basement
Depression within the boundaries of the Ukrainian Kuban' Foredeep (B)
Lezajsk Massif (1) and Roztochchia Zone (4) of Baikalian
Shield slope (2)
orogeny, Kokhanivka (2) and Rava-Rus'ka (3) Zones
of Caledonian orogeny

Triassic-Lower Cretaceous Karkinit-Northern Crimean Deep Miocene and Pliocene Transcarpathian Inner Deep

Mesozoic Dnipro-Donets' Depression (1), within the boundaries Boundaries of large tectonic zones
Young (epi-Paleozoic) Scythian Plate I – Northern Ukrainian; II – Central Ukrainian;
of the Ukrainian Shield slope (2) and Voronezh Massif (3)
III – Southern Ukrainian

Central Crimean Zone of Cretaceous and Paleogene uplifts and

Devonian Prypiat'-Dnipro Deep Boundaries of tectonic structures
depressions

48 SECTION III. Structural maps

 TECTONIC MAP

SECTION III. Structural maps 49

 LEGEND
I. AGE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BASEMENT

Basic granulite (AR1), basic-ultrabasic granulite-gneiss (AR3) Tectonic belts (section)

Greenschist complexes of the Lezajsk Massif
and granite (PR1) complexes
A – Volyn', B – Kirovohrad
Amphibolite-plagiogneiss (AR1) and plagiogranite (AR1-2)
Non-metamorphosed flysch complexes of the Kokhanivka Zone
complexes
Ukrainian Shield (boundaries along the marginal faults)
Gneiss-amphibolite and diaphthorite (AR3), plagiogranite (AR3) Problematic complexes of the Rava-Rus'ka Zone basement
and granite (PR1) complexes
Southern boundary of the Voronezh Massif
Not well-defined complexes of the Mountainous Crimea
Granite-greenstone (ultrametamorphic and intrusive) complexes
and Flysch Carpathians basements Structures of the West European Platform

Zones (consolidation stages)

Jaspilite-schist siliceous complex Schist-volcanic complexes of the Prut (Tulcha Zone) II1 – Roztochchia (post-Baikalian), II2 – Rava-Rus'ka
(Caledonian), II3 – Kokhanivka (Salairian), II4 – Lezhai Massif
(post-Baikalian)
Not well-defined pre-molasse complexes
Gneiss-schist, granite and basic-ultrabasic complexes Structures of the Central Eurasian Platform (Scythian Plate)
of the Transcarpathian Deep basement
III – Central (Crimean segment)

Leptite-keratophyre and gabbro-diorite-granodiorite complexes II. STRUCTURAL ZONING

Folded areas
of the Volyn'-Dvina volcanic-plutonic belt Platforms (sections): SD – Southern Dobruja, D – Donets' Basin, CM – Crimean
I – East European (EEP), Mountains, C – Carpathians, FC – Flysch Carpathians,
II – West European (WEP), TD – Transcarpathian Deep, MM – Marmarosh,
Gabbro-anorthosite-rapakivi complex III – Central Euroasian (CEP) (Scythian Plate) CH – Chyvchyn Massifs

Structures of the East European Platform III. OTHER SYMBOLS

Alkaline and subalkaline complexes of tectonic activation zones
Volyn’-Dvina tectonic belt (Volyn’-Polissia section)
Platform boundaries

Large blocks
Problematic complexes of the Donets' Basin basement IA – Brians'k-Podillia, IB – Kursk-Dnipro Folded area boundaries

Gneiss-schist complexes of the Marmarosh Crystalline Massif Kryvyi Rih-Krupetsk suture zone Interplatform trough: Dnipro-Donets' Depression (DDD)

First-order blocks
IA1 – Podillia, IA2 – Brians'k, IB1 – Dnipro, Faults
Not well-defined complexes of the Roztochchia Zone basement
IB2 – Azov Sea Coastal, IB3 – Kursk (section),
transregional
IB4 – Rossosh’ (section)
Schist-granite complexes of the Scythian Plate (Central part)
basement Orikhiv-Pavlohrad suture zone regional other

50 SECTION III. Structural maps

 STRUCTURE OF THE BASEMENT

SECTION III. Structural maps 51

 STRUCTURE OF THE BASEMENT A general vertical section of the granulite rocks consists of the zones of long-lasting deep-seated faults of the marginal north- buried Hercynian complexes of the Donets’ Basin and the
following SMC – enderbite schists, kinzigites, leucogranulite western and eastern (Near-Azov) parts of the Ukrainian Shield. Prut part of Northern Dobruja.
In the development of its long and complicated geological his- quartzites and carbonate-gneiss granulites which originally rep- The Western European Platform represents a mozaic of Reliable sources of information on the basement rocks of the
tory, the Ukrainian territory inherited a variety of tectonic resented a plutonic-supracrustal assemblage. The granulite Hercynian and Pre-Hercynian basements and has a wedge-like Donets’ Basin are lacking. It is inferred that the deepest por-
structures. Most of Ukraine is covered by platforms and only assemblages of the Near-Azov block are distinguished by the shape. Its eastern side corresponds to the Rava-Rus'ka zone, tions of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous strata in the
about 5% are occupied by the Phanerozoic folded areas (the complicated folding, higher pressures of formation, less and the western side plunges under the Carpathian Mountains. central part of the Basin probably have undergone high grade
Carpathian and Crimean Mountains and the Donets’ Basin). intensely developed isofacies of ultrametamorphism, and by the Within this Platform there are four main structures: the Rava metamorphism, become folded and thus form a basement at
The East European Plaform (EEP) is the largest geological sheet lens-like shape of the plutonic-metamorphic rocks. Here Rus'ka, the Kokhanivka, the Roztochchia zones and the about 23 km depth or more. A seismic survey indicates that the
structure and occupies a significant portion of Ukraine. It con- the upper part of the granulite section is composed of the gran- Lezajsk massif. basement at about that depth is probably of Riphean age
sists of basement rocks formed during a number of Pre-Riphean ulite gneisses, which occupy the interdomal depressions that are The Rava Rus'ka basement rocks, together with the Salairian rocks or regenerated Pre-Riphean basement of the EEP.
(Pre-Baikalian) stages of tectogenesis. These basement rocks intensely dislocated and compressed into isoclinal folds. In the rocks, include the carbonate-terrigenic graptolite-bearing Crimean Mountains
are part of the Ukrainian Shield. lower part of the granulite gneisses there are numerous bodies Ordovician-Lower Devonian sediments. These rocks have South of the central segment of the Scythian Plate are the fold-
The main geological structures distinguished in the Ukrainian of basic and ultrabasic rocks. undergone folding in the middle of the Lower Devonian period ed, blocky structures of the Crimean Mountains. The internal
part of the EEP are as follows: the southwestern branch of the The amphibolite-gneissic complexes of the Early Archean age and were later reworked by the Hercynian movements. These structure and composition of the basement are problematical.
transregional Volyn’-Dvina mobile belt, the Ukrainian Shield, are sialic and are generally known as the gray gneiss component movements, along the Rava-Rus'ka fault, were responsible for The earliest rocks are the Tavrian series of Middle to Upper
and the southern, deeply depressed slope of the Voronezh of the greenstone belts. The typical structures of these com- thrusting the zone onto the Middle Paleozoic L'viv Depression. Triassic-Lower Jurassic ages. They consist of terrigenic clayey
Massif. The Dnipro-Donets' Depression, which includes the plexes are the granite-gneiss domes, and linear schists in the The depth of the Rava-Rus'ka basement is at 0.5-1.5 km. The strata with still older pillow lava, sills and dykes and other rocks.
Dnipro Graben, is located between the Ukrainian Shield and inter-dome areas. The sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the western part of the L'viv Depression, in contact with the Rava- Carpathian Mountains
the Voronezh Massif. The Graben is located centrally to the amphibolite-gneissic complexes are intensely granitized and are Rus'ka zone, has a basement similar to that at the Roztochchia The Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine are part of the Alpine
Depression which, on its flanks, involves both the Ukrainian generally preserved as xenoliths and slivers. zone and is inferred to be of the early Baikalian age. Mountain Belt in Europe. They are part of the northern branch
Shield and the Voronezh Massif rocks. The granite-greenstone assemblages of the Upper Archean age The Kokhanivka zone is considered to be the only region of of this mountain system. The strucure of the autochtonous and
The basement has been affected by the Proterozoic and later have complicated relationships with the amphibolite-gneissic folded Salairian age rocks that were not dismembered. They para-autochtonous rocks under the flysch cover is inferred
arch-like deformation zones producing heterogeneous blocky complexes and have not been well studied. were later reworked by the late Caledonian and Hercynian mainly from seismic surveys. The dislocated cover, of possibly
structures. The southwestern part of the EEP is represented by In the granite-greenstone assemblages there are sedimentary- movements. The Kokhanivka zone is thrust to the east over the allochtonous pre-flysch basement, is at about 10-12 km depth.
two mega-blocks – the Briansk-Podillia and the Kursk-Dnipro volcanogenic rocks which have been metamorphosed to the Rava-Rus'ka zone along the Kalush fault. The folded basement The deepest portions of the basement, at 16-17 km depths, are
blocks, separated by the Kryvyi Rih-Krupetsk intermega-block greenschist facies. They comprise komatiite-tholeiite, jas- is in places at greater than 4 km depths. associated with the inner flysch deposits of the Carpathians.
suture zone. A system of faults of different depths and directions pillite-tholeiite, rhyolite-dacite, jaspillite-chert-shales and The Lezajsk massif is probably a consolidated Ripheid, located The Skyba cover is probably lying on the sedimentary strata of
divide the megablocks into smaller ones of different orders of other assemblages. They also contain bodies of basic and to the southwest of the Kokhanivka zone. This Precambrian the epi-Caledonian edge of the ancient platform. Where the
magnitude. As a general rule the faults are complicated and vari- ultrabasic compositions, and tonalite-migmatites and later belt separated the geosynclinal region from the Platform during flysch covers lie on their geosynclinal basement rocks, the lat-
able. There are compressional faults with up and down move- potassic granites. The sedimentary-volcanogenic assemblages the deposition of the flysch strata of the eastern Carpathians ter show complicated dislocations and may be in part torn off
ments, and extensional faults with down and lateral movements. form greenstone-plutonic depressions between large granite- and the molasse rocks of the Carpathian Foredeep. their crystalline core.
The blocky nature of the basement is also reflected in the chang- gneissic domes. The inferred folded Riphean basement rocks (quartzites and The Paleozoic-Mesozoic heterogeneous basement of the
ing character of their magnetic and gravitational signatures, and The gneissic-amphibolite diaphtorite complex of the Upper phyllites or "green schists") are considerably dislocated and Carpathian Foredeep is well known from numerous drillings.
the degree of development of the characteristic "structural mat- Archean age forms the surface of the Bila Tserkva block of the have undergone epizonal metamorphism. There is evidence of considerable vertical and horizontal move-
ter complexes" (SMC). In fact, the SMC can involve any com- Ukrainian Shield. These rocks form folds trending in the north- The Central Eurasian Platform on the Ukrainian territory is ments of different blocks, resulting in the emplacement of
bination of plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks. westerly and north-south directions or are present as relics in represented only by its western margin part – known as the Proterozoic to Paleogene rocks under the Neogene cover. The
The Volyn’-Dvina mobile belt trends in the northeastern direc- the granitoids of migmatite-diorite and migmatite-plagiogranite Scythian Plate. It has a folded basement of more than one age, depth of the folded basement is generally from 600 m to 4 km,
tion and occurs in the northwestern part of Ukraine. It is sev- formations. There are also plutonic sheet-like bodies of basic- a sedimentary cover discovered by diamond drilling at the 200 and in places even deeper.
eral hundred kilometers in length in Ukraine, crosses into ultrabasic compositions. m depth in the Simferopol' area, at 5000 m depth in the region The Marmarosh crystalline massif in the Carpathian Mountains
Belarus and continues into Russia. The belt has been traced In the Early Proterozoic SMC, the volcanic-sedimentary, sed- of Hubkin swelling, and at 8000 m or deeper in the northern in Ukraine has the shape of a wedge and consists of two segments
over a distance of some 2500 km in total. Its basement consists imentary, metamorphic and intrusive rocks form the overlying part of Kerch peninsula. Drilling results and geophysical data – the Chyvchyn and the Dilove massifs. The contacts between the
of two tiers of rocks. The Lower Archean granulitic rocks are tier of rocks above the basement of the mobile belts and in the indicate that the basement rocks were probably formed during massifs and the adjacent flysch strata are tectonic and the massifs
deeply buried and are practically not exposed at the present Kryvyi Rih-Krupetsk suture zone. A general feature of these the Baikalian, Hercynian and early Kimmeridgian cycles are thrusted over the flysch strata. The Marmarosh massif has a
erosional surface (but have been intersected by drilling). The belts is the predominance of sedimentary rocks, and of the K- of tectogenesis. heterogeneous basement consisting of Proterozoic gneissic schist
overlying rocks have a discordant relationship with the gran- Na- and K-granite type of intrusions. The largest structure in the Ukrainian part of the Scythian rocks of amphibolite grade of metamorphism (Bilyi Potik suite)
ulites, and consist of a series of highly metamorphosed intru- In the Ukrainian Shield there are some granitoid-terrigenic Plate and its Central Segment is the Crimean arch. Along its and Upper to Middle Proterozoic quartzite-schist rocks (Dilove,
sives of gabbro-diorite-granodiorite complexes and volcanic complexes that form independent covers on the basement northern side are the northern Crimean and the northern Berlebas and Mahura suites) and a carbonate-phyllite complex of
rocks of various compositions ranging from Lower to Middle rocks. They lie unconformably on the granulitic rocks, and on Azov buried depressions (suture grabens), and on the the Middle Carbonaceous-Permian age. Hence the Marmarosh
Proterozoic ages. The volcanic rocks are weakly folded and are plagiogranite-amphibolite and granite-greenstone SMC. The southern side is the Indol Depression located in front of the crystalline massif appears to be an old folded structure which has
preserved in some depressions which have not been deeply stratified formations have a zonal metamorphism that varies Alpine orogenic uplifts. been strongly reworked during the Alpine orogeny.
eroded. Within the mobile belts there are alkaline and subalka- from granulite to greenschist facies. The internal structure of the basement of the Western In this Atlas, the map depicting the basement structure of the
line granites and metasomatites of the late Proterozoic age. In the Kryvyi Rih-Krupetsk suture zone there are jaspillite- Segment is very complicated. There are schistose vol- East European Platform, the West European Platform, the
These are related to the late tectonic activity in the area. chert-slate assembages of Early Proterozoic age. They are lying canogenic complexes of Early Paleozoic age. These rocks Scythian Plate and their folded regions are compiled for the
The Ukrainian Shield is a large positive feature of the EEP. In on a greenstone basement. form narrow linear zones with northwestern and east-west first time. The information on the Ukrainian Shield is also
total it is comprised of about 256 600 square kilometers. The The suture zone includes the west-Inhulets part of the trends and reverse fault patterns. The basement rocks of the based on very extensive factual data.
internal structure of the Ukrainian Shield basement consists of Kirovohrad mobile belt, and in the east it is limited by the Central Segment consist of folded late Baikalian, Hercynian The data on the deep-seated basement are less well known and
ancient blocks that have been healed together along sutures. Kryvyi Rih-Kremenchuk fault. This fault has been defined as a and Kimmeridgian cycles of tectogenesis. relied heavily on information from deep diamond drilling. In
These blocks differ from each other by the particularities of complex thrust, with amphibolite-plagiogneisses and green- The basement shows considerable segmentation, and its the Donets’ Basin the nature of the deep basement is unknown.
their deep structure and by the SMC. stone rocks displaced to the east. In the inter-megablock posi- depth varies from 200 m to 3 km. The late Baikalian rocks New data are especially nesessary to resolve some of the prob-
The Early Archean basic granulitic rocks generally represent tion there are a series of formations. In section, starting with the include greenschist facies clayey-terrigenic and less com- lems associated with the nature of the southern and the south-
the lower section of the basement and are present practically base, there are andesite-basalts, jaspillite-chert-slate assem- monly volcanogenic rocks of possible Riphean-Cambrian western boundary of the East European Platform, and the
in the whole Ukrainian Shield. The granulites are well devel- blages, and chert-carbonate-sandstone assemblages. age. Hercynian age deformed rocks have been noted in the nature of its boundary with the Scythian Plate. These are some
oped in the Podillia block which throughout the Early Farther to the west, in the west-Inhulets zone, the sequence of drilling of the Simferopol' uplift. They are characterized by of the more important problems that require additional work.
Precambrian history had a relatively uplifted position and formations changes. The entire section is covered by the considerable thicknesses, low grade of metamorphism, and Summarizing the aforesaid, the Ukrainian Shield and its slopes
hence was subjected to deep erosion. This is supported by the siltstone-sandstone gneissic-shistose complex. intense dislocations. They include diabase schists, flysch, consist of Archean and Lower Proterozoic rocks and the West
abundant distribution of enderbite schists throughout the The central structures in the Kirovohrad and Volyn' mobile carbonate, molasse, gabbro-diorite-granodiorite and other European Platform and Scythian Plate consist of Riphean to
block, relatively simple brachioformal folding, granulite belts are complex gabbro-anorthosite-rapakivi granite plutons rock types. Lower Devonian complexes. The basement of the folded
metamorphism under intermediate pressures, intense appear- of the Middle-Upper Proterozoic age. Folded regions in Ukraine include the Carpathians and regions is of different ages, from Riphean to Lower Proterozoic
ance of the isofacies of ultrametamorphim and the plate- The subalkaline and alkaline granites are associated with the Eastern Crimea formed during the Alpine orogeny, the within the Donets' Basin, and from Paleozoic to Mesozoic in
shaped structure of the plutonic-metamorphosed rocks. alkaline and siliceous alkaline metasomatism in the activated Crimean Mountains formed in the Kimmeridgian, the the Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains.

52 SECTION III. Structural maps

 Pliocene limestone in Odesa Paleogene deposits, Dora flexure, Deliatyn village, Ivano- Cretaceous deposits, “Rock Sphinxes”, Churuk-Su, Western
Frankivs'k oblast' Crimea

LINEAR AND RING GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES tinents and the oceanic environment (Kins’ka-Verkhivtseve, cen- Jurassic interval, while the Odesian and the Syvash arches were onal orientation. The distances between the zones do not change
tral Azov, Ros’-Tikych series). These rocks are characterized by formed in the Cretaceous period. The development of the Azov very much. Thus, the meridional zones are about 220-300 km
Interpretations of data from satellite imagery of the Earth led to ultramafic komatiite, tholeiite basalt, dacite-andesite-basalt arch uplift continued perhaps into the Paleogene period. apart, the latitudinal zones are about 190-210 km apart, the
the identification of a multitude of long linear series of struc- assemblages, and spillite-diabasic volcanics of the ophiolitic island The Kins’ka-Yaly crustal uplift, located on the boundary bet- northeastern zones are 190-220 km apart, and the northwestern
tures and some very large circular or ring structures in Ukraine. arc association. The accumulation of these rocks in arching struc- ween the Ukrainian Shield, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression ones are about 190-240 km apart. In relation to the main geo-
These are further interpreted now as features related to the oro- tures was accompanied by deposition of either terrigenic deposits and the Donets’ Basin emerged in the Mesozoic. On the satel- tectonic regions of Ukraine, the zones are transitional; in the
genic stages and to the reactivation stages of the development or oceanic carbonate rocks (central Azov and Buh series). lite imagery it appears dictinctly as a concentric structure with western regions of Ukraine, the northwestern trending zones cut
of the Earth's crust. They appear to have played an important The arching uplifts of the early Proterozoic are further develop- radial elements. There is also a graben structure of early through both the various platformal regions and the folded
role in the evolution of land masses and probably set the pat- ments in the construction of the continental cratonic masses. Cretaceous age in this crustal uplift. It is possible that this Carpathian Mountains.
tern for future restructuring. They are characterized by numerous domal structures with Mesozoic uplift was inherited from an earlier circular structure Such characteristics make these zones similar to the fracture
It is considered that such processes as arching, which affected granitic massifs such as the Kirovohrad-Zhytomyr, Osnyts'k, of Precambrian age. faults, whose origin is believed to be related to changes in the
much of the Earth's crust including that in Ukraine, resulted by and Azov complexes. These have been dated at 2.1-1.8 Ga. The Pannonian ring structure is about 500 km in diameter rotation of the Earth, while the trends of the zones appear to be
the development of diapiric structures in the underlying mantle. Towards the end of the formation of these complexes there was and corresponds to the Carpathian-Dinaric tectono-magmat- related to the current axis of the Earth. Hence, these lineaments
Their presence and the associated "flowing" asthenolithic bodies a period of a more basic magmatism, including gabbro- ic mega-arch of the Neogene-Quaternary age. Ukraine con- could be a planetary fracture pattern. Geophysical data indicate
are detected in a number of locations in Ukraine, including the anorthosite-rapakivi-granitoid and alkaline granites (Korosten' tains only a small part of this structure (the Carpathian that the "orthogonal" system is older than the "diagonal" one.
Carpathians, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, the Ukrainian Shield and eastern Azov complexes) dated at 1.75±0.10 Ga. The Foredeep, Transcarpathian Deep and a margin of the Zones of the first order lineaments, particularly the north-
and areas near the Black Sea. Mantle diapirism caused most of processes of granitization in the early Proterozoic were occur- Pannonian Depression). western trending group, have a variable interaction with the
the tectono-magmatic activity in the Ukrainian territory from ring mainly in the former shelf environments near the Archean Thus, in the context of structural data for adjacent territories, arch structures of different ages. With respect to the Archean
the early Precambrian to the Neogene-Anthropogene period. continental massifs and extended partially into the Archean it appears that the assemblage of structures, identified through and Early Proterozoic arch structures they are of the fracture
Ring structures developed as a result of the inherited structures rocks as well. It should be noted that, at the present erosional satellite imagery are related to each other both genetically and type. At the same time, these zones separate the arch uplifts
related to orogenesis or mountain-building processes. They are level, the intersection junctures of the ring structures of the early in the hierarchy of events that produced them. Hence, in the of the Late Proterozoic from the Paleozoic. On this basis it
related to the lifting of the crust, and their circular patterns Proterozoic and Archean are occupied by the granitoid massifs early Precambrian the main influence on the geological devel- can be assumed that the zones of lineaments were formed on
suggest that they are also diapiric in nature. They were formed of the same periods. opment of regions in Ukraine was the development of an East a mature continental crust after it acquired the necessary
as early as the initial stages of the development of cratons (the The ring structures are of more than one age. Related to the late European giant arch and one of the elements of its infrastruc- rigidity. The formation of the diagonally oriented zones of
first land masses of the Earth) or during the formation of the Proterozoic activity are the ring structures of the Dnipro- ture – the Sarmatian mega-arch, the axial graben of which is lineaments are, however, considered to have a different
epiplatformal stages which, at various times, affected different Donets' Depression (the Pyriatyn, the Poltava and the Donets' the Inhulets-Kryvyi Rih-Krupetsk suture zone. nuance. The tendency for their concentration to be in the
parts of the territory of Ukraine. arch uplifts), and of the Volyn' area (the Volyn' arch). These ring Starting from the late Proterozoic, the geological development central parts of the arch structures in the Early Precambrian
The time of arching is generally determined by the age of the structures form a belt trending in an east-southeasterly direction in Ukraine was also under the influence of the gigantic Caspian suggests that these lineaments, by triggering a strong change
dome-shaped granitic bodies which are the constituent parts of and include the early Proterozoic Korosten' arch uplift, which paleo-arch. Such tectonic elements as the Dnipro-Donets' in pressure under high temperature gradients, led to graniti-
the infrastructure of crustal uplifts. Following this principle, the possibly developed by inheritance at a later date. Rift, the system of sutured grabens in the Black Sea area, the zation, enabling the development of the arch structures. This
arches belong to the Archean age. Examples include the Podillia All ring structures have some general features which are help- Black Sea-Adzhar-Tryalet Depression, are seen as radial rifto- reasoning, therefore, suggests that the lineaments may be
and Dnipro region diapirs which emerged in the ancient ful in uniting them into a single genetic group related to the genic elements of this gigantic ring structure. Similarly, a sig- some of the earliest structures in the Earth’s crust.
Archean (3.8 Ga old crust). The diapiric structures consist of arching uplifts. They all have a more or less concentric pat- nificant influence on the formation of the Carpathian and The relative ages of various systems of lineaments can be
enderbite-migmatitic and plagiogranite-migmatitic complexes tern. From the geological-geophysical points of view they also Crimean Mountains is related to the ancient Pannonian and inferred to some extent from the geophysical data. Within the
with associated granitoid rocks (Nemyriv, Dnipropetrovs’k, have central axes, which are generally marked by the develop- Black Sea mega-arches. gravity field data, recalculated to a height of 10 km, there are
Sura-Tokiv complexes). Domes of this type are typical of the ment of structures, such as grabens, which were formed in the Linear structures are interpreted to be commonly present well-discernible diagonal lineaments over the Ukrainian
ancient Archean period and are not developed at later times. Late Proterozoic or Riphean times. throughout the Ukrainian territory and form a fairly dense Shield area, whereas the orthogonal system is only weakly evi-
In the Dnipro arch there is a distinct structural paragenesic The ring structures in the Black Sea Depression are related to pattern. On the map only the first order transregional zones of dent. This suggests that the two systems are of different ages.
association – plagiogranite migmatitic domes and greenstone the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic epiplatformal activity, and lineaments are given. The orthogonal system is older since it is masked by suppos-
belts. The latter are partially preserved in synclines, anticlines, specifically to the Fore-Dobruja, Odesa, Syvash and Azov arch- One of the conditions for indicating a lineation zone was that edly later reworkings.
and monoclinal structures (Verkhivtseve, Sura, Kins’ka, Bilo- ing uplifts. These structures form an east-northeasterly trend and there should be at least three lineaments not far from each other, Hence, the interpretation of the satellite imagery allowed for an
zers’ke, Chortomlyk, Derezuvate and Malosofiivka). Hence, are located close to the boundary zone between the East and that they should have considerable continuity over much of emergence of a new picture of geological development on
arching during the Archean period could be considered to European Platform and the Scythian Plate. They all have cen- the zone. The width of the zones was not limited, but depended Ukrainian territory. It identified some very large structural ele-
have formed the oldest crust of the Earth. The crust initially tral axial grabens as in the other ring structures described above. on the degree of development of parallel and subparallel linea- ments that were not obvious in the past, which must have very
consisted of relatively thin mafic lava outpourings which are These grabens have been well studied and are described as pecu- ments. Thus the width of the first order lineaments is in the deep roots beyond the Earth's crust. These implications will have
preserved now as greenstone remnants. liar suture-related structures. order of 20 to 125 km. Based on this principle, 18 zones of first to be evaluated in the future. In particular the role of these struc-
Such "islands" of crustal materials existed in the oceanic environ- The arch uplifts in this period developed over an extended time order lineaments have been established. These zones form a dis- tures in the deposition of various mineralizations has not been
ment, and in the transitional environment between the protocon- span. The Fore-Dobrujan arch was developed in the Devonian- tinct pair of systems – one orthogonal and the other with a diag- adequately considered.

SECTION III. Structural maps 53

 LEGEND OTHER SYMBOLS
Geotectonic zoning

Ukrainian Shield Axial grabens of crustal uplifts

I –Prypiat', II –Ovruch, III–Pyriatyn, IV– Poltava,

V – Donets', VI – Moldovan, VII – Karkinit,
VIII –Syvash, IX –Northern Azov,
Volyn'-Podillia Plate
TECTONIC STRUCTURES BASED ON REMOTE X – Kins’ka-Yaly
SENSING DATA
Note. Color of the dots indicates timing
Ring structures of graben originаtion.
Dnipro-Donets' Depression and Donets' Basin

Uplifts in the Eath’s crust Axial graben of the Sarmatian Mega-uplift

Early Archean (AR): I – Podillia, II –Dnipro Region Black Sea Depression

Boundaries
Mega-uplifts:

Late Proterozoic (PR1): III –Korosten', IV–Kirovohrad, Folded area of the Crimean Mountains Sarmatian
V–Azov Sea Coastal

Epochs of tectono-magmatic activity

Upper Proterozoic: VI – Volyn', VII – Pyriatyn, Folded area of the Carpathians Pannonian
VIII – Poltava, IX –Donets'

Upper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic: X – Fore-Dobruja, Black Sea

XI – Odesa, XII –Syvash, XIII –Azov Sea Carpathian Foredeep

Mesozoic: XIV –Kins’ka-Yaly Transcarpathian Deep Geotectonic regions

Linear structures

Fault zones Dobruja Foredeep Axial grabens of crustal uplifts

54 SECTION III. Structural maps

 LINEAR AND RING GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

SECTION III. Structural maps 55

 Basalt nature preserve Ivanova Dolyna (Ivan’s Valley), Paleogene deposits, Urych Rocks, L’viv oblast’ Kamianka river, Ivano-Frankivs'k oblast’ Big Gothic folds in Paleogene deposits, Yaremcha, Ivano-
Berestovets' village, Rivne oblast’ Frankivs'k oblast’

NEOTECTONICS AND RECENT VERTICAL imagery based on the multiple channels of geophysical data lineaments controls surface geological processes on a regional the north to east trending faults propagate the seismic waves of
MOVEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST that it provides. The remote sensing data so acquired helped scale, and the density of these features controls the degree of strong Carpathian earthquakes in the northeastern direction far
map the transregional zones of lineaments in Ukraine, and in their influence on topography. beyond the Ukrainian territory, while they shield Ukraine from
Movements along geological blocks in Neotectonic and in more conjunction with previous data, allowed considering them as The map of Neotectonics and recent vertical movements of the the seismic waves generated by disastrous earthquakes in the
recent times have been well established. However, the methods zones of neotectonic activity. These zones control most of the Earth's crust in Ukraine, shows that the most active large faults Caucasus.
of studying such movements, and especially, their quantitative boundaries between various Neotectonic regions, which differ are of the orthogonal (north-south and east-west orientations) In the preparation of this map, the following were utilized:
aspects (the degree of denudation that affects the estimates, the by the character and/or amplitude of movements. Perhaps and of the northwestern directions. Movements of the Earth's Neotectonic regionalization and the average gradient velocities
thickness of the key members of the strata, and the isoline some of the boundaries are related to lineaments of low order crust along the northeastern faults were less intense. In summa- in the Earth's crust of Ukraine (V.P. Paliienko, 1987, 1992),
method of arriving at an estimate of their amplitude and veloc- magnitude. They are interpreted to be present everywhere on ry, this indicates that the Neotectonics inherited the Pre- and maps (1 : 2 500 000 scale) of recent vertical movements of
ities) make the actual estimates of the movement rather diffi- the Ukrainian territory. All in all, the zones of lineaments Neotectonic fault patterns. the Earth's crust in eastern Europe (1971 edition), in Bulgaria,
cult. Also, there is a lack of reliable determination of movement under discussion correlate with the characteristics of the pre- In principle, a different picture is derived from the character of Hungary, Poland, Rumania, the USSR (European part) and
in the transregional Neotectonic faults. This induced the inves- sent vertical movements in the Earth's crust, and also corre- today's vertical movements in the Earth's crust. Movements of Czechoslovakia (1986).
tigators to look for correlational connections between the late well with the anomalous gradient velocities of movements the Earth's crust along the northeastern lineaments are much In conclusion, an understanding of Neotectonic activity in the
Neotectonic movements and the movements along faults in the occurring at the present time. Out of 120 such zones, most of more active than along the other orientations. Obviously, we transregional fault zones is important for the interpretation of
Earth's crust of Pre-Neotectonic time. them are places of contact, with positive and negative gradi- are now observing a changing pattern of vertical movements. data in seismic studies and in the modern studies of the perme-
In very recent times, a new method has been added that has ent velocities, of which 90 (about 77%) are closely associated These tendencies are typical not only for the slow movements ability of the Earth's crust. It also has an influence on human
become very useful in making interpretations. This is satellite with zones of lineaments. A network of transregional zones of of the Earth's crust but also for the quick (sudden) ones. Thus, activity and the ecology of Ukraine.

56 SECTION III. Structural maps

 NEOTECTONICS AND RECENT VERTICAL
MOVEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST

LEGEND

Fault zones based

on remotely sensed imagery

NEOTECTONIC ZONING
Areas of separate unidirectional structural heights of total
amplitude, in meters

>300 250-300 200-250

150-200 50-150

Areas of opposite direction movements; pre-inversion

subsidence/post-inversion uplifting of total amplitude, in meters

>-300 to <150 -150-200 to 150-200

Sites where recent movements
Areas of block, monocline, folded and of abnormal velocity gradients
>-300 to 150-200 -150-200 to <100 thrust structures of total amplitude up to of the Earth’s crust were recorded
1800-2000 m (Carpathians) and
400-600 m (Crimea)
-200-250 to <100 -100-150 to 100-150

VELOCITY ISOGRAM OF RECENT VERTICAL

-200-250 to 150-200 -100-150 to <100
MOVEMENT IN THE EARH’S CRUST (MM/YEAR)

-150-200 to >300 <-100 to 250-300 1971 Measurements 1986 Measurements

SECTION III. Structural maps 57

 LEGEND
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
Evaporite Potassic granite
Sedimentary formations

Carbonaceous Alkaline and subalkaline granite

Volcanic formations

Carbonaceоus-terrigenous Trap Rapakivi-granite

Terrigenous marine Alkaline basalt Anorthosite

Terrigenous continental Bimodal volcanics

OTHER SYMBOLS

Coal-bearing terrigenous carbonaceous Tholeiitic basalt

Boundaries between areas

Flysch Bimodal limey-alkaline volcanics

Stratigraphic and formation boundaries

Flyschoid Trimodal limey-alkaline volcanics

Overthrusts

Turbidite
Reverse faults
Intrusions

Molasse Gabbro-tonalite-trondhjemite Displacements

Flysch molasse Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite Faults

Coarse fragmentary (related to graben) Gabbro-diorite-granite Other faults, determined and inferred

Jaspilite Gabbro-monzonite-granite Suture zone

58 SECTION III. Structural maps

 GEODYNAMIC MAP

SECTION III. Structural maps 59

60
Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic

Lower Upper Lower Upper Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

Geodynamic complexes
Geodynamic environment

Lower Archean continental crust

Continental plain (cp) and

epicontinental marine basin (cm)

Microcontinent cover (mc)

Hot point (hp)

Continental rift (cr)

Inner parts of the plates

Aulacogen (a) and intercontinental

trough (it)

Continental shelf (cs)

Continental slope and footing (cf)

SECTION III. Structural maps

Oceanic cover and basement (о)
Oceanic

Outer non-volcanic arc and accre-

tion trenches (oa)

Volcanic arc (va)

Island arcs

Back-arc basin (ba)

Rear zone (rz)

Marginal and intermontane

troughs (mrt)
Active continental margins

Inner volcanic depressions and

crustal block uplifts (ib)
Collisional
GEODYNAMIC TABLE
GEODYNAMIC MAP um content) and felsic volcanics FI and FII ( FI are felsic vol- which has been depressed down to about 1500 m. In section Romania, it is covered by the Meso-Cenozoic SMC, which fill
canics with depleted heavy trace elements, FII are felsic vol- there are Upper Proterozoic SMC represented by continental the Moldovan Depression, the Crimean Lowland, the northern
The geodynamic map of Ukraine is the first attempt to gener- canics with undepleted trace elements – Kins’ka and Bilozerka and epicontinental marine basins (Polissia series), "hot spots" shelf of the Black Sea and the terrain under the Azov Sea. This
alize geological and geophysical information of the area from series). The internal structure of these rocks is characterized by (Volyn' series) and Vendian-Cambrian SMC also represented system consist of volcanogenic, sedimentary marine, lagoon,
the point of view of plate tectonics. The map is based on the complex deformation patterns and the development of diapir- by continental and epicontinental marine basins. In the south- continental and red-colored rocks of the SMC of the Early to
recognition of the structural matter complex (SMC) concept. ic structures in the last phase. The younger plutonic complex- western direction the above-mentioned SMCs are replaced by Late Paleozoic period. They are also intruded by granites.
Within the Ukrainian Shield and the Early Proterozoic, the es are represented by the M and I type tonalite-trodhjemites the flysch deposits of the continental slope and are in turn The Alpine folded zone is found in the Crimean Mountains.
SMC of the island arc, the margin of the continent and the (the Bazavluk granite-gneisses, the Slavhorod, the Dnipro and covered by the carbonates of the Ordovician shelf deposits and There are flysch-turbidites related to the continental slope, and
continental geodynamic environments are distinguished, and the Sura complexes) and by the I and S type granites (S gran- Lower Devonian. The latter are covered by the Middle roots of the Gondwanian basement covered by the flysch-
their formational assemblages are shown. The importance of ites are related to the collisional tectonics – the Demuryne, Devonian coals of the L'viv Depression, and mark the end of molasse SMC of the marginal sea. Younger molasse and flysch
the ancient SMCs throughout the Phanerozoic period is the Mokra Moskovka and the Tokiv complexes). The Dnipro the development of the Denmark-Poland furrow-trench. deposits cover the Crimean Lowland, the adjacent territories
emphasized and the role they played in the geodynamic envi- segment could be regarded as a deformed volcanic arc limited The Meso-Cenozoic carbonate and terrigenic deposits of the and the Black Sea basin.
ronment of the new complexes is defined. The geostructural on the east side by the Orikhiv-Pavlohrad suture. epicontinental seas within the continental flatlands are not 5. Carpathian Mountains
zones and regions of Ukraine are illustrated on the geodynam- The Kirovohrad segment consists of metamorphosed Archean shown on the map. This region is part of the Alpine Mediterranean belt of Eurasia.
ic map. They show a sequential evolution of the geodynamic SMC formed in a marginal sea (the Ros’-Tikych, Buh and 3. Dnipro-Donets' Aulacogen From the northeast to the southwest, it consists of a frontal
conditions and the geology of Ukraine through time. These Inhul-Inhulets’ series, and the Saksahan’ and Artemivka suites). This region is part of the Sarmatian-Turanian lineament. depression, filled with flysch, and an internal depression.
include: 1) Pre-Mesozoic (Ukrainian Shield and Volyn’- The SMC types described above mark the end of the Archean Initial stages of its development are considered to be either in The frontal depression is represented by three zones, two of
Podillia), 2) Pre-Upper Permian (Donets' Basin and Dnipro- island arc stage of development. After this follows the formation the Devonian or in the Riphean time. The central portion of which have been transformed into the Sambir (Lower to
Donets' Aulacogen), 3) Pre-Cretaceous (northern Dobruja), 4) of the Early Proterozoic rocks along the active continental mar- the Aulacogen basically comprises riftogenic complexes. Middle Eocene molasse) and the Boryslav-Pokuttia (mar-
Pre-Pliocene (Crimea, Black Sea Depression, terrain under the gin of the Archean. Its formation is related to the young Benioff- These have been studied in the core of the dome structures, ginal part of the flysch basin) covers. Its other zone
Black and Azov Seas), 5) Pre-Quaternary (Carpathians). In the style paleozone found outside Ukraine, in the Voronezh zone of and in the zone of contact between the Azov segment of the (Bil'che-Volytsia) represents the western part of the East
legend are shown lateral and vertical arrangements of structures southern Russia. Along the margins of the SMC, or its active Ukrainian Shield and the Aulacogen. This latter zone is the European Platform that has been dragged into the depres-
and complexes and their forms of accumulation. edge, there are granitoids of the I type (Shevchenko, Tokmak, location of the "hot spots", and is marked by the development sion and covered by molasse sediments.
1. Ukrainian Shield Tetiiv and Zvenyhorodka), and younger I and S type granites of the Azov SMC – the ultramafic and mafic magmatism and The frontal depression, filled with flysch, is of the Valanginian-
The Ukrainian Shield is subdivided into four major areas – (Uman', Osnyts'k and others) and associated volcanic-sedimen- continental rifting. The rifting was accompanied by the effu- Lower Miocene age. The flysch rocks here measure up to 10
the Volyn’-Podillia, the Azov, the Dnipro and the tary assemblages (Huliaipole, Klesiv, Novohrad-Volyns’kyi). sions of alkaline basalts and trachybasalts (Volnovakha- km in thickness. They have been studied in the Borkut-Rakhiv
Kirovohrad segments. The first two segments are the oldest The end of the development of the active margin is marked by Yelanchyk complex), nepheline syenite intrusions and the Marmarosh areas. In the Borkut-Rakhiv area there are
Archean cratonic regions, located on the western and eastern the intrusion of S type granites (Kirovohrad and others). (Pokrovka-Kyriivka complex), tholeiite basaltic flows and the Late Albian olistostromal horizons, and in the Marmarosh area
portions of the Shield. They are represented by the high- A reinterpretation of the geological data in the Ukrainian formation of graben structures. there are diabases (Kamianyi Potik), tuffs of diabasic compo-
grade granulite to amphibolite facies sedimentary-volcanic territory, from the tectonic point of view, demonstrates the During the Late Devonian the territory of the Aulacogen was sition, Upper Jurassic limestones and lenses of gravelites, and
(the Dnister-Buh and the western Azov series) assemblages necessity of reviewing many of the traditional understand- subjected to sinking. In this process the earlier formed salt Permian and Triassic olistolites. These rocks have been inter-
and M and I types of granites (M granites are of the ocean- ings of the stratigraphy and structure of the Ukrainian strata were covered by carbonate-terrigenic and coal deposits preted as melange-type deposits. The Marmarosh massif con-
ic island arcs, I granites are of the active continental margins Shield, which is similar in many respects to other shields in of the Lower to Middle Carboniferous period. After this sists of Lower Proterozoic crystalline rocks, overthrusted by
and island arcs) and other structural matter complexes. Both the world, and particularly in that they all have a cover. aulacogenic period of formation, the red terrigenic deposits of the Upper Riphean-Lower Paleozoic shales, porphyroids, and
the granites and the SMC are covered either by the meta- Within such covers there are found in places rootless assem- the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian accumulated. amphibolites of the calc-alkaline series. In both areas there are
morphic riftogenic (Vasyliv suite) rocks, or by the metamor- blages of the ophiolitic association. Such assemblages are The latter included also some carbonate-halogenic deposits. covers of Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata.
phic shelf deposits (Kocheriv and Horod suites of the Teteriv generally known to carry precious metals. In the Buh river The typical platform regime in the Aulacogen was established The overthrusted crystalline rocks appear as a zone of cliffs,
series, and Buh and central Azov series). area the ultramafic ophiolitic rocks are known to carry in the Triassic period. The SMC of this period and of the with some Triassic-Cretaceous limestones contained within
The Dnipro segment consists of a granite-greenstone assem- chromite deposits and the lateritic portions also have silicate younger ones are not shown on the geodynamic map. the Albian-Maastrichtian clayey-marly envelopes. Most of
blage. Volcanic rocks occur in the greenstone belts and are nickel deposits. 4. The Northern and Northwestern Part of the Black Sea Area these cliffs are composed of shales, diabases, porphyrites,
sudivided into lower metabasalts TH1 (TH1 are tholeiites with 2. Volyn’-Podillia Edge of the East European Platform This area consists of the Paleozoic Folded Dobruja, Crimean jasper and basite-hyperbasites contained in a matrix of black
nonfractionated rare earth elements – Slavhorod and To- This terrain is located along the western and southwestern Lowland and that system of structures which belongs to the crushed argillites.
makivka deposits of the Auly series, and Surian suite of the edge of the Ukrainian Shield. It is subdivided into the slope of Alpine belt and the associated epicontinental marine basins The Transcarpathian Depression is composed of the
Kins’ka series), and upper basalts TH2 (TH2 are tholeiites the Shield, Volyn' ridge (Kovel' area) and Paleozoic L'viv (the Black Sea Lowland, the Moldovan Depression, and land Miocene-Pleistocene molasses, with widely distributed calc-
enriched in light rare earth elements and fractionated rare Depression. The slope of the Shield part is a wide submerid- under the Black and Azov Seas). alkaline volcanic rocks in the Vyhorlat-Hutynian belt.
earth elements), andesites AA, CA and HKA (AA are andesites ional belt, whereas the Volyn' ridge has a longitudinal orien- The system of the northern Dobruja and the Crimean Lowland The Carpathian Mountains contain oil and gas deposits in the
from immature oceanic island arcs, CA are calc-alkaline tation. The oldest deposits are of sedimentary and volcanic is a continuation of the Paleozoic structures of the Greater flysch cover. In the past they were not the prime targets of
andesites of mature arcs, HKA are andesites with high potassi- rocks lying unconformably on the Pre-Riphean basement Caucasus. Along its entire length, except on the boundary with exploration.

SECTION III. Structural maps 61

 GEOLOGICAL SLICE MAPS

The geological slice maps reveal deep structures after the sedimentary cover is “peeled away”, layer by the upper part of the sedimentary cover. They commonly show evidence of great tectonic activities in the
layer, from its surface. Precambrian and Paleozoic eras.
These maps were compiled for each of the main stratigraphic units of the sedimentary cover. Drawn to a scale The geological slice maps are of great importance for the metallogenic division of the sedimentary cover.
of 1:5 000 000 to cover the entire country, these geological slice maps have been produced for the first time. Thus the three-dimensional maps of geological structures with data on mineral genesis make it possible
A sedimentary cover on the Ukrainian territory (platform and folded complexes) is of variable but con- to visualize spatial arrangements of various mineral deposits.
siderable thickness and has a complicated internal structure. The latter is caused by a great number of A complex problem of map coordination was resolved through compilation of the geological slice maps,
unconformities and erosional surfaces. Large, regional unconformities outline structural boundaries cor- starting from the geological map of Pre-Riphean formations as a basic one. All of the other geological
responding to the main time intervals of geological evolution. The geological slice maps have been com- slice maps were drawn on this basis.
piled for these structural boundaries. The trend of deep depressions within the western areas of Ukraine and the mode of distribution of the
The "Stratigraphic Code of Ukraine" contains all the standards and the basic criteria on which the geological sedimentary rocks in them testify to the strong influence of the Early Baikalian and Caledonian tecton-
slice maps were compiled (typification, taxonomy, correlation and indexing parameters). ic belts of western Europe. A break of the Sarmatian Shield into the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield and
The Archean, Lower Proterozoic, Upper Proterozoic and Paleozoic geological slice maps are based on the Voronezh antecline due to the initiation and formation of the Dnipro-Donets' Depression is con-
drilling and geophysical data. Only large faults in the basement and cover rocks are shown on the map. sidered to be the main event of the Hercynian orogeny. Yet the most distinctive structures are of the
Inversion structures are common. They are of different sizes, form and genesis and are located mainly in Kimmeridgian-Alpine orogeny, influenced by the Mediterranean tectonic belt.

62
T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

section IV

GEOLOGICAL SLICE MAPS

■ Geological coverage

■ Pre-Quaternary
■ Pre-Neogene

■ Pre-Paleogene
■ Pre-Cretaceous

■ Pre-Jurassic

■ Pre-Triassic

■ Pre-Permian

■ Pre-Carboniferous
■ Pre-Devonian

■ Pre-Silurian

■ Pre-Ordovician

■ Pre-Cambrian
■ Pre-Vendian

■ Pre-Riphean

63
 GEOLOGICAL COVERAGE

LEGEND
Geological surveys at a scale of 1:50 000

MAP SETS:

Carpathians Donets’ Basin (Donbas)

Volyn’-Podillia Black Sea Lowland

Central Ukraine Crimea

Dnipro-Donets’

The entire Ukrainian territory is covered

by geological surveys at a 1:200 000 scale.

GEOLOGICAL COVERAGE 1970s, in the waning stages of the medium-scale mapping, coverage: Ukrainian Shield, 81.2%; Volyn’-Podillia Plate, scale. This map should be useful in geological exploration,
large-scale geological mapping became widespread. It was 48.5%; Dnipro-Donets’ Depression (aulacogen), 20%; development of the mineral industry, and for hydrogeological
The level of geological coverage is determined first of all by during this time that new methods of regional investigation Donets’ Basin, 64%; Carpathians and Forecarpathians, and environmental studies in Ukraine. This map is an essen-
the results of regional geological surveys. From the 1950s to were applied, including “deep geological mapping” and 99.5%; Black Sea Lowland (with the southern slope of the tial part of the regional geological studies of the country.
the 1970s the entire country was mapped at a 1:200 000 scale. “supplementary geological investigation” of areas. Ukrainian Shield), 6.9% and Crimea and Dobruja, 19%. It is to consist of the following map sets:
Medium-scale geological mapping was used in cases where Today, about 50.0% of the Ukrainian territory is covered by At the current stage of economic development, geological 1) Carpathians, 2) Volyn’-Podillia, 3) Central Ukraine,
more detailed data were required which were used for plan- geological mapping at a 1:50 000 scale. mapping of the Ukrainian territory is directed towards the 4) Dnipro-Donets’, 5) Donets’ Basin (also known as the
ning, detailed work and research. At the beginning of the Large-scale mapping of the following regions has a variable compilation of the new State Geological map at a 1:200 000 Donbas), 6) Black Sea Lowland, 7) Crimea.

64 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 LEGEND TO GEOLOGICAL SLICE MAPS
T2-3 Middle-Upper Triassic (sandstone, argillite, silt- Upper Silurian (limestone, dolomite, marl, silt- Middle Riphean (quartz-porphyry, porphyrite,
N2 Pliocene (clay, silt, sand, sandstone) S2 R2 UPPER ARCHEAN AR3
stone, limestone, dolomite) stone, argillite) diabase, phyllitic schist, sandstone)

N1 Miocene, Miocene-Lower Pliocene (N1-2 ) T1-2 Lower-Middle Triassic (sand, varicolored clay, Lower Silurian (limestone, marl, argillite, Plagiogranitoid, diorite, granodiorite, gneiss, am-
S1 UPPER PROTEROZOIC-PALEOZOIC PR3-PZ
AR3
(sand, sandstone, clay, limestone, marl) sandstone, argillite, siltstone, limestone, dolomite) dolomite, siltstone) phibolite (Tetiyiv complex, Ros’-Tikych series)

Lower Triassic (sand, sandstone, pebble gravel, Quartzite-sandstone, diabase, trachyandesite, Gneiss, ferruginous quartzite, marble, schist, gab-
P3-N1 Oligocene-Miocene (sand, sandstone, clay, silt) T1 O Ordovician (dark-colored argillite) PR3-PZ quartz porphyrite, shale, siltstone, tuffite, con- AR3 bro, peridotite, pyroxenite (Buh series,
clay, silt, siltstone, marl)
glomerate Dereniukha, Kapitanivka complexes)

P-T Permian-Triassic (sandstone, clayey shale, silt- O2-3 AR3

-P3 Oligocene (clay, silt, sand, sandstone) Middle-Upper Ordovician (limestone, sandstone) UPPER-MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC PR2-3 Granite (Mokra Moskovka, Tokiv complexes)
stone, limestone, dolomite)

Eocene (clay, marl, limestone, opoka, sand, silt, Paleozoic (limestone, dolomite, siltstone, argillite, Alkaline metasomatite, syenite, subalkaline gran- AR3 Schist, komatiite, andesite-basalt, ferruginous
-P2 PZ O2 Middle Ordovician (sandstone) PR2-3
lignite) sandstone, schist, syenite, porphyritic syenite) ite (Perha complex) quartzite (Bilozerka, Kins’ka series)

Upper Riphean-Paleozoic (shale, marble lime-

Paleocene-Eocene (sand, sandstone, clay, PR2-PZ
-P1-2 stone, limestone, dolomite, quartzite, basalt, O1-2 Lower-Middle Ordovician (limestone) MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC PR2 LOWER-MIDDLE ARCHEAN AR1-2
secondary kaolin, lignite)
andesite-basalt)

Upper Cretaceous (chalk, marl, limestone, sand, Permian (gravelstone, sandstone, clayey shale, Upper Cambrian (black siltstone with sandstone Alkaline syenite, nepheline-syenite, granosyenite, Migmatite, plagiogneiss, amphibolite (Dnipro
K2 P limestone, dolomite, anhydride, argillite, felsic Є3 PR2 gabbro-wehrlite (Oktiabr, South-Kal'chyk com- AR1-2
sandstone, opoka) intercalations) complex, Aul, Oboyan series)
lavas) plexes)

Lower-Upper Cretaceous (claystone, siltstone, Lower Permian (siltstone, argillite, anhydride, Granite-porphyries, rapakivi-granite and rapa-
K1-2 P1 gypsum, rock salt, limestone, dolomite, clayey Є2 Middle Cambrian (sandstone, siltstone) a PR b kivi-like (a), gabbro, anorthosite (b) (Korosten’ LOWER ARCHEAN
sandstone, carbonate rocks) 2
shale, sandstone) complex)

K1 Lower Cretaceous (marl, limestone, sand, sand- C3 Upper Carboniferous (argillite, silt, limestone, Є1 PR2 Granite, granodiorite, dionte, gabbro (Osnyts’k AR1 Enderbite
Lower Cambrian (sandstone, siltstone, argillite)
stone, conglomerate, clay) sandstone, coal seams) complex), Undivided Proterozoic (Crimea)

Middle Carboniferous, Middle-Upper Carboni- Upper Vendian-Middle Cambrian (sandstone,

Upper Jurassic (dolomite, limestone, marl, clay, Gneiss, schist, amphibolite, calciphyre, ferrugi-
J3 C2 ferous (C2-3 ) (limestone, argillite, siltstone, coal V2-Є2 argillite, gravelstone, flysch deposits – black PR2 Klesovite, leptitic gneiss, metavolcanics AR1
sand, sandstone, conglomerate, claystone, silt) nous quartzite, basic,ultrabasic rocks (Dnister-
seams) argillite with intercalations of sandstone and
Buh, Western Azov, Brians'k series)
siltstone)

J2 Middle Jurassic, Middle-Upper Jurassic (I2-3 ) C1-2 Lower-Middle Carboniferous (limestone, sand- V2-Є1 Upper Vendian-Lower Cambrian (sandstone, AR:PR(?)
LOWER PROTEROZOIC PR1 Possible Archean or Lower Proterozoic
(clay, sand, silt, siltstone, sandstone, gravelstone) stone, argillite, coaly-clayey shale) argillite, gravelstone)

Lower Carboniferous (limestone, dolomite, Upper Riphean-Lower Cambrian (gneiss, amphi-

Lower Jurassic (sandstone, sand, limestone, C1 R3-Є1 a PR1 b Granite (a), migmatite (b) (Zhytomyr, Kirovoh- ?
J1 bolite, quartzite, shale, dolomite, liparite-dacitic No data available or controversial data
argillite) argillite, siltstone, sandstone, coal seams) rad, Uman', Stavyshche and other complexes)
tuff, andesite, basalt)

Triassic-Jurassic (argillite, siltstone, sand, sand- V2 Upper Vendian (sandstone, argillite, siltstone, PR1 Granodiorite, diorite, monzonite, gabbro, pyrox-
T-J Undivided Devonian (D), Upper Devonian (dolo-
stone) volcanoclastics) enite, dolerite (Buky, Prut complexes)
D3 mite, sandstone, breccia, limestone, rock salt,
clayey shale, gravelstone, tuff, basalt (Pokrovka-
Kyriivka intrusive nepheline-syenite complex))
Upper Triаssic-Jurassic (clay, marl, limestone, Lower Vendian (basalt, tuff, tuffite, red sand- Carbonatite, nepheline syenite (Chernihiv com-
T3-J V1 PR1 Transregional faults
siltstone, sandstone) stone, gravelstone, conglomerate) plex)

D2-3 Middle-Upper Devonian (sandstone, limestone,

argillite, dolomite)
Triassic-Middle Jurassic (limestone, dolomite, Riphean rocks (interpreted from geophysical a PR b Granite, migmatite (a), charnockite
T-J2 R2? Regional faults
argillite, siltstone, rarely sandstone) data) 1 (b) (Berdychiv complex)

Middle Devonian (limestone, conglomerate, silt-

D2 stone, argillite, sandstone, Azov intrusive pyroxen-
Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic (limestone, argillite, ite-peridotite complex) Granite, migmatite, granodiorite, diorite
T3-J1 νβR3 Upper Riphean (gabbro-diabase, gabbro-dolerite) PR1 Other faults
rarely sandstone, flysch sandy-argillaceous) (Haisyn complex)

Triassic (sand and varicolored clay, silt with Lower Devonian (siltstone, argillite, marl, lime- Upper Riphean (shales, phyllite, quartzite,
T sandstone, limestone, dolomite, rarely sandstone D1 R3 PR1 Ferruginous quartzite, BIF-schist, meta-sandstone, Geological boundaries
stone, dolomite, sandstone) quartzite-like sandstone)
and diabase) marble and other rock types (Kryvyi-Rih series)

Upper Triassic (sandstone, limestone, argillite, Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian (dark-colored

T3 S2-D1 R2-3 Middle-Upper Riphean (red sandstone, siltstone, PR1 Gneiss, schist, marble, calciphyre (Teteriv,
silt, clay, siderite) siltstone and argillite, limestone, dolomite, marl, Boundary of the East European Platform
argillite) Inhul-Inhulets' series)
sandstone)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 65

 Stratotype of Pontic deposits, Odesa Remnant of Tortonian deposits, Trynih Mountain, Lviv oblast’ Poltava sand outcrop, Vytachiv village, Kyiv oblast’ Remnant of Tortonian deposits, Veleten' (Giant) Rock, Lviv oblast’

PRE-QUATERNARY (1.8 Ma) The structural-paleovolcanic studies carried out by the National Middle stages of the Alpine tectonogenesis. deposits of mercury and arsenic-mercury (Berkut, Shaian,
Academy of Sciences and the Geological State Committee of 2. Large geological structures are separated by regional tec- Hrendesh, and others).
As a result of thematic and geological survey studies carried out Ukraine allowed to resolve in a new fashion a number of ques- tonic faults. – In the Forecarpathian Depression there are large deposits of
in recent years, some new concepts have been developed on the tions relating to the volcanic geology of the Carpathians. 3. A gradual wave-like sagging of the Earth's crust is observed native sulfur (Rozdil and others) and asssociated celestite. They
stratigraphy of the Neogene and the Quaternary deposits. The formation of the Forecarpathian Depression was accom- from west-southwest to east-northeast. occur in beds of Ratne limestone of Upper Tortonian age.
The Neogene of Ukraine has the following subdivisions: panied by magmatic activites throughout the Neogene period. 4. Changes are noted in the direction of migration of regions Copper-bearing sandstones and argillites of the Lower-Stebnyk
bathysiphonic (the Black Sea Lowland, the Crimean part of The Miocene and the Pliocene magmatisms differ considerably where thick sedimentation has occurred. sub-suite of the Miocene age are found in the Boryslav-Pokuttia
the Scythian Plate), ombronic (Carpathians), and the Novi in terms of their composition, and by their territory of activi- 5. These changes between the thickness and the limits of the sub-zone of the depression. Within the carbonate-sandy-clayey
Petrivtsi horizons (Volyn’-Podillia, Ukrainian Shield, Dnipro- ty. The Miocene rocks are of the liparite-dacite and andesite formations in different regions are the result of the movement strata of the Vorotyshche suite, there are stratiform occurrences
Donets' Depression, Donets' folded complex). Regional varia- associations, whereas those of the Pliocene are essentially of an of blocks of basement rock, mainly along old lines of weakness. of galena-sphalerite (Truskavets’). The Lower Miocene con-
tions have been recognized in the following layers or horizons: andesitic association. The Pannonian intrusive-extrusive series These movements produced the new (Oligocene-Quaternary) glomerates of the Slobidka suite carry gold placer deposits. The
the Caucasian, Sakaraulian, Kotsaturian, Tarkhanian, Chokra- are of intermediate age, and in terms of the territory and struc- structure of the territory. terrigenic-halogenic Miocene rocks of the Forecarpathians con-
kian, Karachanian, Konkian, Sarmatian, Meotian, Pontian, ture are close to the Miocene liparite formations. 6. The outlines of zones of sedimentation are inherited from tain large deposits of potassic salts and galena.
Cimmerian, Akchahylian (or Kuialnykian) and Apsheronian. The possibility of accumulations of high concentrations of previous older structures. – Overlying the Ukrainian Shield there are marine placer
Various facies and geostructural features were conducive to metals and economic deposits in the magmatic systems are 7. Block movement intensified in Pliocene-Quaternary times. deposits of titanium and zirconium minerals. They occur espe-
the formation of a large variety of lithological compositions determined largely by the dynamic-structural conditions of 8. There is an erosional leveling of boundaries between geo- cially in the sands of the Poltava suite of the Neogene period,
and their unusual association with the old (buried) fauna and their development. Extrusive cupolas and intrusive domal logical structures (with the exception of the folded ones). and include the Samotkan’ deposit and others. In addition, the
flora. This made it easier in some cases to define more pre- structures are more viable for high metal accumulations than 9. Characteristic metallogenic indications: Pliocene strata contain secondary kaolin, bentonite and fireclay
cisely some of the horizons, and their subdivision into small- other volcanic edifices. – The volcanogenic and volcanogenic-sedimentary strata of deposits, and sands for the glass and metallurgy industries.
er taxonomic units, which was useful in carrying out correla- As a result of these studies on the geology and the metal- the Transcarpathian Depression contain deposits of perlite, In the Neogene, the Kimmeridgian strata contain huge sedi-
tions of the strata, particularly with those beyond Ukraine. logeny of the Pre-Quaternary rocks the following general alunite and kaolinite. The Miocene rocks contain occurrences mentary iron deposits of the Kerch peninsula and the Azov
The map also shows elongated zones of recent disturbances, conclusions can be made: and deposits of lead-zinc with silver and gold (Muzhiievo and Sea. The ores commonly have elevated phosphorus content,
which were determined by a number of methods. 1. Sedimentary rocks were deposited during the Early and Berehove), and in the Pliocene and Miocene rocks there are and locally vanadium and manganese.

66 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-QUATERNARY (1.8 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 67

 PRE-NEOGENE (23.8 Ma) to the Upper Eocene. It is present in the Volyn’-Podillia, Uk- heritance of tectonic and tectono-magmatic elements and their
rainian Shield, Dnipro-Donets’ Depression and along the mar- influence on the distribution of the coal-bearing strata.
The Pre-Neogene or Paleogene stage of development is a peri- gins of the Donets’ Basin. In each region there are some spe- The regions of sedimentation with coal strata, starting from the
od of very intense movements and significant structural changes cific lithological and organic remains which allow to correlate Paleozoic to the Cenozoic eras, tended to migrate from the
on the Ukrainian territory. suites, or its subdivisions with the Obukhiv horizon. Their total mobile areas to the interior of the continent, occupying terrains
Paleogene deposits are characterized by variable structural-facies thickness varies from 5 to 30 m. with the most stable geotectonic regime, or the most mature
zones leading to sharply different variations in the associated The Obukhiv suite of various parts of Ukraine, to a greater or Earth's crust. This process is well illustrated in the migration of
deposits and their fauna and flora. Much of the terrain was lesser extent, is characterized by similar lithofacies features. The the coal-bearing strata from the mobile part of the depression of
under shallow-water seas and the deposits that formed were of deposits of this suite do not have any associated carbonates. One the Donets’ Basin towards the Shield area during the
the platform type, whereas in the Carpathian and Crimean of the lithological components of this suite is a silty clay which, Carboniferous period, in the Jurassic and in the Paleogene.
Mountains flysch deposits were accumulating. Fauna was char- in the Kyiv region, is micaceous and glauconitic. Other than The map also illustrates a number of major faults which have
acterized by various ecological types, and their relationships in this, the characteristic feature of this suite is the variability of its been determined by a number of methods. The system of faults
various basins were not the same. sandstones, especially those that contain silicified remains. have their differences in the order, style of development and
The Paleogene is subdivided into a number of horizons, Oligocene. The Mezhyhiria horizon of northern Ukraine is cor- metallogenic associations.
(grouped from older to younger), as follows. related with the Planorbel horizon (Borysthenian suite, part of On the basis of the above data, the following conclusions can
Paleocene. The Bilokamianyi horizon in southern Ukraine is the Maykop series, Indol and Kyzyldzhar suites, and Zubakyne be made:
represented by carbonate deposits up to 30 m in thickness, and deposit) of the Black Sea Depression and Crimea. Lithologically, 1. During the Paleocene-Middle Eocene, large erosional tecton-
elsewhere in Ukraine it corresponds to the Psel and Merlo hori- it consists mainly of a variety of sands (greenish-yellow, patchy- ic valley-like depressions were formed.
zons in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, Volyn’-Podillia and colored, fine grained, clayey, glauconitic, phosphorite-bearing) 2. Favorable climatic conditions were conducive to the chemi-
Ukrainian Shield, and the Stryi and Yamne horizons in the and clayey-cherty sandstones, generally 15-20 m in thickness cal weathering of the crystalline basement and formation of large
Carpathians. They are comprised of sandy-clayey limestones, and in places up to 85 m in thickness. In the Kins’ka-Yaly deposits of kaolin over much of the Ukrainian Shield.
siltstones, clays, sands with phosphorites (up to 4 m thick, with Depression there are glauconite-bearing clayey sands with some 3. There were periods of coal accumulation. Open pit in Paleogene sandstones of Skole, Lviv oblast’
the Makartyn suite lying on the crystalline basement of the mangano-calcite. Their total thickness here is up to 30 m. 4. Weathering, transport by water, sorting and washing of min-
Ukrainian Shield, the Kryven’kyi and Psel suites of the The Bereka horizon in northern Ukraine is correlatable with the erals produced placer deposits of ilmenite-rutile-zircon as-
Depression), thinly rhythmically banded series of multicolored Molochna horizon and the lower half of the Kermut horizon semblages and cassiterite.
argillites, siltstones and sandstones (the Stryi and Yamne suites, (Molochna, Sirohozha and Askaniia suites) of the Black Sea 5. These deposits have a relatively unchanging composition and
up to 3000 m thick, located in the Carpathians). Depression and Crimea. Lithologically, they consist of calcare- are flat lying.
Eocene. Whereas the Bakhchysarai horizon in southern Uk- ous clays, siltstones and sandstones with organic remains, in 6. During the Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene periods,
raine is rich in a variety of organic remains, the deposits in the total measuring from 20 to 100 m in thickness. These remains deposits of glauconite-phosphorites, and carbonate-terrigenic
Kaniv horizon are much poorer in fauna. They include sandy allow for reliable correlations with other horizons. strata were formed. On the northern side of the Black Sea
and organogenic detrital limestones, clays and sands up to 25 Of special interest are the felsic volcanic-looking rocks of a Depression terrigenic-carbonate manganese deposits formed
m in thickness. A time analogue of this horizon in the north is new type. Lava-like and pyroclastic-looking rocks are chem- during the Oligocene-Miocene.
most of the Buchach horizon which is poor in organogenic ically similar to the dacites and andesite-dacites. There are 7. Reactivation of the Caucasian east-westerly trending faults
o
remains. It is represented by organo-detrital limestones, also some variants of basic rocks that have more basic (280-290 ) and partly north-westerly trending Donets' faults
o
marls, sandstones (continental and marine shores), and coal- chemistries. These rocks are found at the base of the sections (310-320 ) occurred.
bearing sandy-clayey deposits, measuring on average between in the Bovtyshka and Rotmistrivka depressions which are 8. During the Paleocene and Early and Middle Eocene a num- environments). In the Osnyts’k-Volyn' region there are placer
15 and 20 m in thickness. The upper part of the Buchach hori- believed to be meteorite impact sites, or astroblemes as they ber of lithofacies and zones of maximum accumulation of terri- deposits and occurrences of ilmenite, and occurrences of zirco-
zon corresponds to the lower part of the Novopavlivs’ke hori- are commonly known. Some investigators have proposed that genic carbonate rocks were developed. They inherited westerly nium and cassiterite associated with the terrigenic Pliocene-
zon or the Kuberlin subhorizon. Analogues of this subhorizon these volcanic-looking rocks are impact melts of the target and northwesterly trends of the underlying structures. Quaternary strata. Within the Oligocene there are deposits of
are known in the southern slopes of the Ukrainian Shield, and rocks. In the Paleocene, a second phase of vulcanism pro- 9. Within the platform blocks, the main ore controlling struc- amber (Vyshhorod, Klesiv).
in the upper part of the Buchach series. These deposits include duced pyroclastic deposits and volcanogenic-sedimentary de- tures were tectonic zones and deep-seated faults. In the areas of brown coal deposits, the alluvial sands of the
marls, sandy limestones and sandstones, in total up to 50 m in posits, both on land and in a marine basin with islands. 10. There are current long-lasting zones of activization, which Paleogene contain infiltrated uranium deposits (in places with
thickness. A corresponding Vyhoda horizon in the (These are possibly also related to the astrobleme). are related to the deep-seated causes in the geological blocks. Mo and Re) and occurrences of Pliocene-Quaternary age.
Carpathians consists of roughly rhythmical flysch deposits of The existence of volcanic centers during the Creataceous- 11. The deep water depression under the Black Sea was formed Some of these deposits have been mined out by an under-
thinly bedded but massive sandstones and siltstones, ranging Paleogene period, the classification and recognition of a series in the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene. ground leaching method.
in total thickness from 110 to 350 m. of tectono-magmatic and volcanic structures in the central 12. The movements display orthogonal azimuthal directions and The main ore deposits of the Peleogene age in Ukraine are the
The Kyiv horizon in the northern Ukraine is correlated with the part of the Ukrainian Shield, allows for new insight into the the platformal structures have a latitudinal orientation. sedimentary manganese deposits of the Nikoplol' basin. They
upper part of the Novopavlivka and Kumove horizons of Cri- problems of the Alpine type of volcanic structures (and vol- 13. The Bovtyshka and other astroblemes were formed. are some of the largest in the world and are associated with the
mea and the Black Sea areas. They consist of marls, carbonate- cano-plutonic associations) of the ancient platforms. This 14. Characteristic metallogenic indications include: marine Oligocene strata located over the southern slope of the
clays, tripoli-like and limey sandy-clayey deposits, up to 30 m provides a possibility to evaluate their potential for a variety of The early part of the Paleogene is characterized by a continen- Ukrainian Shield.
in total thickness. In the core of the section of these rocks, there mineralizations and to appreciate their role in the formation tal and later by a transgressive regime over much of the The Paleogene strata on the northern slope of the Carpathians
are phosphorite-bearing sands, and limey glauconites. They are and distribution of the fossil fuels. Ukrainian Shield. The continental deposits contain brown coals contain menelite schists, and on the southern slope the
generally 3-4 m in thickness, but in places 4-5 m in thickness. The history of the geological development of the coal-bearing (Dniprobas), secondary kaolin deposits, and placers of titanium Paleogene flysch rocks have small hydrothermal showings of
The Obukhiv horizon in the northern part of Ukraine belongs basins over the Ukrainian Shield demonstrates a distinct in- and zirconium minerals (also found in the marine near-shore mercury, antimony and arsenic.

68 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-NEOGENE (23.8 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 69

 PRE-PALEOGENE (65.0 Ma) and gray shades, that measure up to 400 m in thickness. ing from the city of Nizhyn and towards the Chernihiv rise. Here
Locally there are relics of charred trees. the thickness of the Upper Cretaceous deposits (142 m) decreas-
Deposits of the Cretaceous are widely distributed in the plat- The marine and shallow-water marine near-shore deposits of the es by a factor of 2-3, in comparison with the rest of the region. In
form portion of Ukraine, as well as in the folded complexes Aptian layer are widely distributed in most of the regions of the central region the marbles-chalk assemblage is dominant and
of the Crimea and the Carpathians. They are absent in most Ukraine. They consist dominantly of sandy clays (30-300 m), increases in thickness to about 890 m.
of the Ukrainian Shield, in the exposed part of the Donets’ kaolinitic, sometines coal-bearing, or glaucоnitic, and with or- The southeastern region is characterized by the appearance of
Basin and in some of the domal structures of the Dnipro- ganic remains indicating an Aptian age for these deposits. Locally new and continuous sections measuring over 760 m in thickness.
Donets' Depression. They are lying unconformably over they can be further subdivided into smaller units. Here the relatively unchanging chalky-marbles are present, with
Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, Lower Paleozoic and Upper The Albian layer (10-320 m) is present practically every- a very minor terrigenous component.
Paleozoic rocks. And in places they are also lying over the where. Thin units of it (2-5 m) are present even over the Uk- The Dnipro region of the Ukrainian Shield and the Dnipro-
Precambrian rocks. They reach the surface at the Dnister rainian Shield. They are mainly carbonates and terrigenous Donets' Depression are closely tied in terms of the stratification
river and its tributaries, along the shorelines of some of the deposits with phosphorites. There is in places a porous hori- features of the Upper Cretaceous deposits. They have an island-
rivers in the Ukrainian Shield, along the slopes of the zon very rich in water. like distribution and appear to be related to a decrease in the
Voronezh Complex (in the basins of the Desna, Seim, Psel, The contact with the Upper Cretaceous deposits, in the Cri- Pre-Cretaceous relief of the area. Sections of the Upper
and Vorskla rivers), and in the Kaniv dislocation area. mean flatlands and the southwestern Crimean Mountains, is Cretaceous deposits are represented here by the Cenomanian,
Numerous Cretaceous occurrences are also found in the gradual. In the Black Sea Depression and on the Kerch penin- Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian deposits, which are main- Cretaceous deposits, Donbas
Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains. The distribution of sula, and also in the central and eastern Crimea, the Upper ly of terrigenous-cherty compositions.
Cretaceous deposits, their composition, thickness and size Albian deposits are partly washed out and are covered by the Within the Donets' Basin the Upper Cretaceous deposits were
depend on the structural pattern of the regions, and the Cenomanian deposits. forming under more than one set of facies conditions and were
action of various physical and geographical factors, the most The Upper Cretaceous deposits (K2) are widely distributed in all influenced largely by the structural-tectonic peculiarities. The
important of which was climate. zones of the Carpathian region. They are differentiated from oth- Upper Cretaceous deposits of the northern and southern parts
At times of inundation by the sea, even over the Shield areas, ers by their strong facies variation. This was conducive to many of the Basin are different in terms of their facies and faunal
some carbonate deposits were formed. In some cases the details local subdivisions into smaller units. features. In the northern part, three regions are distinguished
of the specific lithologies are characterized by local structures or The Upper Cretaceous consists basically of sandy-clay flysch, – the western, the northwestern and the northern (marked by tuffo-sandstones. The Santonian-Campanian-Maastrichtian
walls, by domes and other structures. carbonate-bearing flysch, rhythmically layered flysch, multicol- a zone of tight folding). layer is not commonly subdivided, and consists of marbles and
Some of the thickest and largest Cretaceous deposits are associ- ored argillites with packages of massive limestones, and sand- The southern slopes of the Donbas form a separate region chalk-like limestones with intercalations of clayey marbles.
ated with troughs, which are divided into two types. The first type stones. The ages of these flysch deposits all indicate an Upper which is characterized by a distinct tectonic activity during Two stages of volcanic activity are noted in Crimea – Early to
of trough is associated with depressions, confined to the Dnipro- Cretaceous period. the Late Cretaceous period. This resulted in variable sections Middle Albian which is characterized by lavas emanating from
Donets' aulacogen and other structures. Troughs of this type The Mesozoic magmatism in the Carpathians is characterized by in different places and the production of bottle-like structures fractures, and Late Albian-Cenomanian which is characterized
occupy large areas and have developed mostly as a result of the the predominance of effusions over intrusions, by their basic in the Upper Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian submem- by explosive volcanism.
Hercynian tectonism. Some of the thickest deposits of this type character of the magma, and the development of obducted ophi- bers. The southern part of the platform of Ukraine includes The Pre-Paleogene rocks have the following charateristics:
measure from a few tens of meters to a few hundred meters. olites. The latter complexes are represented by small bodies, veins the Black Sea and the Kins’ka-Yaly troughs and the southern 1. Large-scale rearrangements of geological structures at the
The second type of trough is associated with zones of accretion and dykes of gabbro-diabase, gabbro-porphyrite and bodies of slope of the Ukrainian Shield. Here, according to the Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.
between platforms and folded structures. serpentinite. Cretaceous age gabbro-diabases and porphyrites are Cretaceous sections, a number of structurally related facies of 2. Activation of transregional and regional faults which separate
In the Triassic period the distribution of land and sea was dic- known in the Chyvchyn area and along the northeastern edge of rocks are recognized. large geological structures in the sedimentary cover (the
tated by the tectonic development of various regions of that the Rakhiv crystalline massif. Cretaceous and Mesozoic serpen- The Kins’ka-Yaly trough is part of a complex blocky structure Carpathians, the Carpathian Foredeep, the East European
time: the Crimea, the Black Sea Lowland, the Pre-Dobruja, the tinites are known in the basin of the Uhol'ka river, where they containing an almost complete assemblage of the Upper Platform, the Scythian Plate).
Carpathians, the Volyn’-Podillia Plate, the Ukrainian Shield, occur as relatively small lenses. Cretaceous deposits, but with a highly irregular distribution. They 3. Evolution of linear dislocation zones related to deep faults
the Donbas and others. A lesser effect was related to the eusta- The boundary between the Cretaceous and the Paleogene, in are represented by the Coniacian, Santonian and the lower part (Oster-Zolotonosha rampart, Kins’ka fault and others).
tic levels of the oceans. During almost the entire Early and Late terms of the litho-facies, is not a sharp demarcation. It is repre- of the Campanian members consisting of chalk-like limestones 4. Discordance between paleotectonic and neotectonic areas,
Cretaceous period, except for small interruptions, there were sented by coarse and moderately rhythmic flysch rocks, sand- and marbles. On the south side of the Near-Black Sea trough (an expressed by a displacement of their axes of flexuring.
marine basins in the area. stones and argillites. On the map the deposits of the Cretaceous- area between the Dnister and south Buh rivers) all members of 5. Accumulation of glauconite-phosphorite and carbonate for-
The Berias layer, from 40 to 100-200 m in thickness, consists of Paleogene are indicated on the southern slope of the the Upper Cretaceous are developed except for the Upper mations in the Cenomanian times.
conglomerates and sandstones with intercalations of clays and Carpathians. Maastrichtian submember. The Upper Cretaceous deposits are 6. Magmatic activity in the Crimea and in the Donets' Basin,
marbles carrying organic remains. It has a limited distribution. In the Forecarpathian Depression all members of the Upper represented by chalk-like marbles and chalk having a relatively related to the stages of platform activation.
It is present essentially in the Crimean region in the Kerch dis- Cretaceous deposits are present, for a total of about 390-400 m small thickness of about 250 m. In the Forecarpathian-Syvash 7. In the Lower Cretaceous, most of the sedimentation within the
trict, and in the central part of a graben located on the south- in thickness. region a complete Upper Cretaceous section is present, and con- Ukrainian Shield occurred in valley-like depressions formed in
eastern edge of the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, where it is rep- In the Azov region, over the southern slope of the Ukrainian sists of relatively deep water limestones (rarely marbles) with Pre-Cretaceous times. Such valleys are mainly of erosional-tec-
resented by a sequence of greenish-gray clays with glauconite Shield and under the Azov Sea, there is a well-developed thicknesses over 1000 m in places. tonic origin.
and remains of plant life, and in places by siltstones and sand- sequence of the Upper Cretaceous. It consists of shallow In the Black Sea sloping area of the Ukrainian Shield there 8. Characteristic metallogenic indications include:
stones carrying complex organic remains (up to 25%). The water organogenic detrital limestones. On the southern and are mainly Cenomanian and partly Turonian deposits. In the On the Ukrainian Shield under the Paleogene strata there is
Valanzhyn layer has a much wider distribution. It is found in eastern slopes of the Azov crystalline massif, the Upper Cre- Bilozerka-Velykyi Tokmak region, close to the locally pre- a widespread weathering crust with primary kaolin deposits.
the Crimean Mountains, on the Kerch peninsula and in various taceous sections are shortened (on the southern side mainly served Cenomanian deposits, the most widely distributed are Within the paleovalleys filled by Lower Cretaceous strata
structural-facies zones of the Dnipro-Donets’ Depression the Cenomanian and partly the Lower Turonian deposits are the Upper Campanian deposits which consist of variable there are minor gold placer deposits found over the northern
where it is represented by reworked clays and small fragment represented by marbles and chalk, and to the east of these rock facies. slope of the Ukrainian Shield. On the southern slope of the
conglomerates with intercalations of sandstones, siderites, lime- there are the Lower Santonian and Campanian deposits rep- In the Crimean Mountains the Upper Cretaceous deposits mea- Ukrainian Shield there are sedimentary-diagenetic occur-
stones and organic marbles (the Horlynka and Mykolaivka resented by similar facies of marbles and chalk). sure from 400 to 600 m in thickness. Their thickness on the rences of uranium in similar environments.
sequences). In total, they measure up to 400 m. Within the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, according to the features Kerch peninsula does not exceed 500 m, but to the west of Cretaceous bauxite deposits of moderate size (Vysokopillia and
The Hoteryv layer is present in the central and eastern por- of their composition, size and paleontological characteristics, Dzhankoi, their thickness increases to 1500 m, and on the Nikopol') are associated with lateritic weathering of the crust.
tions of the Crimean Mountains, in the Forecarpathians, in three regions are recognized – the northwestern, central and Tarkhankut peninsula, their thickness exceeds 2400 m. The Smila bauxite deposit appears to be of sedimentary origin. In
the L'viv-Lublin Depression and in the Dnipro-Donets' Dep- southeastern. The most complicated Upper Cretaceous is found The Cenomanian, Turonian and Koniakian members in the the Dnister river area there are paleovalleys of the Cenomanian
ression. It contains dark-colored pyritized clays, siltstones, in the northwestern region. Here the sections are incomplete, with Crimean Mountains are 25 to 240 m in thickness and are present age that contain high-grade bauxite deposits.
fossiliferous (fragmentary) limestones, pseudo-oolitic sand- commonly variable lithological assemblages and variable thick- everywhere on the underlying Lower Cretaceous and Middle In the marine strata of the Albian-Cenomanian age in the
stones, quartz-glaucоnite sandstones and siltstones. This nesses. There are interruptions which affect various parts of the Jurassic. The underlying rocks in places show evidence of ero- Volyn’-Podillia Plate there are occurrences and deposits of
sequence attains thicknesses up to 300 m. The organic re- stratigraphy. In the Santonian-Campanian deposits there is evi- sion. In the Northern Crimean and Northern Azov depressions sandy, lens-like and plate-like phosphorus.
mains indicate a Hoteryv age in these deposits. dence of introduction of sand into the system, especially in the there are Cenomanian-Turonian-Koniakian deposits measuring Of some economic significance to the sugar-producing factories,
The Barem layer appears to be present in all structural-facies salt domes and the anticlinal uplifts, with the sand content 100 to 1000 m in thickness. At the base there are marbles with cement industry and others are the deposits of chalk and lime-
zones. It is represented mainly by the marine and the near- increasing from east to west. These deposits are of terrigenous- intercalations of limestones, clays with lenses of spongolites stone. These deposits were commonly developed in the Upper
shore marine terrigenous deposits, locally with multicolored carbonate character which have been noted over large areas start- (spicule-bearing siliceous chemical sediments), tuffs, tuffites and Cretaceous and are widespread over the Ukrainian territory.

70 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-PALEOGENE (65.0 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 71

 Polygonal basalt flows, Berestovets’ village, Rivne oblast’ Aiudag (Bear Mountain), a Jurassic laccolith, at Partenit, Runa alpine meadow (polonyna), Carpathians, Lviv oblast’
Southern Crimea

PRE-CRETACEOUS (142±2.6 Ma) porphyrites, andesites, diabases and diabasic tuffs, and liparites stones with interlayers of clay, siltstone, and sandstone (50-130 are the youngest magmatic rocks in the Donbas region.
and overlies argillites which, according to the faunal record, m). Their organic materials are dated to belong to the Dykes of lamprophyres and gabbro-diabases of the Mesozoic
The Pre-Cretaceous deposits of the Jurassic period are well belong to the Lower Jurassic period. Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian. In the eastern part of the age are found in the Mariupol' area. The dykes are localized
developed in all Paleozoic assemblages throughout Ukraine. The Middle Jurassic represents the most active magmatic peri- Depression, the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian analogs are rep- along the marginal parts of the Mariupol' horst structure. The
They are found in the Carpathian and Crimean Mountains, in od in Crimea, and is characterized by large-scale extrusions of resented by limey clays with oolites of chamosite, up to 30-40 latter is separated by an East-Mariupol' zone of faults from the
the Dnister River and in the Donbas areas. They are divided different compositions. The spillite-keratophyre type of vol- m in thickness. adjacent graben-like structure that is part of the Northern Azov
into the Upper, Middle and Lower Jurassic series which are fur- canism is widely developed and is associated with multiphase The Jurassic volcanism in the Donets' folded region and in the Depression.
ther subdivided into groups, subgroups and in many cases even extrusions of the central type. It is accompanied by a subvol- Dnipro-Donets' Depression has been of interest to geologists in The discoveries of lamprophyric dykes of the Late Triassic age,
into zones. The most fully developed assemblages are found in canic intrusive dyke activity. The Middle Jurassic interval the past and continues to be so to the present day. The Middle and dykes of gabbro-diabase of the Jurassic age in the East-
the northwestern part of the Donets’ Basin, and in the Dnipro- includes also the granodiorite, plagio-granite, gabbroic diapir, Jurassic volcanics of the Obolon' Depression are represented by Mariupol' zones confirm a cycle of Mesozoic magmatic activity.
Donets' Depression. and gabbro-diabase intrusive magmatism. The massifs of such tuff-breccias and breccias with angular fragments of granitoids In summary, the Pre-Cretaceous or the Jurassic periods are
The Jurassic strata are lying at an angle, stratigraphically parallel to mountains as Ayudag, Kastel', Shakhra, and others are related and mineral fragments of feldspar, quartz, garnet, biotite, chlo- characterized by the following:
various underlying Triassic rocks, and on the slopes of the Ukrainian to this magmatism. rite, muscovite and graphite.The breccias are reworked or pass 1. The transregional and regional deep faults, with their short
Shield where they are in contact with the basement rocks. The Upper Jurassic series are divided into the Oxfordian, Kim- laterally into tuffogenic sandstones, quartzite-like sandstones, duration activation periods, played an important role in form-
The Lower Jurassic strata of the Crimean Mountains contain a meridgian and Volga members. They consist (from the bottom arkoses, and tuff-breccias with complex textures. In the tuffs ing various structures in the Jurassic period.
thick assemblage of flysch rocks, which are part of the Tavrian to the top) of limestones, oolitic, biohermal and cherty rocks (60 there are, locally, units of amygdaloidal lava breccias with well- 2. There is stratigraphic control in the distribution of the cha-
Series localized in the Kacha, Southshore and Tuats’k uplifts. m), which are overlain in places by unconformable layers of developed flowage features. The tuffogenic rocks show evidence mosite iron deposits and the evaporitic deposits in the Jurassic
They are represented by the complexly rhythmically banded glauconitic clay and shell-bearing limestones (30-65 m), sand- of silicification, carbonation, and intense chloritization. Pyrite period.
assemblage 200-700 m in thickness, interbanded with units of stones and shell-bearing limestones (30-35 m), and by multi- and arsenopyrite are commonly developed along fractures and 3. The Jurassic coal-bearing terrigenous formations are loca-
sandstones, siltstones and argillites and with lens-like layers of coloured clays and sandstones (100-180 m). All of the above- as segregations. lized in valley-like depressions, both in the Ukrainian Shield
siderites and limestones. mentioned deposits commonly contain organic matter, which In the Boryspil' tectono-magmatic structure there are volcanic and in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression.
The Middle Jurassic rocks in the Crimea come to the surface in has been dated to be of Kimmeridgian to Volga stages. glasses of felsic and intermediate compositions, and there are 4. In the L'viv Depression the Jurassic strata contain deposits of
the peripheral parts of large uplifts. Here two assemblages are The Jurassic rocks in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression are rep- also fragments of andesites in the Middle Jurassic clayey sand- kaolinitic clays and brown coals at depths of about 1 km. In the
well developed – a lower terrigenous and an upper volcanoge- resented by their Middle and Upper series. The Upper series are stone rocks. The Boryspil' structure is defined by the Dnipro, Dnipro-Donets' Depression there are sedimentary iron deposits
nic stratum having a total thickness of about 1000 m on aver- represented by the Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian and Volga mem- Yadliv-Trakhtemyriv and Stuhniv faults. at 200-500 m depths in the southeastern part of the Depression.
age. The volcanogenic assemblage consists of tuffs and lavas of bers. In the northwestern part of the Donbas region all three A belt of dykes with monchiquite and camptonite compositions The mineralization consists of a bedded sequence of chamosite-
different compositions and vary in thickness from 700 to 1500 series are present. In the northwestern and western parts of the of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age define the Mius lam- bearing sandstones and clayey siderites. Recently, similar
m. The most fully developed section is in the area of the Dnipro-Donets' Depression mainly the Oxfordian and the prophyric complex. It is located in the Amvrosiivka raion of the deposits have been discovered in the Jurassic rocks of the
Karadah Mountain. Here it consists of andesitic and diabasic lower Kimmeridgian members are present, represented by lime- Donbas, and is exposed along the Mius and Krynka rivers. These Dobruja Depression in Odesa oblast’.

72 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-CRETACEOUS (142±2.6 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 73

 Proterozoic granite, the Vysokyi Kamin’ cliff, Zhytomyr oblast’ Blyzniata (the Twins) Rock, at Adalary, Crimea Khrebet dynozavra (the Dinosaur Backbone) Rock, in the Sudak
raion, Southern Crimea

PRE-JURASSIC (206.5±4 Ma) coarse-grained sandstones, and intercalations of conglomerates. Donets' Depression, the Lower to Middle Triassic sequences 2. There is commonly a rhythmic pattern or cyclicity in
The upper part of the series is represented by argillites with (Radchenkove and Myrhorod suites) within a graben structure color, grain size and lithology which is seen in various sec-
In the Early Mesozoic era a new stage of development occur- lenses of limestone and some flysch deposits. The total thick- are up to 380 m in thickness. They consist of fine-grained sand- tions as a sequencing of clays, siltstones, sands and sand-
red on the territory of Ukraine.There was a wide deposition of ness of the Triassic rocks is over 2000 m. stones and siltstones, interbanded with minor multicolored clays. stones of variable grain size as well as conglomerates.
Triassic rocks in the Carpathian and Crimean Mountain areas, In the Tuats’k and the Kacha uplifts, there are deposits of sand- Towards the deeper portions of the Depression, the Triassic sec- 3. There is evidence of old weathered rocks in section and
in the Donbas and the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, on the stone-argillite flysch, which in their upper portion are interca- tion also contains intercalations of gravelites and small fragment over large areas. All reddish-brown layers are considered to
northern slopes of the Ukrainian Shield and the Voronezh lated with quartzite-like sandstone. In total this sequence mea- conglomerates, and is marked by an increase in the red-colored be the fossilized weathering products (fegolith), or prod-
Complex, and in the Pre-Dobruja Depression. sures 1200-3500 m in thickness. It is faulted and separated into clays with minor intercalations of siltstone, sandstone, concre- ucts of their immediate redeposition.
In the western part of the Donbas and the Dnipro-Donets' blocks. The fauna in these rocks indicate that they belong to the tionary limestone and argillite. Its thickness is about 100 m. 4. Triassic sediments dominate over Upper Carboniferous-
Depression, the Triassic rocks include a thick sequence of mul- Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic period. Fossil records here indicate Olenek to Ladyn Triassic stages. Lower Permian deposits in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression.
ticolored sandy-carbonaceous units. They are characterized by In the Carpathian Mountains, the Triassic rocks occur in the The Upper Triassic sequence in the Donbas region is repre- 5. Triassic deposits have a regional normal stratigraphic
a strong lithological variability, common thinning-out of some Rakhiv and the Chyvchyn zones. Diamond drilling indicates sented by the Protopiv and Novoray suites. The Protopiv suite, relationship with the underlying rocks or in places are
layers, and paucity of organic remains. The Triassic rocks are the presence of these above the basement of the Transcar- about 95-300 m in thickness, consists of clays and multicolored lying unconformably over them.
found on top of the Permian, but along the edges of the pathian Depression, where Triassic rocks are represented, in siltstones, gray and greenish-gray sandstones, reddish-brown 6. Triassic was the closing stage of the Dnipro-Donets'
Dnipro-Donets' Depression they are in some places underlain their lower sequence (up to 250 m thick), by quartz conglom- siltstones, and clays composed of hydrous mica-kaolin-mont- Depression (aulacogen) development.
by siliceous coals and by the Precambrian rocks, and overlain erates and breccias, sandstones, red siliceous argillites and morilonite assemblages. There are relics of charred plant life 7. There is evidence of the existence of rivers cutting dry
unconformably by the Jurassic and Paleogene, and rarely by limestones. A middle sequence, up to 400 m in thickness, detritus. The flora of this suite have been assigned to the Norian land in Triassic times; river valleys have been shown to
chalky deposits. The thickest Triassic sequences are associated consists of diabases, porphyrites, tuffs and some limestones stage in the Triassic. exist in the Middle Jurassic also.
with the deep portions of the depressions. Other Triassic rocks and dolomites. An upper sequence, up to 200 m in thickness, The Norian suite, about 100 m in thickness, comprises sand- 8. The boundary between the Permian and the Triassic was
are found as fills in the graben-like Pre-Dobruja structures and consists of white massive fossiliferous limestones and thinly stones and quartz sandstones, as well as siltstones with some internationally accepted as one of the most important
erosional depressions, especially over the folded parts of the layered limestones with intercalations of black and green flora fossils. boundaries which demarcates the Paleozoic and the
system. In total, the Triassic sequence here is estimated to be in micaceous slivers. In the Donbas region the Lower and The Triassic-Middle Jurassic deposits of the Crimean Mesozoic eras. There was a great pause in the development
the order of about 2000 m. The Middle Triassic, measuring Middle Triassic rocks comprise calcareous sandstone (20-90 Lowland are represented by the sedimentary-effusive of fauna in this time interval.
about 350 m, consists of brecciated limestones and dolomites, m) and clayey siltstone assemblages. The first is characterized rocks, which occupy a wide belt between grabens (Late 9. The Triassic period is characterized by a partial reactiva-
found in the valley of the Danube river, and contains some gas- by multicolored fragmentary materials which are mainly of Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic age) marking a zone of accre- tion of faults, and an intense manifestation of salt tectonics
tropods. Diamond drilling in the Kiliia graben revealed Middle quartzo-feldspathic sandstones, sand-gravels, and limestones tion between the East European Platform and the Scythian (Burimka, Ivanhorod, Parafiivka and Ivanytsia stocks).
Triassic rocks comprising mainly limestones with foraminifera with thin intercalations of clay and, rarely, siltsones. The Plate. Here the Triassic rocks are lying either directly on 10. Triassic layers inherited the orientation of the older Pa-
and ostracod fossils. In the vicinity of the town of Vylkove and limestones form layers, generally less than 10 m in thickness, the Precambrian, or on the Upper Paleozoic deposits (as leozoic folds (the Bakhmut Depression, Solokhiv, Hlyns'k-
the Kytai Lake the limestones of the Middle Triassic are as in the southwestern part of the Kal'mius-Torets’ trench. on the northern edge of the Karkinit-Syvash graben), or on Rozbyshivka and other brachyanticlinal structures).
dolomitized and locally brecciated. The Triassic sequence described above stands out in the dia- the folded Hercynian basement of the Scythian Plate. The 11. Triassic rocks are weakly dislocated in areas with no salt tec-
The Upper Triassic rocks, represented by marine and lagoon- mond drill sections on account of its high geophysical resistivi- thickness of the sequence of rocks is estimated by geo- tonics (Loyiv-Brahyn ridge, flanks of the Dnipro-Donets'
continental facies, such as sandstones with intercalations of lime- ty, excellent horizon-marking characteristics and wide utility in physical methods to be in the order of 2.5-3.0 km. Depression). In some cases the edges of the structural zones are
stone, argillite, siltstone and marls, measure up to about 1000 m. correlations of geological sections. There is considerable dislocation of rocks in this area as complicated by terrace-like structures and structural protrusions.
In the Al'ma Depression of the Crimean Lowland, diamond The overlying Lower to Middle Triassic deposits are represent- indicated by the diamond drill core, with the core angles 12. Magmatic activity culminated in the Triassic period.
о о
drilling has intersected Triassic rocks at depths from 90 to 1100 ed by an interbanded sequence of sandstones and arkosic green- varying from 10-15 to 80 . The intense volcanic activity, 13. The Triassic rocks are well developed in the Dnipro-Donets'
m. They consist of dark gray argillites with intercalations of silt- ish-gray and reddish-raspberry-colored clays, with rare interca- (and lesser magmatic activity), so characteristic of the Depression. In the Bakhmut area they contain bentonite clay
stone, limestone and sandstone. The diamond drill core angles lations of siltstone and granitic bands. The total thickness of this Triassic-Jurassic period in the Crimean Lowland, provide deposits (Hryhorivka and others). In the southwestern part of
о о
indicate that these rocks have dips of 10-35 to 80 . An analo- sequence varies between 100 and 310 m. Its maximum thick- a possible explanation for the Kimmeridgian activation of the Depression within the red-colored Droniv suite of Permo-
gous section of the Triassic has been also intersected by dia- nesses are found in the synclinal structures. On the other hand, the deep-seated faults. Triassic or Lower Triassic age there are the uranium-bearing
mond drilling in the Northern Crimea Depression. the thinnest Triassic sequences occur in the anticlinal struc- In summary, the Pre-Jurassic period is characterized by bituminous showings and deposits (Adamivka, Chervonyi Oskil
Within the Crimean Mountains there are abundant terrigenous- tures, such as the ones in the uplift at Petrovs’ke-Korul' zone, the following: and Bereka). Such deposits have elevated Mo, Sc and V con-
flysch deposits which belong to the Tavrian series of the Upper in the Slovians'k dome, and the Druzhkivka-Kostiantynivka 1. The continental Triassic rocks in the Dnipro-Donets' Dep- tents and are also characterized by chrome, mercury and poly-
Triassic-Lower Jurassic period. The lower parts of the series are structure. The organic materials in these rocks are represented ression, in the Donets' Basin, in the Dobruja Foredeep and metallic mineralization.
composed of argillites, interbanded with siltstones, sandstones by ostracods and plant life. other areas are represented by multicolored formations of red- In the Rakhiv massif of the Carpathian Mountains there
and sequences of black argillites, lenses of quartzite-like and In the northeastern part of the Ukrainian Shield and the Dnipro- dish-brown, gray, light-gray and yellowish-gray color patterns. are showings of bauxite related to the Triassic weathering.

74 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-JURASSIC (206.5±4 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 75

 Proterozoic granites, Buky village, Cherkasy oblast’

o
PRE-TRIASSIC (248.2±4.8 Ma) The Slovians’k suite is 250 to 610 m thick, and it lies con- variable core angles of 40 to 75 . Deep diamond drilling, on the 5. The development of the eastern Carpathian mountain system
formably on the Mykytivka suite. It has been well studied in the south side of the Tarkhankut trough, also intersected a was strongly dominated by continental erosion.
The Pre-Triassic (Permian) slice map shows further geologi- environment of the Artemivs’k salt deposit. Within the sequence of interbanded rocks (400-600 m in thickness) that 6. There is some evidence for a connection at one time between
cal developments in the Ukrainian territory. Permian deposits Kal’mius-Torets’ trough this suite consists mainly of sandy-clay consists of metamorphosed sandstones and minor carbonates of the Dobruja Foredeep and the Silesia-Pokuttia Depression.
are present in the Donbas, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, multicolored deposits. There are also some carbonate deposits Permian age. These rocks are at 2700 to 2800 m intersections 7. Permian sedimentation in the basins commonly had a poly-
the Prypiat' Graben, the Fore-Dobrudzhian Depression and but they are thin, clayey and sandy. Layers of salt are present and occur under the Lower Cretaceous strata. facies character (Dnipro-Donets' Depression, Donets' Basin,
locally in some of the Crimean blocks. The most complete only in the upper half of the suite. In the Bakhmut trough, the Permo-Triassic deposits are also present in trough areas inherited Crimea-Azov, Chyvchyn-Rakhiv).
Permian section occurs in the Bakhmut trench in the Donbas. Slovians’k suite consists mainly (70-90%) of salt and anhydrite. from the Middle Paleozoic depressions. In the Heniches'k region, 8. Salt formations (common salt, potassium-magnesium salts)
Permian rocks in the Donbas fill the Bakhmut and the The Sakmarian sequence consists dominantly of red chemical diamond drilling intersected Permian deposits at the 2900 m level accumulated in the Asselian and Sakmarian stages of the
Kalmius-Torets’ trenches. In the Donets' Basin and in the cen- precipitates, contains the Kramators’k suite, and measures 50 consisting of argillites, with intercalations of siltstones,o sandstones Permian period.
tral part of the Prypiat'-Dnipro Depression, the Lower Permian to 525 m in thickness. The Kramators’k suite is further subdi- and gravelites. These rocks have core angles of 40-45 . 9. Magmatic activity took place in the Donets' Basin (alkali ba-
deposits are present and are subdivided into four suites – the vided into three horizons: the lowermost calcareous siltstones Upper Paleozoic rocks have been intersected within the Scythian salt and andesite-trachytic intrusions).
Kartamysha, the Mykytiv, the Slovians’k and the Kramators’k (up to 40 m thick), the middle anhydrite (0-30 m thick), and Plate and include volcanic effusives, volcanic sedimentary rocks, 10. Upper Permian sediments have been shown to exist, based
suites. The first three belong to the Asselian sequence and the the uppermost rock salt (40 m thick). multicolored argillites, siltstones, sandstones and conglomerates. on the paleontological evidence, only in the Dobruja Foredeep.
fourth to the Sakmarian sequence of the Permian assemblage. In the Donbas there is evidence of magmatic activity in the They contain spores and pollen of Permian age. Here, bodies of 11. Permian rocks are widespread in the Dnipro-Donets' Dep-
The Asselian sequence. The Kartamysha suite is 400 to 1100 m Permian period. This activity is restricted to the emplacement syenite and syenite porphyries have been also intersected. It is ression. Within the Bakhmut and Kal'mius-Torets’ areas there
in thickness, and is well developed in the Kal’mius-Torets’ and of dykes of andesitic and trachyandesitic compositions. assumed that they are of Late Paleozoic age. In summary, the are copper-bearing sandstones, siltstones and argillites of the
Bakhmut troughs where it consists commonly of red and less Within the Fore-Dobruja Depression, diamond drilling explo- characteristic features of the Pre-Triassic are as follows: Kartamysha suite. Higher up in the strata of the Bakhmut area,
commonly of multicolored argillites, siltstones, micaceous ration encountered chemical precipitates and terrigenous deposits. 1. During the Permian period the Hercynian orogenic cycle are economic deposits of rock salt, gypsum, anhydrite,
sandstones, and in places of gravelites. These rocks are lying unconformably over Lower Carboniferous came to an end. dolomite and limestones with showings of potassic salts, boron
The Mykytiv suite is 100 to 250 m thick, and is lying confor- rocks, and are covered by Middle Triassic and Jurassic rocks. 2. Permian tectonic development is mostly related to the and brome. In recent years large deposits of bischoffite have
mably on the Kartamysha suite. It consists of sandy-clays with Deep diamond drilling also encountered Permian strata in the Saalian phase of the Hercynian orogeny. been discovered in the Mykytiv and Slovians’k suites. In the
layers (1-5 m) of limestones, dolomites and anhydrites. Within Crimean part of the Scythian Plate. In the Al'ma trough (Tark- 3. The red-colored terrigenous rocks of the Kartamysh suite in zone of salt domes in the Depression, the Lower Permian dom-
the northwestern part of the Bakhmut trough there are also lay- hankut region) at 817 to 1237 m depth intervals there are the Bakhmut Depression of the Donets'k Basin are evidence of inantly carbonate strata contain hydrothermal-metasomatic
ers of salt of considerable thickness. Close to the boundary with Permian dolomites, dolomitized and oolitic limestones. In the their molasse-like orogenic character. deposits of pyrite with zinc and mercury mineralization
the Dnipro-Donets' Depression this suite has four layers of rock same area, some terrigenous Permian deposits also have been 4. The Dnipro-Donets' tectonic depression started to form only (Slovians’k deposit), or carbonate veins with galena and spha-
salt, up to 25-55 m in total thickness. intersected. They consist of argillites and sandstones and have in the Permian period. lerite mineralization (Stepkivka deposit).

76 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-TRIASSIC (248.2±4.8 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 77

 PRE-PERMIAN (290.0 Ma) margin of the depression the Lower Carboniferous terrigenic thick) lies with interruptions on the Devonian. This member
rocks are free of coal deposits. The middle Carboniferous stra- consists of pelitomorphic, organic detrital dolomitized lime-
The Pre-Permian slice map of the Carboniferous period illus- ta are coal-bearing over the entire Donbas and along its slopes. stones. The Visean member (700 m thick) consists also of pelit-
trates a wide distribution of the coal-bearing strata in the The Upper Carboniferous strata do not have any coal deposits omorphic detrital dolomitized limestones. In the Tatarbunary
Volyn’-Podillia area, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, the of economic significance. This section has a systematic increase area of Odesa oblast’, a terrigenous assemblage up to 300 to 400
Prypiat' graben and the Donets’ Basin or Donbas. in red-colored rocks that pass, without any significant break, m in thickness is lying on the Visean carbonates. This assem-
Deposits of the Carboniferous period are represented by three into the overlying Lower Permian red strata. blage consists of argillites with minor siltstones, sandstones and
divisions in the Donets' Basin: the Lower, the Middle and the To the northwest of the Donbas, within the Dnipro-Donets' coal beds 0.2 to 0.3 m in thickness.
Upper strata. The Carboniferous section is complete here and is Depression and the Prypiat' Depression, there is a decrease in The middle portion of the Variis’k structural-formational com-
practically uninterrupted. Significant erosion of the strata is evi- the amount of carbonate rocks and a corresponding increase in plex belongs to the coal-bearing units of the Scythian Plate. The
dent towards the margins of the Basin. In its central part, gen- the terrigenous strata. This indicates that the role of the marine lower section comprises rocks of various lithologic composition:
erally known in Ukraine as the "open Donbas", the Carbo- environment became less significant and the continental facies variable grain-size sandstones, coal-bearing schists and gray
niferous strata reach the surface and form an anticline, which became more important. limestones. The upper part of the section consists of coarse
disappears under the Meso-Cenozoic along its periphery. Within The character of the coal changes with its proximity to the mar- grain-sized terrigenic and shallow water carbonate deposits.
this part of the Basin the entire Upper Carboniferous section is gins of the Depression and in relation to some local structures. In summary, some of the characteristic features of the Pre-
missing, and in some sections significant portions of the Middle This is reflected in the lesser thicknesses of the coal layers, or Permian period are as follows:
Carboniferous strata are also missing. A complete Carboniferous even their disappearance. The thickness of the coal-bearing 1. During the Carboniferous period, large-amplitude down-
section is preserved in the western part of the anticline towards package varies from 500 m at the Chernihiv-Brahyn ridge, to dropping of ground produced great depressions (the Dnipro-
the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, in the Bakhmut and Kal’mius- 800 m at the southeastern edge of the Don-Dnipro Graben. In Donets' Depression, the L'viv-Volyn’ Depression, the Dobruja
Torets’ synclines. The thickness of the Carboniferous pile and the Prypiat' Depression the maximum thickness of the Foredeep).
each stratigraphic interval increase towards the axis of the fold. Carboniferous strata reaches 1300 m. 2. The Carboniferous period is characterized by a cyclicity of
Along its longitudinal section, the thickness also increases from In the Volyn’-Podillia area the Carboniferous strata fill the sedimentation and a diversity of litho-facies. This was a period Proterozoic granites, the cliff “Vysokyi Kamin’”, Zhytomyr oblast’
the northwest to the southeast. The maximum reconstructed Paleozoic age L'viv Trough. Here, the strata have been assigned of transgression from marine to continental sedimentation.
thickness of the Carboniferous pile is close to 1.8 km in the nose to the Lower and Middle Carboniferous period. The Tour- 3. Carbonates gave way to a predominantly terrigenic sedimen-
of the fold. On the northern limb (the Starobil’s’k-Millerovo naisian member measures up to 110 m in thickness, and con- tation in the second half of the Visean stage, marked by the
monocline) it is about 3.5 km, and on the southwestern limb sists of terrigenous-carbonate deposits – crystalline and clayey- development of coal beds. tain one of the world’s largest antimony-mercury ore deposits
(Krasnoarmiis’k monocline) it is close to 5.2 km in thickness. carbonates, interbedded with argillites and siltstones, and carry- 4. During the Middle Carboniferous era, shallow sedimentary (the Mykytiv–Donets'k area). The mineralization is localized in
A section of the Carboniferous pile in the Donbas and the Don- ing intercalations of sandstones and dolomites. basins existed. the Upper Carboniferous Druzhkivka-Kostiantynivka anticline
Dnipro graben is comprised of carbonate and a variety of ter- The Visean member, 270 to 700 m in thickness, relative to the 5. The Carpathian region has a sedimentary paleobasin of of the Donets' basin. Within the Dnipro-Donets' Depression the
rigenous rocks. other subdivisions of the Carboniferous, is the best developed. Carboniferous age. salt dome structures, comprising Middle to Upper Carboniferous
In the south and the southwest of the Donbas the ages of the It has an erosional disconformity at the base and lies on vari- 6. The axis zone of the Dnipro-Donets' Depression and the strata, contain barite-zinc-lead and mercury mineralization (such
Carboniferous strata fall into the Tournaisian and the Visean ous rocks of the Tournaisian member and the Devonian strata, Nahol'nyi Ridge in the Donets' Basin are the deepest portions as the Slovians’k, the Novodmytrivka, the Stepkivka deposits).
stages. The thickness of this section varies from 50 to 600 m. In and on the Northern Volhynian Uplift it lies directly on the of these coal-bearing basins. They contain huge accumulations 14. In the folded Donbas there are hydrothermal gold deposits
the north the carbonate assemblage includes the Tournaisian, Silurian and Middle Cambrian rocks. The lower section of this of coal deposits. (the Bobrykiv and the Hostrobuhor) and showings (the My-
the Lower Visean and the Serpukhovian stages, and still further member is represented by limestones, siltstones, argillites and 7. Early Bashkirian sediments are replete with coal beds from khayliv and the Yesauliv) in the Middle and Lower Carboni-
to the north, within the carbonate facies, the entire interval sandstones with rare thin layers of coal. The middle part of the 0.45 to 1.3 m in thickness, as at the Novovolyns’k deposit. ferous strata. The mineralization is polymetallic in nature with
from the Tournaisian to the Lower Bashkirian is represented. section measures 170 to 300 m in thickness. It consists of lime- 8. There are 20 mineable coal beds in the Upper Bashkirian lead-zinc-copper-silver assemblages and in places also with
Its thickness is in the order of 400 to 700 m. On the northern stones interbedded with minor sandstones, siltstones and coal, sediments in the Donbas. antimony-mercury and high lithium (donbasite) contents.
and southern margins of the Basin the carbonate strata are lying which change into bituminous limestones, intercalated with 9. Positve and negative paleostructures are well developed in the 15. Limestones of the Lower-Middle Carboniferous age, with-
directly on the crystalline basement rocks, whereas within the siltstones and rarely some beds of coal up to 0.35 m in thick- Carboniferous period. in the Starobil’s’k-Millerovo monocline on the southern
Graben structure there are Devonian rocks beneath them. ness. The upper part of the section is comprised of argillites 10. The Carboniferous Black Sea sedimentary basin is hypo- slopes of the Voronezh massif, contain small deposits and
Above the carbonate strata there are polyfacies deposits of and siltstones, rarely some minor coal beds, and measures 80 thetical. Its existence, however is suggested by the presence in showings of stratiform polymetallic mineralization. Here, coal
Carboniferous rocks. Here we have a cyclic repetition of to 180 m in thickness. this area, of "exotic" blocks of strata with Upper Visean, beds in the limestones of the Middle Carboniferous common-
marine, continental and transitional facies of rocks. In the ter- The Serpukhovian member, up to 270 m in thickness, is well Serpukhovian and Bashkirian biota, which indicate that there ly contain high concentrations of uranium and molybdenum
rigenic sequence, consisting of argillites, siltstones and sand- developed in the L'viv Depression, and lies conformably on the was an active deep fault in contact with a mega-aniticline on its (Markove deposit and numerous showings)
stones, there are close to 300 layers of limestone and coal. To Visean strata. It is represented basically by the terrigenic north side. 16. The Lower Carboniferous carbonate formations in the
the east, the coal-bearing facies of the Carboniferous period deposits of the lake-lagoonal type, which locally contain layers 11. The Moscovian layer in the Donbas consists of 50 mineable southern Donbas, close to the boundary with the Azov massif
gradually change into terrigenic deposits without coal or lime- of coal up to 2 m in thickness. The Bashkirian member is up to coal beds. of the Ukrainian Shield, contain hydrothermal-metasomatic
stones. This type of transition, from the lower horizons to the 240 m thick, occurs within synclinal structures and has a very 12. The Pre-Permian surface has rocks of different Carbo- fluorite deposits (Pokrovka-Kyriiv) and several vein showings.
upper ones, slides further and further to the east. In the coal- limited extent in Ukraine, since it is close to the international niferous ages in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, in the folded 17. From the Lower to the Upper Carboniferous there are a
bearing facies there are two maximum accumulations – in the boundary with Poland. Of the 14 layers of coal within its sec- the Donbas region, in the Dobruja and the L'viv Depression. In number of small exogenous iron deposits and showings which,
Upper Visean and the Upper Bashkir-Moscovian. The Upper tion, 7 have an economic thickness and are mined. The enclos- all these regions there are coal beds, with active coal mining in until 1915, provided the ore for the metallurgical industry in
Visean deposits are coal-bearing only in the soutwestern margin ing strata are sandstones, siltstones, argilltes, thin seams of coal the L'viv-Volyn' and the Donets’ basins. In the Dnipro-Donets' the Donbas.
of the Basin, in a belt from 10 to 20 km in width. Towards the and organogenic limestone. Depression the Carboniferous rocks are the main collectors of 18. The Carboniferous strata supply construction materials
center of the depression the coal beds thin out and there is a In the Fore-Dobruja Depression, Lower Carboniferous strata oil, gas and condensates. such as sandstones and limestones. A 10 m thick deposit of
corresponding disappearance of limestones. On the northern are not well known. Here, the Tournaisian member (134 m 13. Sandstones and argillites of the Middle Carboniferous con- very fine-grained limestone is used as a decorative facing stone.

78 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-PERMIAN (290.0 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 79

 PRE-CARBONIFEROUS (354.0 Ma) Devonian rocks are lying conformably over the Silurian rocks. In the Zadon-Yelets deposits (D3) there are tuffs, tuffites, tuffo-
In the early development of the Lochkovian stage, the edge and conglomerates and tuffo-sandstones.
The Pre-Carboniferous slice map of the Devonian period illus- the adjacent regions of the pericraton were deepened (the Erian The Upper Famennian volcanic rocks are well established in
trates the development of the Middle to Upper Paleozoic phase of tectogenesis). The activization of faults (Belz- a number of places where they occur under the coal deposits.
Hercynian structural column. The lower boundary of the Baluchyn, Nefediv) resulted in the shortening of the sea basin. In section there are two distinct sequences – a lower one,
Hercynian has much evidence of slippage and movement. The development of the northern part of the pericraton was consisting mainly of basic and intermediate compositions,
Whereas in the eastern and western regions of the platform, limited by the emergence of the Kovel' ridge. In the second half and an upper one, consisting of felsic volcanic rocks such as
which are parts of the mobile zones and were sites of the trans- of the Early Devonian only the Boyanets’ Depression was still liparites and felsites.
gression of the Devonian sea, there are rocks of the Emsian an active sedimentary basin in the Praha-Emsian stage. This In the Fore-Dobruja Depression, diamond drilling has encoun-
stage, in the larger central part of the plate there are rocks that Depression is related to the Roztochchia mobile zone and was tered amphibolites of approximately Devonian age.
correspond to the Eifelian stage. the locus of a thick accumulation of red terrigenous rocks, or The salient features of the Pre-Carboniferous era are as follows:
The Devonian rocks are the most widespread. They include the Dnister series of molasses. This series consists of sandstones, 1. This was a period of active movements and structural trans-
Middle and Upper members and some are found only in clays and siltstones up to 350 m in thickness. The continental formations (Lochkovian, Pragian and Emsian stages in the end
Lower member strata. In the southwestern part of the plat- red-colored deposits in the Fore-Dobruja Depression (D1) are of the Caledonian orogenesis; the Hercynian orogenesis started
form, the L'viv Depression of the Eifelian stage was formed, up to 100 m in thickness. from the Middle Devonian). The Middle Paleozoic L'viv Dep-
which in part overlapped with the Dnister pericratonic area. The Tiverian series in general is composed of limestones, marls, ression and the Dobruja Foredeep were formed at that time,
Here, rocks of the Eifelian member have not been subdivid- argillites, siltstones and sandstones. and the pericratonic Dnipro structure culminated its formation.
ed. Within the L'viv Depression, the Givetian stage strata, On Zmiinyi Island, Odesa oblast’, diamond drilling intersected 2. During the Pragian and Emsian stages the Volyno-Podillia
overlying the Eifelian member, consist of terrigenic deposits Lower Devonian rocks at a 14-300 m depth, where dolomitized terrain was a lowland with a network of small rivers. Dobruja
of quartzo-feldspathic sandstones and clayey rocks measuring limestones and marls with some limestone beds have been Foredeep was a sea basin.
from 10 to 100 m in thickness. Organic remains include acan- encountered. These rocks have not been subdivided. 3. The Prypiat'-Dnipro-Donets' graben formed in the Middle
thodes, spores and plants. Middle Devonian strata are deposited on the edge of the East Devonian. Vysachkiv saltdome, Devonian diapir structure, Poltava oblast’
In the Prypiat'-Donets' Depression, the Upper Frasnian sub- European Platform in the L'viv Depression. They consist of ter- 4. The volcanic eruptions occurred in the Breton phase of
member is represented by salt strata up to 900 m in thickness. rigenic-carbonate rocks which locally are sulfate-bearing. Their the Hercynian orogenesis (Dnipro-Donets' Depression,
In the L'viv Depression the deposits consist of limestones with thickness increases in the south-southeastern direction, from Donbas). Vulcanism was most active in the Semyluh time,
intercalations of anhydrite-bearing dolomites. This sequence is 115-130 m in the north near the Kovel' ridge, to 170-230 m on and significant activity was recorded in the Upper Frasnian
about 114 m in thickness. the southern side near Roztochchia. stage, or the Voronezh-Yevlaniv-Liven period.
Non-subdivided deposits of the Middle to Upper Famennian In the Donbas region the Middle Devonian strata are about 5. The process of sedimentation was complicated and not regu-
submember are present in the L'viv and Prypiat' Depressions. In 240 m in thickness. In the Mykolaiv suite (D2nk) there are lar. It was governed by the character of the tectonic movements
the L'viv section they include carbonate-terrigenic deposits. In rhythmically banded gravelites, sandstones and shales, and also and changes in the physical and geographical conditions in both
the lower part, they consist of an interbedded sequence of sandstones, argillites, platey dolomites and limestones, and sedimentary basins and ablation areas. In general, the trend in
dolomites, marls, clays, sands with layers of limestone, and in limestone breccias. Peridotites-pyroxenites of the Middle sedimentation was transgressive and regressive (Middle Paleozoic L'viv Depression, 6) the Upper Famennian stage
the upper part there are conglomerates. In total this section is Devonian are found on the boundary zone between the Donbas Devonian–Middle Famennian), followed by transgressive in the Donbas, Dnipro-Donets' Depression and the north-
about 300 m in thickness. structure and the Azov block of the Ukrainian Shield. (Upper Famennian–Upper Visean) in the Dnipro-Donets' ern slopes of the Ukrainian Shield.
The lower Prut synclinorium is composed entirely of deep water Starting with the Early Frasnian stage, the deposits that fill the Depression and the Donbas. In other regions (the northern 7. Hypothetical sea basins were in existence in Crimea and
sediments. The upper part of the Plate is covered by Devonian Dnipro-Donets' Depression (DDD), both in terms of facies and slope of the Ukrainian Shield, the southern slope of the the Carpathians in the Middle and Upper Devonian and
strata. A lower Devonian section consists of gray marls, lime- thicknesses, do not differ that much from the same-age deposits Voronezh Foredeep, the L'viv Depression and Dobruja Fore- possibly earlier.
stones, argillites with remains of brachiopods and ostracods, in the regions adjacent to the Depression. They formed under deep), only some elements of cyclic recurrence and sedimen- 8. The Devonian strata in Ukraine occur generally at great
and a sequence of red-colored siltstones and sandstones with- relatively quiet conditions, corresponding to the early stages of tation in general have been observed. depths. In the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, they contain oil
out any fossils. This section is about 370 m in thickness. The the Depression formation. 6. In the Upper Devonian, sedimentary basins occupied the and gas, potassic salt and bischoffite deposits.
Middle to Upper Devonian consists of dark-gray limestones The Late Frasnian stage marks a sharp change in the deposition same regions as in the Middle Devonian period. The largest Where the Devonian rocks reach the surface they contain
commonly dolomitized at the bases of the beds, and dolomites of the Devonian sediments – a change connected to the for- basins were in the territory of the Dnipro-Donets' Depres- copper in the slates (Dnister river area), or copper in the
with intercalations of anhydrites and argillites, measuring up to mation of the aulacogen structure (DDD). The unusual condi- sion. The most intense tectonic processes took place in the sandstones (southern Donbas).
1086 m in total thickness. tions of the formation of this depression imposed a specific DDD, where both folding and faulting occurred. Folding Minor hydrothermal showings of mercury, barite, lead, zinc
The Lower Devonian deposits (Lochkovian, Pragian-Emsian imprint on this geologic structure, separating it from the other was conducive to the formation of salt domes, brachyanti- and gold are known in the Devonian of southern Donbas
members) in the Volyn’-Podillia edge of the East European structures within the East European Platform. clines and other structures. Magmatic activity resulted in and Dobruja. In the southern Donbas, the alluvial deposits
Platform, consist of an assemblage of carbonate-terrigenic One of the distinguishing features of the Depression is the pres- volcanic eruptions. The following stages are distinguished, of Middle Devonian filling the paleostreams on the Azov
marine Tiverian series, and terrigenic continental Dnister ence of volcanic flows of more than one age in the Devonian which characterize the physico-geographic conditions and massif of the Ukrainian Shield contain stratiform uranium-
series. The deposits dip in the southwestern direction so that period. Vulcanism lasted for a long time, from the Early the process of sedimentation in each region: 1) the thorium deposits.
they can be found down to 3.5 km depths, and there is a corre- Frasnian stage to the Late Frasnian stage (D3). The volcanic Frasnian-Lower Famennian in the Paleozoic L'viv depres- The Devonian limestones and dolomites from the southern
sponding increase in the thickness of the beds and an increase rocks of the Voronezh age (D2) include olivine basalts and alka- sion, 2) the Frasnian-Middle Famennian in the Dobruja Donbas are used as metallurgical flux, building materials,
in the thickness of the section at deeper levels. The maximum line basalts, and rarely andesite-basalts and trachytes. The vol- Foredeep, 3) the Frasnian-Middle Famennian in the gravel, raw material in the manufacturing of cement, and as
thickness is found in the Roztochchia zone of the L'viv canic rocks of the Yevlaniv-Liven age (D3) are composed pri- Donbas, 4) the Frasnian-Middle Famennian in the Dnipro- facing stones. In the L'viv Depression there are gypsum,
Depression, where it reaches up to 1500 m. The Lower marily of andesites and andesite-basalts. Donets' Depression, 5) the Middle-Upper Famennian in the limestone and dolomites of Middle-Upper Devonian age.

80 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-CARBONIFEROUS (354.0 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 81

 PRE-DEVONIAN (417.0 Ma)

PRE-DEVONIAN (417.0 Ma) be a reference Silurian section of international importance. It within the boundary zone between the deep sea and near- med, and the Rava-Rus'ka zone was joined to the East
is subdivided into three series: the Yarus series (Wenlock– shore facies in Volyn’-Podillia. European Platform.
The Pre-Devonian slice map shows the distribution of the Lower Ludlow) of 80-120 m thickness, the Malynovets' series After a long stage of tectonic stability, during the Upper Or- The Silurian, dominantly carbonate, rocks are common in
Silurian marine terrigenous-carbonate strata deposited in the (Ludlow) of about 140 m thickness, and the Skalka series dovician-Lower Silurian period, the sagging of the marginal the Volyn’-Podillia Plate. They are also found on the sur-
Dnister Foredeep. There is evidence also of a lateral variation (Przhydolian) of about 170 m thickness. These series have trough resumed, resulting in the accumulation of graptolite- face in the Dnister river area and in the valleys of the
of sediments, related to two structural-facies zones – the been further subdivided into suites on the basis of composition bearing shales (Rava-Rus'ka zone). Subsequent folding Zbruch and Smotrych rivers. These rocks are used as con-
Kovel'-Khotyn shelf zone on the eastern side of the basin, and and structural-textural features in the limestones. caused the formation of the foredeep structure and an asso- struction materials and in the manufacturing of cement. The
the L'viv-Kolomyia continental slope zone on the western side The L'viv-Kolomyia structural-facies zone is represented by ciated frontal depression which became filled with red-col- Silurian limestones commonly have small occurrences of
of the basin. The first zone comprises mainly carbonate sedi- more of the deep-sea carbonate terrigenous sediments (Wen- ored molasse sediments of the Dnister series (Lower lead and zinc. The Dumaniv occurrence contains galena-
ments of genetically different origins – from the open-sea to lock-Przydolian), such as marl, limestone and abundant Devonian). sphalerite-pyrite-barite-fluorite assemblages.
near-shore and lagoonal facies. A Silurian section with excel- graptolite-bearing argillites. Their total thickness in the Subsequently, during the Caledonian orogeny, the grapto- Associated with the Silurian rocks is the Zbruch mineral
lent exposure in the Podolian Dnister region is considered to composite section attains 800 m. Fossil reefs are common lite shales were dislocated, a geosynclinal structure was for- water of the type "Naftusia" in the Khmel'nytskyi oblast’.

82 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-SILURIAN (443.0 Ma)

PRE-SILURIAN (443.0 Ma) parts by the Luts'k-Ternopil' longitudinal uplift. A long break in are two Ordovician series – the Molodivka and the Vyzhhiv structure. This type of geological section is quite similar to the
sedimentation took place in the Early and the Middle Ordovician. series. The Molodivka series (Upper Ordovician) covers the coeval Polish and Belarus analogs. The rocks of the Rava-
The Pre-Silurian slice map of the Ordovician period shows a new These changes were closely connected with Salairian orogeny western and southwestern slopes of the Ukrainian Shield (in the Rus'ka zone differ substantially from the platformal carbonate
stage in the pericratonic development of the Dnister Foredeep. It within the neighboring mobile belt (the Kokhanivka zone). eastern part of the Foredeep), transgressively overlaps the sequence of the Foredeep. This zone, which has the shape of a
is characterized by a change from a terrigenous sedimentation A change in the structural plan of the Ordovician led to a Cambrian and Vendian rocks with stratigraphic disconformity, trough, shows a progressive sagging during the Ordovician.
into a predominantly carbonate facies. Also, there was a migra- change in the lateral facies of rocks into a western and an east- and is disconformably covered by the Silurian strata. The total Here, during the Early and Middle Ordovician, after a pro-
tion of the deepest parts of the structure to the northwest, pro- ern limb of the Foredeep, separated by the Luts’k-Ternopil’ thickness of the Molodivka series is in the order of 5-7 m. longed period of no sedimentation, a new accumulation of
ducing the Baltic syncline and the Polish section of the Baltic Sea Uplift. There is also an interruption in the sedimentary accu- Within the Fore-Dobruja area, the Pleshiv suite (sandstones of dark-gray argillites with thin layers of limestone occurred. The
coastal area, as well as the partial incorporation of the Fore- mulation over much of the territory, which occurred in the about 25 m thickness) is considered to be the time-equivalent limestones are fossiliferous and contain graptolites, bra-
Dobruja area into the Dnister Foredeep structure. Early and Middle Ordovician time. All of these changes are of the Molodivka series. chiopods and ostracods.
Tectonic movement of the Earth's crust changed the geological related to the Salairian orogeny which were also affecting the The Vyzhhiv series (Lower-Middle Ordovician), measuring up Polymetallic stratiform occurrences are known in the Ordo-
structure of the Ordovician deposits and the longitudinal differen- adjacent mobile belt (the Kokhanivka zone). to 50-60 m thickness, covers the Paleozoic Volynian Uplift and vician sandstones of the Volyn’-Podillia plate (Starovyzhiv and
tiation of the Foredeep by separating its Western and Eastern Within the marginal part of the Volyn’-Podillia Platform, there L'viv Trough which belong to the western part of the Foredeep Zarichchia).

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 83

 PRE-ORDOVICIAN (495.0 Ma)

PRE-ORDOVICIAN (495.0 Ma) sists of glauconite-quartz sandstones and grayish-green glau- Platform. Thus, the Berezhkiv series consists of light gray quartz Adjacent to the Foredeep structure there is a trough-like paleo-
conite-bearing argillites (of the Baltic "blue clays" type) mea- sandstones, and greenish-gray siltstones and argillites formed in tectonic structure known as the marginal Fore-Halych trough. It
This Pre-Ordovician slice map of the Cambrian period shows suring in total thickness about 150 m. The second section, in different facies zones of a shallow sea. Maximum thickness of was reworked by the Salairian (Late Baikalian) and Caledonian
further developments of the Dnister Pericratonic Foredeep. the Podillia Uplift, instead contains gray and black massive the series reaches 400 m in the deepest areas as at the orogenies and filled with Cambrian clay-sand flysch rocks such
During the Cambrian period terrigenous rocks were deposited argillites covered by red sandstones and siltstones. The total Roztochchia zone. as black argillites with common beds of light quartzite-like sand-
in this area, and they are represented by the Baltic (Lower thickness of these deposits is less than 100 m. The Smoliar and Krativ series, developed in the Paleozoic stone and siltstone. Here, the Vendian and Cambrian rocks are
Cambrian), Berezhkiv (Lower-Middle Cambrian), Smoliar Towards the middle of the Lower Cambrian period a distinct Volhynian Uplift, comprise only terrigenous rocks – sandstone epigenetically altered and faulted, and form the basement of the
and Krativ (Middle-Upper Cambrian) series. The Baltic series change in the structural plan of the Foredeep occurred, as with beds of argillite and siltstone (the Kaplon’-Brody facies Kokhanivka zone of the West European Platform.
are as widely spread as the underlying Vendian rocks. Two dis- recorded in the Berezhkiv, Smoliar and Krativ series. Regions of zone) measuring up to 20 m in thickness. Analogs of the Polymetallic stratiform occurrences, which are present in the
tinctly different Baltic rock sections are known in Ukraine. maximum sinking in the Foredeep structure moved to the Smoliar series have been intersected by diamond drilling in the Ordovician sandstones of the Volyn’-Podillia plate, are also
The first one covers almost the entire Volyn’-Podillia Plate northwest and there was a shortening of the distance between Roztochchia zone of the Foredeep structure, but have been present in the underlying sandstones of the Lower Cambrian
(with the exception of the Podillia Basement Uplift), and con- the Volyn’-Podillia paleobasin and that of the East European studied insufficiently. (Berezhkiv Series).

84 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-CAMBRIAN (545 Ma)

PRE-CAMBRIAN (545 Ma) last-mentioned section was intersected in diamond drill holes – vendotenides, microfossils), and traces of fauna. Therefore,
in the Kokhaniv-Rava Rus'ka zone. the Vendian section of Ukraine, which preceded the
The Pre-Cambrian slice map of the Late Pre-Cambrian or The Lower Vendian stage of development of the structural-for- Cambrian period, can be taken as a good reference section
Vendian period reflects plate stage development of the East mational complex could be described as intermediate between for the Vendian rocks of the world.
European Platform. In Ukraine this development is exempli- an aulacogen (Riphean) and a plate (Late Vendian). It includes within the Podillia-Dnister river area, has a well-developed The upper Vendian has a number of useful mineral deposits –
fied by the Dnister Foredeep, a pericratonic structure that was glacial deposits of the Brody suite (50 m thick) and traps of lithologic differentiation, clear stratigraphic relationships commercial fluorite deposits (the Bakhtyn deposit in Vinnytsia
superimposed on the Riphean trough formed earlier in the thick Volhynian series (up to 500 m in thickness). This complex between various subdivisions and no structural complexities. oblast'), and occurrences of base metals, phosphorite, barite
Platform. In the Upper Vendian time it was united with mar- corresponds to the stage of development of the Riphean age These features facilitate detailed studies of these rocks. This and lithium. In addition, in the Volhynian series of Lower
ginal Halych syncline and formed a zone of the volcanism and Volyn'-Podillia Depression, and a gradual transformation of the section of the Vendian rocks has a number of advantages in Vendian, there are traps (basaltic flows) and the associated
sedimentation – the Mohyliv-Podillia volcanic terrigenous structural plan into a sedimentary accumulation. Towards the comparison to the Chinese and Australian analogs: the ease occurrences of native copper that assay up to several per cent of
series of about 170 m thickness, the terrigenous Kanylivka end of the Volhynian time the sedimentary strata acquired a of accessibility, the completeness of profile, the absence of copper. Associated with copper are minor but significant ele-
series (about 300 m) and the flysch sandy-clay rocks compris- distinct northwestern orientation. any long breaks in the sedimentation, the abundance and ments, including silver, gold and platinum group elements.
ing black argillites, with intercalations of quartzite-like sand- The Vendian sequence in Ukraine is one of the most repre- diversity of organic remains (such as Vendo-Ediacarian non- Barite veins are common. Saponitic clays from basic tuffs, asso-
stones and siltstones (over 500 m thick). The upper part of the sentative sections of Europe and Asia. It is well-exposed skeletal fauna, including the most ancient multicellular flora ciated with basaltic rocks, are found in the Rivne oblast'.

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 85

 PRE-VENDIAN (680±20 Ma)

PRE-VENDIAN (680±20 Ma) and the Chyvchyn, are also indicated on the map. Each one
can be subdivided into two different rock assemblages – an
On the Pre-Vendian slice map over 80% of the Ukrainian ter- upper nappe-like cover overthrusted on top of a flysch-like
ritory is underlain by crustal crytstalline, metamorphic and assemblage. The cover rocks consist of mesozonal schistose
intrusive rocks generally referred to as the Pre-Baikalian (Pre- gneisses (Bilyi Potik suite) up to 1500 m in thickness, and epi-
Riphean) assemblage, or the basement to the East European zonal schists (Dilove, Belebas and Mehur suites in the
Platform. Metamorphic complexes of the Lezhai Massif found Chyvchyn Mountains) up to 2500 m in thickness. The age of
at the base of Sambir and Bil'cha-Volyn' zones of the these metamorphic rocks is generally taken to be Pre-Late
Forecarpathian Deep belong to the young West European Paleozoic, but this needs further verification.
Platform. They are part of the Sakian series of Upper Riphean Most of the investigators, basing themselves on the radiomet-
age and consist of chlorite-sericite, sericite-quartz-chlorite, ric dating, distinguish Riphean and Vendian-Cambrian parts of
phyllite and quartzite rocks, with small tight fold patterns. the section in these rocks. In this connection they also have
Their grade of metamorphism and lithological character sug- shown evidence of the plant remains which are charateristic of
gest that they could represent a metamorphosed flysch assem- of magmatism. Sheet-like intrusions consist of gabbro-diabas- the Paleozoic era.
blage. According to our geophysical data, rocks of similar char- es and gabbro-dolerites. There are also basaltic flows and tuffs. In the Ukrainian territory, Riphean rocks reach the surface at
acter and age are anticipated to be also present in the The Ovruch depression is another paleotectonic structure a number of places.
Roztochchia zone of the West European Platform. where the oldest platform deposits are found. The lower part of 1. In the Ovruch-Bilokorovychi system of grabens, the Riphean
The Pre-Vendian section marks the initial, pre-plate stages of the series, represented by the Zbran'kivtsi suite, is undoubted- rocks occur as riftogenic effusive-terrigenic formations. The
formation of the sedimentary cover of the East European ly of Riphean age. This suite consists of quartz porphyries, por- basal alluvial conglomerates and sandstones are known to con-
Platform. The cover rocks represent an accumulation of the phyrites, phyllites and sandstones. Within the sediments there Devonian to Carboniferous age, then it is possible that the tain small diamonds and elevated concentrations of gold. Stra-
Middle to Upper Riphean red-colored continental terrigenous are Middle Riphean micro-phytofossils. Radiogenic dating of Tovkachi suite is of Paleozoic age also. tigraphically higher up, in the effusive-sedimentary sequences
sediments of the Polissia series, which fill the Volyn’-Polissia the quartz porphyries, however, gives ages ranging from 1340 The map also indicates the possible presence of Pre-Vendian there are hydrothermal occurrences of uranium, molybdenum
depression in the internal platform area. This depression is an to 1380 million years, which could be taken to indicate con- rocks in the lowermost parts of the Dnipro-Donets' and fluorite, and also pyrophyllitic schists and quartzites.
integral part of the Riphean system of aulacogens and grabens siderably older ages for these sediments than the Riphean. The Depression. Although these rocks have not been actually 2. On the western slope of the Ukrainian Shield, the platfor-
of the platform, the roots of which (according to the geophys- total thickness of the Zbran'kivtsi suite is up to 380 m. The found, the geophysical surveys over the southeastern part of mal red sandstone of the Middle-Upper Riphean age has some
ical data) are under the Carpathian Mountains. These roots upper part of the Ovruch series, represented by the Tovkachi the Depression have located a graben structure with specific near-shore marine placer-type ilmenite deposits.
trend at an angle to the Mountains and to the Halych mobile suite, consists of pink and raspberry-colored quartzite-sand- rocks that are distinctly different from the overlying Paleozoic 3. In the Rakhiv massif of the Carpathians, the Riphean-
belt. The Polissia series are rhythmically banded rocks. Each stones with intercalations of pyrophyllitic mineralization. Its and the underlying basement rocks. These specific rocks are Vendian metamorphosed underwater effusives of the Dilove
rhythmic sequence starts with clayey rocks and ends up with total thickness is over 1000 m. No good paleontological indi- characterized by velocities of 5.7-6.0 km/sec which are of the and Belebas suites contain the Sauliak gold ore body, a urani-
minor sandstones and siltstones. Their thicknesses are in the cators are present to define its age. Considering that many of same order as the velocities associated with the Riphean rocks um vein showing (Yavornyk), a stratiform lead-zinc deposit
order of 60 to 390 m. The total thickness of the series is about the investigators compare the Tovkachi suite to the upper part in the East European Platform. (Rakhiv), and many other copper, lead-zinc, barite, gold-
900 m. At three different levels of the series, there is evidence of the Bilokorovychi suite in the Bilokorovychi Depression of Two portions of the Marmarosh crystalline massif, the Rakhiv pyrite and uranium occurrences.

86 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

 PRE-RIPHEAN (1650±50 Ma)

SECTION IV. Geological slice maps 87

 PRE-RIPHEAN (1650±50 Ma) are also found in the Dnipro block. They are 3.31 to 3.29 Ga in mations and discontinuous, in places, is the cherty-carbonate-
Archean granites, Chmyrivka village, Kyiv oblast’
age and as such can be regarded as the oldest known greenstone metasandstone formation (Hdantsiv suite) which is considered
Pre-Riphean formations, or Precambrian rocks, are exposed or belts in this part of the Ukrainian Shield. This stage of the by many investigators as a tectonically emplaced plate, origi- northwestern part of the Shield, both in the Sushchany-Perha
covered by a thin sedimentary cover only within the Ukrainian development terminated at about 3.2 Ga and is also character- nally from a lower part of the section. tectono-magmatic northeasterly trending zone, and in the cen-
Shield, and are subdivided into Archean and Proterozoic eras. ized by ultrametamorphic plagiogranitoids. The early Proterozoic ultrametamorphic and intrusive com- tral Azov area, where they form a number of massifs of subal-
The Shield has a central position in the southern part of the The next stage of the late Archean tectono-magmatic cycle is plexes appear on the map over much of the territory of the kaline to alkaline granites and metasomatites.
East European Platform. dated at 3.15 to 2.90 Ga. It is well developed in the greenstones southern part of the East European Platform. Hence, differences in the makeup, composition and age of
The Pre-Riphean basement is comprised of metamorphic to of the Dnipro block. This greenstone consists of volcanogenic, Within the granulite blocks the ultrametamorphic rocks are rep- these structural matter complexes (SMC) determine the
ultrametamorphic, volcano-sedimentary, intrusive and metaso- sedimentary volcanogenic and sedimentary deposits that have resented by a complex of autochthonous rheomorphic grani- character and evolution of the geological processes during the
matic rocks of different ages. Their stratification is based on iden- undergone greenschist to epidote-amphibolite facies of meta- toids. They have an areal distribution trending in a northwest- entire Pre-Riphean period of the East European Platform. It
tifying successive tectonic-magmatic cycles represented by char- morphism. The greenstones here are lying unconformably over erly direction, or form cores of some antiformal structures. is possible to distinguish lateral and vertical types of SMC
acteristic combinations of sedimentary-volcanic and plutonic Lower Archean basement rocks of gray gneisses, and in places In the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the Ukrainian which form various stages of development of the Pre-Riphean
formations or their metamorphosed analog formed under high appear to be filling volcano-tectonic depressions between the Shield there are many granitoid complexes that formed as a basement: the Early Archean stage – the formation of gran-
P-T conditions in specific geodynamic environments. granitoid and the gneissic plagio-granitoid dome-like bodies. result of ultrametamorphic reworking of the early Proterozoic ulites and "gray gneisses"; the Middle Archean – the forma-
Lower Archean (rocks older than 3.4 Ga) is represented by In the Dnipro block of the Ukrainian Shield this stage ended and partly Archean rocks. There is a notable close relationship tion of granite-greenstone structures; the Late Archean-Early
basic-granulites and amphibolite-gneiss complexes. These with the intrusion of tonalites and plagiogranites, followed by between these granitoids and the antiformal structures. It is Proterozoic – the transfomation of the Early Archean struc-
complexes are characterized by progressive amphibolite to the discordant potassic granite plutons. possible to distinguish between the autochthonous, para- tures; the Early-Middle Proterozoic – a stage of collision and
granulite metamorphism and a wide distribution of granulite The following stage of the late Archean cycle is dated in the autochthonous, alochthonous and metasomatic granitic com- mountain building, or orogenesis (this stage culminated the
facies granitoid rocks. Lower Archean rocks are exposed on the interval between 2.800 and 2.715 Ga. It consists of gneissic gran- plexes. The age of these granitoids ranges from 2.0 to 1.9 Ga. construction of the basement of the East European Platform
Pre-Riphean slice map within the Podillia, western coast Azov ulites which are in continuum with the supracrustal granulite Gabbro-dioritic intrusions are commonly associated with large as we see it today); and the Late Proterozoic – a stage of acti-
Sea and Dnipro blocks and here and there in the rest of the sections of the Podillia and western Azov blocks, and the diaph- tectonic zones and their intersection junctures. The intrusions vation and rift genesis.
Ukrainian Shield. torite-granulite-amphibolite complexes of the Bila Tserkva block. are differentiated and range in age from 2.35 to 2.10 Ga. Not In the Pre-Riphean period of the Precambrian, all the phe-
In the granulite facies terrains there was a high grade metamor- The gneissic granulites, occupying areas between the dome uncommonly they form cores of anticlinal or dome-like struc- nomenal accumulations of iron occurred in such world-class
phism of moderate pressures over extended periods. Under cer- structures (in the interdome depressions), are of the high alumi- tures. Large intrusions include the Buky and Prutivka massifs, deposits as the Kryvyi Rih, the Kremenchuk and the
tain conditions, in the upper parts of this infrastruture, some na type, and also have associated quartzites, calcic rocks, iron- located on the northwestern part of the Ukrainian Shield. Bilozerka basins, with general resources of iron ore exceed-
granulite-diaphtorite-plagiogranite complexes were formed bearing quartzites, and graphitic and biotite gneisses. In the The Middle Proterozoic is represented by a group of plutonic ing 100 Bt. The maximum annual production of iron ore in
(diaphtorite is a lit par lit gneissic rock). Such complexes gene- gneissic granulite sections there are also basic and ultrabasic complexes, which in places are closely associated with stratified Ukraine was at about 125.5 mt.
rally show amphibolite facies of metamorphism and are accom- rocks, commonly as concordant sheets or sill-like bodies. sedimentary-looking rocks. This group also contains leptite- The Archean granite-greenstone complexes contain nickel,
panied by granitic rocks formed by metamorphism. The amphibolite-diaphtorite complexes are present as slices in gabbro-granodiorite (Osnyts’k), anorthosite-rapakivi-granite chromite, molybdenite and gold deposits in the Dnipro region
The supracrustal rocks in the granulite facies of Archean blocks synclinal, isoclinal, and monoclinal folds of northwestern and (Korosten') and syenite-granosyenite (Oktiabrs’ke and southern and Boh (Southern Buh) river area. There are also abundant
are represented by hypersthene gneisses, ranging in composi- submeridional orientations in the ultrametamorphic granitoids. Kal'chyk) complexes. A leptite-gabbro-granodiorite complex is high-quality graphite deposits (Southern Buh, Burtyn, Petrivka,
tion from basalt to rhyolite. These gneisses commonly have a The structural matter complexes (SMC) of the Early Protero- developed at the northwestern margin of the Ukrainian Shield Sachky regions) in the metamorphosed terrigenic-sedimentary-
vertical variation. In the lower section are the hypersthene zoic tectono-magmatic cycle are most widely developed in the and comprises felsic and basic volcanic rocks, and plutonic gab- carbonaceous strata.
gneisses (up to 3000 m thick), and in the upper parts they grade Volyn' and Kirovohrad blocks and in the Inhulets’-Kryvyi Rih bro-diorite-granite rocks. The ages of these rocks range from Associated with the Proterozoic granitoids there are widespread
into kinzigites, or biotite-garnet gneisses. Originally these latter juncture zone. In the general structure of the basement, the gra- 1.95 to 2.03 Ga. The anorthosite-rapakivi-granites are repre- uranium and gold deposits. Later alkaline granitoids and zones
rocks were probably sandy-clayey deposits, or possibly some nitoid-metaterrigenic complexes of the Early Proterozoic form sented in the Korosten' pluton, located in the northwestern part of tectono-magmatism and tectono-metasomatism are charac-
altered volcanics of dacite-rhyolite compositions. The supra- an independent structural cover. Their stratified sequences are of the Ukrainian Shield, and in the Korsun'-Novomyrhorod terized by rare metals, rare earth elements, and fluorite miner-
crustal rocks do not have any sizeable areal distributions and commonly found lying unconformably over the granulite, dia- pluton, located in the central part of the Ukrainian Shield. alization in the Volyn', Kirovohrad and Azov regions.
occur generally as remnants in the granitoid rocks. phtorite-granulite-amphibolite and tonalite-greenstone basement. They include anorthosites, gabbro-anorthosites, gabbros, gab- Ultramafic-carbonatite complexes contain rare metals-apatite
The plagiogranite-amphibolite-plagiogneissic complexes, gener- The Early Proterozoic section of the Volyn' and Kirovohrad bro-norites and gabbro-diabases. The age of the rapakivi gran- deposits in the Chernihiv zone of the Azov region, and the
ally known as gray gneisses, are the main country rocks in the blocks (Teteriv an Inhulo-Inhulets’ series) consists of gneissic ites is 1.75 ± 0.10 Ga. ultramafic-mafic complexes have associated copper-nickel sul-
greenstone belts in the Kursk-Dnipro megablock. The main com- schist complexes that formed in the 2.46 to 2.36 Ga time inter- The syenite-granosyenite complexes are developed on the east- fide mineralization (Buky massif). In the Middle Proterozoic
ponents of the complexes are plutonic-metamorphic and supra- val. The supracrustal deposits are zonally metamorphosed under ern side of the Azov block, including the Oktiabrs’ke, the period there is a widely developed volcano-plutonic association
crustal formations having mineral assemblages in the amphibolite conditions of amphibolite to epidote-amphibolite facies. In the Kal'chyk, and the Yelanchyk massifs. Within the complexes (Korosten', Korsun'-Novomyrhorod) with gabbro-anorthosite-
facies of metamorphism. The supracrustal rocks occur as xeno- high temperature zones there are widely distributed ultrameta- there are three groups of rocks – 1) basic and ultrabasic, rapakivi granite plutonic complexes carrying huge resources of
liths and relics in the ultrametamorphic plagiogranitoids. On a mophic transformations in various granites and migmatites. A 2) hybrid rocks, and 3) nepheline and alkaline syenites, gra- ilmenite-bearing gabbros, unique topaz-morion pegmatites,
regional scale both the metamorphic and the plutonic rocks have typical supracrustal sequence of the Lower Proterozoic is found nosyenites and subalkaline granites. and irridescent labradorites.
the same mineral fabric – parallel to the contacts. A full section in the Kryvyi Rih belt of the Ukrainian Shield. The belt trends The Late Proterozoic stage is characterized by a reduced relief There is a widespread development of colorful and decorative
of the plagiogranite-plagiogneiss complex has not been established with some interruptions in a north-northeasterly direction along in the Shield and its slopes, the formation of local depressions, stones including granites, gabbros, labradorites, quartzites, jas-
but it is estimated to be in the order of about 4 km. the Kryvyi Rih-Krupets deep-seated fault. and local manifestations of alkaline and siliceous-alkaline pillites, marbles, dolomites and unakites (epidotized rocks).
The early Archean tectono-magmatic cycle culminated at The Kryvyi Rih series formed during an interval from 2.23 to metasomatism in the activated zones of the long-lasting deep- The Ukrainian Shield is one of the best endowed Precamb-
about 3.4 Ga. 1.80 Ga and are lying, with interruptions, on a greenstone base- seated faults. The activated zones lasted for a long time, their rian regions in the world in terms of mineragenic potential for
The early stages of the Middle Archean are represented by the ment. They consist of metaconglomerate-schist and jaspillite- ages ranging from 1.6 to 1.0 Ga. the deposits of iron, graphite, ilmenite, uranium, rare metals
Kosiv greenstone belt in the western Azov block. Similar rocks chert-schist formations. Lying unconformably over these for- The metasomatic rocks are known to occur in the marginal and noble metals.

88 SECTION IV. Geological slice maps

T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

section V

LITHOLOGICAL-FACIES MAPS
■ Middle Eocene (Kyiv suite and its age analogs)

■ Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Santonian)

■ Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

The aim of the lithological-facies maps is to enhance understanding of result of changes in the salt content in mixed waters, temperature, pH
how the paleogeographic, sedimentary, denudation, climatic, physico- conditions, carbon dioxide content and other physico-chemical condi-
chemical, and biological processes influenced the formation and areal tions of the mixed waters.
distribution of mineral deposits. The distribution and magnitude of phosphorite-bearing areas are prob-
In total, 26 lithological-facies and paleogeographic maps of Ukraine (from ably governed by the differences in the upwelling manifestation. In
Mesozoic through Cenozoic stages) have been compiled by "Geoproh- general, these are probably related to the tectonic mechanisms that
noz", a State geological company. The maps provide a reconstruction of the started the water upwelling, chemistry of the cold waters, deep water
paleogeographic environments (climate and physic-chemical characteris- currents and other features of the Thetys ocean of that time. More
tics of the basins, sedimentation and denudation processes) and thus estab- specifically, the upwelling is considered to be related to:
lish some relationships in the formation and distribution of different min- – the steady upwelling of deep waters, enriched by gaseous compo-
eral deposits. This Atlas includes only 3 of these maps which are character- nents derived through the faults associated with dome-like structures,
istic of this stage of geological development. Two of these maps illustrate – the redistribution of mineralized waters by deep water currents over
phosphorite formations and their localization. great distances,
The formation of phosphorite deposits is connected to oceanic water – the appearance of favorable environments of redox conditions for the
upwellings. In this process, cold water currents, rising from deep ocea- precipitation of elements.
nic environments, carry dissolved phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen and These features are well tied in to the model of phosphatic accumulations
biogenic components. The geochemically active phosphorus, and other on the Ukrainian territory. The current lithological-facies maps illustrate
elements, are concentrated by precipitation on the marine shelves as a the conditions of formation of the phosphatic strata.
 Paleogene rocks, Urych Rocks, L’viv oblast’ Paleogene rocks, Dovbush's Rocks, Ivano-Frakivs'k oblast’ Paleogene rocks, Gorgan, Gorgany Mountains,
Ivano-Frakivs'k oblast’

MIDDLE EOCENE (37.0 - 49.0 Ma) the Crimean flatlands there are two distinct lithological assem- from the main mass, but it has a different mechanical com-
(Kyiv suite and its age analogs (37.0 - 45.0 Ma) blages of carbonates, including gray sandy limestones and position and a carbonate content. sandy-clay formations, siliceous sandstones, sandstones with
marls, and light gray limestones with intercalations of marls. On the northwestern margin of the Donets' Basin, the condi- spicules and sponge remnants, spongiolites and limey clays.
Bathymetric conditions of sedimentation in the Middle Eocene The first assemblage is common in the northeastern flatlands, tions of sediment accumulation are close to those in the Alternation of clays and inequigranular clayey sands with peb-
Kyiv basin were dominated either by deep or shallow shelf and consists of sandstones at the base, overlain by light gray and Dnipro-Donets' Depression. Here, the same two assemblages, bles is observed in places close to the Azov Sea coastal massif.
accumulations: greenish gray limestones, with intercalations of marls. Its thick- as described above, are present – a lower phosphoritic sand- On the uplifted portions of the Paleogene relief, there are either
1. In the Carpathians, the deep-water shelf strata are represent- ness is about 40 m. The second assemblage is represented in the stone (0.5-5 m thick) and an upper sandy marl (0-30 m). They no deposits or they are represented by limestones and sand-
ed by siltstone-argillite-sandstone and gritstone assemblages Indol region and consists of light gray and greenish gray mas- contain very rich faunal assemblages. stones. Their total thickness does not exceed 25 m.
that are interpreted as a medium-rhythmic flysch pile. These sive limestones with abundant fragmentary shell remains. It In the Middle Eocene period, the Kyivan Sea covered much In the northeastern portion of Ukraine, between the Psiol, the
rocks also carry agglutinated clusters, rarely calcareous, of measures up to 35 m in thickness. of the terrain in the central part of the Ukrainian Shield, close Vorskla and the Merlo rivers (Okhtyrka, Lebedyn and Trostia-
foraminifera and mollusk fossils. In the Paleogene stratigraphic In the northern part of the Black Sea Lowland, the shallow- to the Dnipro-Donets' Depression. Here, mostly shallow- nets’ regions) the sedimentary basin of the Kyivan Sea is filled
scheme of the Carpathians, a number of suites including the water shelf belt is also characterized by carbonate formations. water formations, of the littoral and supra-littoral zones, are mainly with sandy-clay rocks – such as clayey siltstones and
Vul'khivchyk, Drahiv, Velykobans’k, and Metiv are equivalent In the lower part there are marls and clays of brownish gray developed. The fact that at one time they were widespread is glauconitic sandstones, siltstones, and glassy-looking sandstones
to the Kyivan section. The Metivian suite rocks include marbles color, and in the upper part there are greenish gray marls with supported by their island-like distribution pattern in the (the Stebliv suite). They contain abundant remains of organisms
with rare layers of micaceous argillites, siltstones and limestones rare layers of clays. This section is about 50 m in thickness. northwestern, the northern and the southern Azov Sea por- with siliceous skeletons – such as radiolarians, diatoms and
and are widely distributed in the Marmarosh zone of the These rocks formed under relatively quiet conditions but a tions of the Ukrainian Shield. Within these zones the marls sponges, but there are practically no remains with calcareous
Carpathians. This suite measures 70-80 m in thickness. changing hydrodynamic regime. change laterally into clay, glauconitic limey sandstone and skeletons. The thickness of the sedimentary pile is up to 134 m.
2. The shallow-water shelf deposits of the Kyiv basin are found A belt of shallow-water shelf facies is widely distributed in the sandstone facies. Within these facies, there are in places abun- Fine- to medium-grained clayey sandstones (4-5 m thick), and
on the territories of Crimea, the Black Sea Lowland, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression (in the southwestern, the central, dantly developed phosphorites of sand-size particles. They the patchy colored siltstones (8 m thick) contain fine-grained
Dnipro-Donets' Depression and the sloping parts of the and partially in the northeastern portions), in the Donets' could be described as phosphorite sandstones and have phosphoritic beds of various dimensions.
Ukrainian Shield. Carbonate formations, consisting mainly of Basin (its northwestern margin), and along the slopes of the potential economic interest. The phosphorites, present in the 3. Various sediments accumulated in the lowlands near the sea
carbonate rocks (light gray and white limestones with variable Ukrainian Shield. Two series of rocks are distinguished there lower sections, are coarse grained and contain quartz, clays coast, in the shallow-water lagoons, river flood plains, estuaries
amounts of clay, light gray and greenish gray marls and limy – the lower one consists of phosphoritic sandstones, and the and carbonates. They are lying unconformably on the crys- and deltas in the Kins’ka-Yaly trough and in the Orikhiv depres-
clays), are abundant in Crimea and the Black Sea Lowland. upper one of marls. These constitute the most complete geo- talline rocks, or chalky, marine or continental sediments of sion. Here, the sediments are represented mainly by carbonaceous
The deepest areas are associated with relatively small depres- logical section of the Kyiv suite. In addition, the marls can be the Buchach suite. The thickness of the phosphoritic sand- terrigenous deposits – quartz sandstones, in places with layers and
sions and basin-like structures in some parts of Crimea. To the further subdivided into three units on the basis of the radio- stones is of the order of 10 m, and in the Bovtysh Depression lenses of clay and brown coal, secondary kaolin, glauconite-quartz
north of the Crimean Mountains, in the Holitsyn and Syvash larian intercalations. Each unit has a distinct micro-fauna, (a meteorite impact site) it is up to 40 m in thickness. sandstone and variable grain-size quartz sandstones with layers of
regions, there are widely developed limestones and light-col- and is of a different thicknesses. The lithological composition In the Azov Sea coastal section of the Ukrainian Shield, the lit- siltstone, more rarely clay, and rounded pebbles of quartz and
ored massive marls measuring up to 120 m in thickness. Within of the intercalations apparently does not differ significantly toral and supra-littoral zones are made up of calcareous and quartz-feldspar. Their total thickness is up to 25 m.

90 SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps

 MIDDLE EOCENE
(KYIV SUITE AND ITS AGE ANALOGS)

LEGEND
FACIES AND LITHOGENETIC MODEL OF SEDIMENTATION

Open deep (outer) Open shallow-water (inner) Lowland of seaside

shelf shelf accumulative plains

Flooded Coastal
shallow plains with
Zone

Epiba- Moderate Sublit- Littoral Supralit-

thyal deep sea toral toral water area seaside
within lakes and
lagoon, swamps
Lower Upper Lower Upper Upper delta,
and liman,
middle estuary

Potential phosphorite areas:

I – Ratne
II – Novyi Burluk
III – Troyits'ke-Markivka
Macrolithotypes
Quartz-glauconitic sand underlying
Outline of the coeval deposits Deposit:
Siltstone- Marl- Sand- Poorly Limy Terrige- Carbona marl-chalk phosphorite-bearing 1 – Ratne
(facies)
argillite clay clay-marl sorted sand nous with ceous ter- strata
sandstone with with sand and volcanics rigenous
Showings:
with grit- fauna phospho- sand- and fauna Outline of contemporary distribution 1 – Zahoruikiv-Baranivka
stone beds rites stone оf the Middle Eocene deposits, Kyiv Absence of deposits 2 – Tanyushivka
suite and its analogs 3 – Pivnivka

SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps 91

 Cretaceous deposits, Netishyn village, Khmel’nyts'kyi oblast' Cretaceous deposits, Mizoch ridge, Mizoch, Rivne oblast' Cretaceous deposits, Kremenets', Ternopil' oblast'

UPPER CRETACEOUS (65.0 - 100.0 Ma) rents. In the western part of the Forecarpathian Depression, the shallow sea. Under conditions of frequent sea currents, some glauconite, and limey sandstones were deposited in the Kiliia
I (Turonian-Santonian (79.0 - 95.0 Ma)) accumulation of sediments included carbonate and clayey-car- cherty-carbonate and carbonate-terrigenous accumulations zone, an area between the Prut and Dnister rivers.
bonate muds with admixtures of sandy materials. were forming. Locally, there are rare layers of gritstone, opoka, Land deposits. Although much of the Ukrainian territory was
In the Upper Cretaceous period, the Turonian-Santonian ages, a In the northwestern part of the Dnipro Donets’ Depression, the and chalcedony. covered by sea during the Turonian-Santonian ages, there were
significant portion of Ukraine was under the sea. The sea basin Turonian-Santonian sediments are represented by clayey-carbon- A shallow sea also covered the western and southern parts of a number of uplifted portions of the Ukrainian Shield that
was large and relatively deep, with calm hydrodynamics and ate muds with cocolitic and foraminifera remains. The types of Ukraine, from the Volyn' and Podillia regions to the Crimean formed island-like land masses (the Vinnytsia, the Kirovohrad
decelerated sedimentation. It consisted of an open deep shelf and foraminifera present indicate both cold and warm water assem- Mountains. The sea water was salty and well aereated. Most of and the Lower Dnipro blocks, as well as the Near-Azov mas-
a sublittoral zone of an open shallow-water shelf. blages, apparently indicating that the salty sea water temperature the coastal region of the Black Sea and the Crimean Lowland sif). Similar land masses existed in the Donbas, the Crimean
On the territory of the present Carpathians in western Ukraine was changing. Towards the marginal parts of the Depression, and was covered by carbonate and cherty-carbonate muds with Mountains, the Dobruja, and the Krukenychi area of the
there was a sea basin of the geosynclinal type. Here, the sedi- approaching the folded Donets’ Basin, the clayey-carbonate sedi- minor admixtures of terrigenous materials. The Turonian-San- Forecarpathians.
mentation was slow and of the terrigenous-carbonate nature – ments increase in thickness on account of the addition of a sandy tonian deposits are characterized by homogeneous faunal The climate, during the Turonian-Santonian time, is charac-
carbonates and clayey-carbonates, sandstones, siltstones, and component and fragments of mollusk shells. assemblages of inoceram-oyster groupings. The presence of terized by increasingly warmer and drier conditions. This is
muddy-siltstones. The character of these rocks and the paleobi- In the Donbas, during the Turonian-Santonian time, sedimen- Crinoidea and Echinoderm fossils indicates that this was a nor- supported by the dominance of the carbonate deposits and the
ological remains (radiolaria, spicules of sponges, foraminifera, tation was accumulating under an open marine shelf environ- mal sea water environment. appearance of warm climate plants. The appearance of the cold
nanoplankton) indicate that this was a deep basin. ment. Here, the predominantly sandy accumulations of the Relatively deep sea water covered southeastern Crimea in the water foraminifera at various stages of the development of the
In Volyn’-Podillia there was an open sea basin where carbon- Cenomanian age changed to clayey-carbonate and clayey-cher- Bilohirs’k paleotrough and the Kerch peninsula. Here, mainly Turonian-Santonian basin points to the inflow of cold arctic
ate and in places clayey-carbonate muds with oysters and a ty accumulations in the Turonian-Santonian ages. The pres- clayey-carbonate sediments were deposited. Along the south- waters in the north. Thus, while the water temperature in the
variety of inocerams were deposited. Both the rocks and the ence of the cocolitoforids, inocerams and sea urchins indicates ern slope of the Ukrainian Shield some of the shallowest water Crimean area was about 26°C, in the northern part of Ukraine it
fauna indicate that this was a relatively quiet hydrodynamic that this was a normal salty sea water. deposits were accumulating carbonate and clayey-silty muds and was only 15°C. These estimates are based on the isotopic studies
regime, and only rarely are there any indications of sea cur- A good proportion of the Ukrainian Shield was also under a sands. Meanwhile, chalk-like limestone with organic detritus and of carbon and oxygen.

92 SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps

 UPPER CRETACEOUS
(TURONIAN-SANTONIAN)

LEGEND
FACIES AND LITHOGENETIC MODEL OF SEDIMENTATION

Open deep shelf Open shallow-water shelf

Moderate deep-sea Sublittoral

Lower Lower and middle Upper

Macrolithotypes

Argillite-sandstone- Limestone, Chalk-like lime- White chalk and

marl with fauna marl, white stone and marl chalk-like marl
chalk and with minor content with admixtures
chalk-like of chalk fragments, of sandy and
marl, with clayish limestone, siliceous material,
fauna dolomitized in siliceous lime-
places, with fauna stone, limestone,
marl, rarely Outline of distribution of the
Outline of coeval deposits (facies) Absence of deposits
sandstone Turonian-Santonian deposits

SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps 93

 Senomanian strata in the Dnister valley, Nahoriany village, Senomanian strata outcrop, Ustia village, Khmelnyts’kyi oblast’ Phosphorite concretions, Dnister area
Vinnytsia oblast’ (On the left, view of a section)

UPPER CRETACEOUS (65.0 - 100.0 Ma) deposits in this sea accumulated mainly as a result of weathe- organic remains it contained (Gavelinella cenomanika, Lingulo- the Dnipro-Donets’ Depression and the Donbas. They are asso-
II (Cenomanian (95.0 - 100.0 Ma)) ring and erosion by flowing waters. Here are found triaxonidae gavelinella globosa, Gavelinella vesca, Brotzenalla berthelini, Am- ciated mainly with the Early and Late Cenomanian strata, and
fossils, or sponges with siliceous skeletons. The environment phidonta), the marine basin was characterized by normal salt in the Cenomanian-Turonian conglomerates. Other than the
In the Upper Cretaceous period, the Cenomanian age, almost all of slow moving waters and good aereation produced a rich content and a normal hydrodynamic regime. Cenomanian, the coarse-grained phosphorites are found also in
the territory of Ukraine was under a warm-water sea of normal faunal assemblage – mollusks, bulbous and flattened sponges In the Donbas area, mostly sand, clay and siliceous sediments the Campanian period, where they were forming under quiet,
salinity. It was a shallow water platformal basin with some features with siliceous skeletons (Triaxonidae), oysters (Amphidonta were deposited in the shallow sea environment (upper sublit- sublittoral, shallow shelf environments of the Depression, the
of a geosyncline in the Crimea, the Carpathians and the Black Sea conica), sea urchins and corals. toral and littoral zones). These rocks indicate that the water was Donbas, and perhaps in the Volyn’-Podillia areas. Here, their
areas. Pieces of land, as separate islands, towered above the sea In the second half of the Cenomanian age, the Cenomanian sea mobile, well aerated and represented a gaseous regime of the concentration was enhanced by the reworking processes on the
level. These were parts of the Ukrainian Shield, the Donets’ ridge, basin was marked by its deepening and changing of sedimenta- sea basin. The presence of small gastropods and lack of oysters low relief bottom of the sea and by the structural-tectonic posi-
the Crimean Mountains, the Dobruja and other smaller uplifted tion to a carbonate detrital mode. New groups of fauna, inoce- point to an inflow of cold waters. tion as in the case of the Osykove deposit.
areas. Within the Dnipro-Donets’ Depression there was also an rams in particular, inhabited the sea. Their shells served as a Dry land, encircling the sea, was characterized by a denudation – The high carbonate strata occur in zones which are dis-
infuence from the cold borealic waters. The Lower Cenomanian rock-forming material for detrital limestones. landscape of weakly rugged topography in the Ukrainian Shield tant to the Turonian, Coniacian, Campanian, Maastrichtian
strata are mainly terrigenous. On the boundary between the early The shallowest part of the Cenomanian sea basin was situated and the Donets’ folded structure. An uplifted peneplain, 400- and Donbas depositional basins. The siliceous carbonate
and middle Cenomanian time interval a regression occurred, and in the Black Sea coastal depression, close to the dry land (the 500 m above sea level, and a denudational plain were distin- rocks, used for cement-making, occur in the peripheral por-
it was marked by interruptions in the sedimentary cycles and the Ukrainian Shield). Sandy sediments were widely distributed guished in the Crimean Mountains. Their intensity of erosion tions of these basins.
appearance of phosphorite deposits. here. Clayey-carbonate and siliceous sediments with significant depended on the chemical and physical-mechanical character- – The tripoli and opoka features of the sediments are associated
Carbonate sedimentations coincided with these interruptions amounts of silt and sand materials were formed between the istics of the strata, and also on the hypsometry of the terrain. with the sublittoral Upper Campanian strata, but less common in
and marked the beginning of the transgression in the second present-day south Dnister, Buh and Dnipro rivers, in the Cri- The temperature of the sea water in the Cenomanian basin in the Maastrichtian of the L’viv Depression, and in the margins of
o
half of the Cenomanian age. mean Mountains, the Kerch peninsula and the Azov Sea Crimea was around 20 C. Results from studies of the the Donbas. The globular cristobalite-bearing silicites from these
The Carpathian basin developed along the southwestern mar- coastal area, under conditions of the shallow-water shelf envi- Cenomanian marine fauna and microfauna suggest that there areas are a good substitute for the semiprecious, highly prized sil-
gin of the East European Platform. Here, carbonate and ronment or the upper sublittoral zone. was a moderately warm climate in the Dnipro-Donets’ icagels and other cherty rocks imported from other countries into
clayey-carbonate muds, as well as clayey silts with sand layers, Relatively deep-water conditions (or the middle sublittoral Depression and the Donbas areas, and a subtropical climate in Ukraine. Besides the cristobalite-bearing silicites, there are also
were deposited under conditions of a moderate-to-deep water zone) were in existence in the Crimean Lowland, Tarkhankut the Crimea and the coastal area of the Black Sea. occurrences of opal and varieties of chalcedony. The latter is
zone and a deep shelf environment. Judging by the remains of peninsula and Karkinit trough. Carbonate and clayey-carbon- The paleogeographic and lithological-facies reconstructions used as a semiprecious stone, and also in the chemical and elec-
the inocerams, the marine waters had good aereation and nor- ate sediments accumulated in the basin with low hydrodynam- allow a better understanding of the mineral potential, especially trical power industries.
mal salt content. A shallow epicontinental sea of the Volyn’- ic activity, while silty, sandy and cherty sediments were deposit- the hypergenic mineralization, in this period. They can be sub- – Concentrations of glauconite are associated with the Lower
Podillia was separated from the Carpathian region by the ed in the nearby uplifted areas. Faunal assemblage was not rich divided into two parts: the studies of separate systems of the Cenomanian shallow water deposits in the Volyn’-Podillia, the
Swietokrzyskie-Dobruja ridge. Within this epicontinental sea, and consisted mainly of inocerams. Within the Crimean flat- sphere (such as paleogeology, its ancient relief, paleohydros- Dnipro-Donets’ Depression, the northwestern margin of the
deposition of sand, gravel and pebble sediments was produced lands there was some volcanic activity and this is recorded by phere, ancient climate, living organisms), and the reconstruc- Donets’ Basin, and also in the Maastrichtian of the northern
by strong bottom current. At this time there was no large land the volcanogenic sedimentary intercalations in the carbonate tion of ancient landscapes and nature as a whole. The maps so Donbas. Glauconite mineral contains 3-13% potassium oxide.
mass in this area. To the east of the epicontinental sea, the and clayey-carbonate sediments. constructed can then be used for various purposes in geo-eco- The glauconite-bearing rocks are used to make potash products.
Ukrainian Shield rose as large islands. In the southwest the At the same time, shallow sea sand and silt sediments were logical and hydrogeological investigations. – The distribution of the metallic mineralization in the Upper
epicontinental sea bordered on the geosynclinal Carpathian forming within the Dnipro-Donets’ Depression. In summary, here are some of the more important conclusions Cretaceous rocks has not been well investigated. There are
Sea. And in the north there were a few islands related to the The Upper Cenomanian is marked by intensified transgression about the Cenomanian age: known occurrences of zirconium and titanium close to the con-
Polissia ridge. As a result of such an environment very little and formation of carbonate-clay sediments containing abundant – The yellowish coarse-grained phosphorites are localized in the tact layer with the underlying Precambrian basement rocks. In
terrigenous sedimentary material was added to this basin. The organic remains. Judging by the lithology and the variety of the sublittoral environments of the Volyn’-Podillia, the margins of the L’viv Depression, there are occurrences of celestite.

94 SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps

 UPPER CRETACEOUS
(CENOMANIAN)

LEGEND
FACIES AND LITHOGENETIC MODEL OF SEDIMENTATION

Open deep shelf Open shallow-water shelf

Sublittoral Sublittoral, littoral

Zone

Moderate deep sea

Middle Upper Upper

Deposits of phosphorites:
1. Krolevets’
2. Stets'kivka
3. Osykove
4. Nezvys’ko
5. Kovalivka
Phosphorite – potential areas: 6. Dzhurzhivka
Macrolithotypes Quartz-glauconite sand underlying marl-
I – Seredyna-Buda 7. Zhvan
chalk phosphorite-bearing strata II – Manevychi-Klevan’
III – Zdolbuniv-Ternopil’
Silt-sandstone Clayish limestone White chalk and Sand and sand- IV – Semeniv
Distribution of Cenomanian deposits V – Zhvan-Khmel’nyts’kyi Phosphorite showings:
and marl with chalk-like marl, stone, with pro-
Argillite-marl beds of sandstone, organic-detrital nounced silicifica- VI – Northern Black Sea Lowland 1. Liuboml’
limestone, marl limestone, marl tion and phospho- VII – Komyshuvakha 2. Byten’
Outline of coeval deposits (facies) VIII – Oril’ka 3. Oleksiyivka
with fauna and and clay with rites
IX – Serebrianka 4. Bilohorodka
volcanic material increased content X – Kramators’k and Kryva Luka 5. Khot'kivtsi
of sandy material Absence of deposits XI – Troyits’ke-Markivka 6. Vil'shanka
XII – Yalanchyk 7. Stakharshchyna

SECTION V. Lithological-facies maps 95

T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

section VI

ECOLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPS

■ Hydrogeological districts

■ Surface geological processes

■ Impact of surface geological processes

■ Zones of ecological-geological risk

■ Landscape and geochemical zoning

■ Industrial waste load on geological environment

■ Natural radioactivity

■ Eco-geological situation
 Sluch river “Switzerland”, Sosnove village, Rivne oblast’ Kamianka river, Ivano-Frankivs’k oblast’ Waterfall on the Kamianka river, Ivano-Frankivs’k oblast’ Yaremchans’kyi Huk waterfall, Yaremcha, Ivano-Frakivs’k oblast’

HYDROGEOLOGICAL DISTRICTS Carpathian Mountains, and the Scythian subprovince, which In areas where there are clay deposits in the geological sec- On the other hand, there are about 200 areas of local under-
coincides with the Crimean Mountains. tions, there is a corresponding paucity of water resources. ground water pollution (“hot spots”) in Ukraine. They are
Modern zonation of Ukraine into hydrogeological districts is Hydrogeological provinces and subprovinces are subdivided Currently, the total inferred underground resources of drinking developed mainly in the unprotected groundwater aquifers.
based on geological-structural and hydrogeological funda- into eight artesian basins and four hydrogeological regions, water are estimated to be in the order of 57.4 million m3/day. The polluted underground waters are estimated to be in the
mentals. which correspond to negative and positive geological struc- The explored resources of the underground water amount to order of about 2.12 million m3/day, and the potentially pol-
The territory of Ukraine is divided into two hydrogeological tures respectively. Underground waters are found in the 15.7 million m3/day. The water usage amounts to 11.6 million luted waters are about 0.41 million m3/day.
provinces – the platform plains and the folded mountainous Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, m3/day, or about 16% of the usage of surface water sources. The regional monitoring system for the underground waters in
parts of the country. They have different rates of lateral and Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous rocks and also in the The predicted reserves of drinking water amount to about Ukraine makes use of about 7000 boreholes. There are up to
radial water exchange. Within these hydrogeological provinces crystalline basement of the Ukrainian Shield. 45.8 million m3/day, or about 79% of the total inferred. An 10 different operating models of hydrogeological regions.
there are smaller subprovinces which can be distinguished by The main water resources of Ukraine are accumulated in arte- increase in the underground water consumption is advanta- Pollution of the underground drinking water is commonly of
the age of the underlying geological structures. In the folded sian basins which have the best potentially favorable condi- geous for economic and social development and to some a local character, being generally connected with the industri-
mountainous province, two subprovinces are recognized: the tions for the accumulation of underground waters. They com- extent in the stabilization of the environmental situation in the al regions where in the past there was little if any environ-
East European subprovince, which coincides with the East monly correspond to the Jurassic and Quaternary deposits. country, especially after the Chornobyl’ accident. mental monitoring.

98 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 HYDROGEOLOGICAL DISTRICTS

LEGEND
ARTESIAN BASINS MAN-MADE EFFECT
ON UNDERGROUND WATER
QUALITY RELATED TO
Transcarpathian Donets’-Don

Chemical industry

Forecarpathian Black Sea Lowland

Mining industry

Agricultural influences
Volyn’-Podillia Crimea Lowland
(pesticides, nitrates)

MAIN REGIONAL CHANGES IN UNDERGROUND WATER

Dnipro Azov-Kuban’ LEVELS

Regional depressions related to human activi-

Predicted resources, exploitable reserves and average annual
ties (wells and mines)
yield of underground water of artesian basins and hydrogeolog-
HYDROGEOLOGICAL REGIONS ical regions, 1000s m3/day
Numerator – predicted resources; denominator – exploitable
Boundaries of artesian basins and hydrogeolog-
reserves
ical regions
East Carpathian Donets’ Number on the right – average annual yield

MONITORING OF UNDERGROUND WATER Note: The hydrogeological divisions were made using geological-
structural and hydrogeodynamic data. The outline of an artesian
Ukrainian Shield Crimean Mountains Test site, giving number of test sites in a given region basin is controlled by certain porous strata in a hydrogeological
region.

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 99

 Ravines in Quaternary rocks, Kaidaky village, Quaternary rocks displaced towards the sea, Odesa Blyzniata (the Twins), Adalary, Crimea Smotrych river canyon, Kamianets’-Podil’s’kyi,
Dnipropetrovs’k oblast’ Khmelnyts’kyi oblast’

SURFACE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES development of safety measures, are of great importance. oblast’) of the country. About 17% of Ukraine is affected by ing to karst topography conditions, and flooding of about one
Over 60% of the Ukrainian territory is subjected to some devel- water-saturated grounds related to the natural high water table million hectares of loess and clay soils. There is a definite influ-
Ukraine is a region of intricate geostructural and seismo-tec- opment of karst topography. Within this area, about 27% com- such as the marshy terrain of the Polissia area. Up to 80% of the ence from the industrial complexes on the quality of water in
tonic conditions conducive to a wide variety of development of prises open karst topography. The areas most affected by karst irrigated land in southern Ukraine has been affected by water- the rivers in such mining areas as the Donbas and the Fore-
hazardous surface geological processes (SGP) such as land- erosion include Volyn', Rivne and Ternopil' oblasts in the west, logging. Up to 11-25% of the soils are affected to some degree carpathians, and other industrial agglomerations, such as those
slides, karst features, flooding, erosion, abrasion, etc. These Donets'k and Luhans'k oblasts in the east, and Mykolaiv and by salinization. The most intense reworking of the shorelines is in Crimea and along the Dnipro river. The impacts of industri-
processes have to be taken into account during construction of Odesa oblasts in the south of the country. Landslides occur on evident along the shores of the reservoirs making up the Dnipro al pollution along the Dnipro river are evident up to 50-100 km
the engineering projects and could have a negative impact on about 50% of the farmed slopes, and are particulary common in river cascade. Over 3000 km of shoreline are thus affected. downstream from the source. Landslides related to man-made
the already existing industrial and residential complexes. the oblasts of Ivano-Frankivs'k, Chernivtsi, Odesa and Along the shorelines of the Black and Azov Seas there is evi- activities, evident in the Carpathian Mountains (Zakarpattia,
The long-term regional monitoring of geological environments Dnipropetrovs’k. Associated with about 70% of the drainage dence of extensive erosion. In places, as near Odesa, it reaches L'viv, Chernivtsi, and Ivano-Frankivs'k oblasts), occur several
has indicated that there can be a disequilibrium between the basins in the mountainous regions of Ivano-Frankivs'k, L’viv, up to 1 m/yr in some years. Coastal erosion results in the loss of times more frequently than natural ones.
"water-rock" systems, which can lead to worsening of the haz- Zakarpats’ka oblasts and Crimea, generally on the submontane lands highly valued both for their ecological significance and Hence, all SGP factors, both natural and man-made, have a
ardous SGP. This can occur in mining environments, industri- slopes, are mudflows that affect 3-25% of the surface environ- recreational uses. Within the steppe areas of Ukraine, the tendency to change the physico-mechanical conditions of
al and urban areas, and land reclamation and hydro-technical ment. Sagging or subsidence, commonly observed on the loess process of wind erosion is an important factor. Wind storms rocks/soils leading to instabilities of surface terrain. This then
projects. Such projects could cause a change in the water soils, affects up to 42% of their areal distribution. These fertile cause significant damage to agriculture in the area. All in all, the increases the cost of construction or limits its scope. Taking
table, or surface waters, leading to new accumulations of but delicate loess soils occupy 65% of the surface land mass of impact of man-made activities on the SGP is on the rise. these conditions into consideration, it is important to have a
water which could lead to hazardous SGP conditions. For this Ukraine. Intensive gully erosion affects 18% of the Ukrainian Between 1960 and 1995, the number of hazardous SGP events good understanding of the surface geological processes, so that
reason, the long-term forecasting and simulation of hazardous territory. Gully and sheet erosion are particularly widespread in in Ukraine increased by several factors (3-5). They account for we can predict long-term changes in natural systems and, at the
SGP in natural and man-made conditions, along with the the east (Donets'k and Luhans'k oblasts) and in the south (Odesa about 12 000 landslides, 5000 land subsidence incidences relat- same time, protect nature.

100 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 SURFACE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES

LEGEND
AREAS OF HAZARDOUS SURFACE PROCESSES

Landslide

Ravine

Sheet erosion

Mudflow

Karst

Long-standing high ground water table

(natural rise of underground water)

Marsh AREAS OF ALTERED

AREAS OF OTHER SYMBOLS GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONTMENT DUE TO

Rise of ground water due to irrigation Sea coast and liman shore erosion Boundaries of loess deposits Mining of iron deposits

Salinization of soil Reservoirs with shifting shorelines Isoseismic line Mining of coal deposits
(technogenous increment, magnitude)

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 101

 IMPACT OF SURFACE
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES

LEGEND
IMPACT OF SURFACE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Rate of surface Proportion of the ter-

geological processes ritory of Ukraine

No data available Less than 3%

Low 3-10%

Moderate 11-25%

High 26-50%

Very high More than 50%

SURFACE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITH THE HIGHEST RATE OF MANIFESTATION

Landslide Subsidence Subsidence and horizontal displacement of

rocks over underground mining
OUTLINES OF: Ravine erosion
Long-standing high water table of stag- Subsidence of loess deposits
Reservoirs with shifting shorelines
nant underground water (natural rise of Sheet erosion
underground water within the Ukrainian Karst
Karst
Polissia region) Bottom erosion Rise of water
Mudflow
Marsh
Loess Areas with varying rate of surface SGP formula (symbols are grouped in order
geological processes Salinization Coastal erosion
of descending effect)

102 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 ZONES OF ECOLOGICAL-
GEOLOGICAL RISK

LEGEND

Zones of ecological risk

TOTAL IMPACT OF SURFACE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Weak

Intermediate

Strong

Areas of abnormally intense recent

Very strong
movements of the Earth’s crust

ZONES OF ECOLOGICAL-GEOLOGICAL RISK have four basic orientations – north-south, east-west, north- thus producing hydrogeological, geothermal and geochemical
easterly and northwesterly. The first two and the last two are anomalies. Imposition of new stresses on such environments
There are three main aspects that have a bearing on the ecological- practically at 90 degrees to each other. On the map they appear those in Ukraine fall in the same category. could conceivably produce new movements and adjustments
geological character of the terrain – the regional zones of the eco- to form square grid patterns over most of the Ukrainian territo- Many investigators consider the lineament zones as global between various geological blocks in the Earth's crust.
logical-geological risk, the influence of the surface geological ry. Each cell of the grid is approximately of the same size and shrinkage and stretch features of the Earth's crust. As such, they The linear zones could possibly represent a manifestation of
processes, and the seismic activity. The surface geological process- measures several hundred kilometers along the diagonal. form weaknesses or channelways for the discharge of fluids deep deeply positioned faults. Geophysical surveys have demonstrat-
es are related to both natural processes and human activities, and Electric and magnetic surveys, special hydrogeological, engi- in the Earth's crust, and similarly for the discharge of various ed that these faults can be traced down to 60-80 km depths.
are described under another heading in this Atlas (see p. 100). neering and geological investigations during diamond fluids in the Phanerozoic cover rocks. That these fracture sys- They appear to be zones of seismic activity, and their anom-
The regional zones of ecological-geological risk are tectonical- drilling for oil and gas showed that these linear structures are tems penetrate right through the cover is indicated by some of alous velocity gradients of recent movements in the Earth's
ly unstable areas, manifested on the Earth’s surface as linear represented by numerous small faults or fractures of insignif- the diamond drilling results. In the near surface environment, crust commonly coincide with the lineament trends.
parallel structures, which can be mapped by the remote sensing icant, if any movement. The host rocks commonly have the the ground waters would have access to these channelways also. For these reasons, such linear zones are called "zones of eco-
technique using satellite imagery. They form systems of trends following characteristics – increased porosity and moisture Such faults or fracture systems could be regarded as Neotec- logical-geological risk". Their intersections, especially, are con-
crossing areas of different landscape, lithologies and tectonic content, electric conductivity, and decreased densities and tonic features. Most of the movements, however, are insig- sidered to be rather unfavorable sites for the location of major
features without causing any significant displacement of rocks rock strengths. Elsewhere in the world the linear zones have nificant and did not play any role in Neotectonism, but the lin- construction complexes and require thorough engineering and
or producing changes in their attitudes. These regional zones been interpreted as the so-called meso-fracture zones, and ear zones are capable of stimulating vertical migration of fluids, geological investigations.

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 103

 Valley of the Dnister river near Nahoriany village, where the Liadova river flows into the Dnister (Khmel’nyts’kyi oblast’)

LANDSCAPE AND GEOCHEMICAL ZONING account bio-climatic zonation, the conditions of mechanical, valleys and ravine bottoms. These areas in general are subject- characterized by a strong migration capability as organo-miner-
physical-chemical, biogenic, and technogenic migration of the ed to appreciable pollution with heavy metals (vanadium, al compounds in waters. This creates a serious threat of pollut-
The degree of human influence on the environment can be chemical elements, the distribution of the geochemical aureoles, copper, nickel, chromium, lead, and beryllium) and toxic sub- ing both the surface waters and the groundwaters in the area.
evaluated only after extensive studies of both the natural and the anomalies of toxic elements and their compounds in the stances released to the environment of large cities (Kyiv, Bila These waters are connected to the Dnipro river in Ukraine, a
altered landscape-geochemical systems of any terrain. The al- flowing waters (natural and man-made), the radionuclides in the Tserkva, Kryvyi Rih, Nikopol', Dnipropetrovsk and others) major water resource of the country. Other than these concerns,
tered systems could include any human activities that have an soils, bottom sediments, surface and ground waters, the local and radionuclide fallout from the Chornobyl’ disaster. an additional eco-geochemical load is added from the manu-
influence on the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere and flood areas contaminated with man-made products such as The western, southwestern and southern parts of the country facturing industries of Rivne, Zhytomyr and Kyiv.
and the lithosphere. This map illustrates the state of preserva- tailings ponds, and the composition of the atmospheric pollutants, have a low self-cleaning capacity, including the Volyn’-Po- Special formulas on the map illustrate the eco-geochemical
tion of natural environments in various parts of Ukraine, and at drainage waters and sewage waters of commercial agglomerations dillia, the Dnister river area, and the northern part of the Cri- load on the landscape in terms of associated chemical elements
the same time illustrates the natural climatic and ladscape-geo- associated with the cities, industrial nodes and zones. mean Lowlands. While these areas are characterized by surface and their compounds emitted into the atmosphere and released
chemical zoning of the country. In compiling the map, soil was considered to be the main accu- runoff end soil erosion, the karst topography and fractured into the effluent. The air pollutants are calculated on a basis of
In the process of intense development of industries as well as mulator of pollutants, such as heavy metals, radionuclides and rocks facilitate the migration of pollutants into the ground kilograms per person.
agriculture, some changes have been superimposed on the nat- toxic organic compounds. The migration of elements in the waters. These landscapes receive pollutants from various indus- This type of map is the first one of its kind and covers the entire
ural landscapes. They could be mechanical, hydraulic, "water-soil-plant" system was also taken into account. For a tries located in cities, such as L'viv, Ivano-Frankivs’k, Cherniv- Ukrainian territory. The map offers a new approach in evaluat-
hydrotechnical, or chemical in nature or any combination of quantitative estimation of the heavy metal and radionuclide tsi, Odesa and Kherson. In this part of the country there are ing the geochemistry of surficial materials, and their capability
these. This leads in many instances to the formation of new migration, a set of indices and coefficients was worked out, also some hot spots of radionuclide fallout. to accumulate pollutants or their self-cleaning ability. It presents
geochemical conditions of migration, concentration and redis- including biogenic absorption (accumulation), total soil pollu- The landscapes where the accumulation of pollutants prevails quantitative indicators and coefficients of migration of the heavy
tribution of chemical elements and their involvement in the tion, intensities of lateral and vertical migration and water cir- are in the eastern, and to a lesser extent southern and north- metals and radionuclides in the landscape, and provides coeffi-
biological cycles of the ecological systems. As a result of con- culation, total discharge of pollutants into the air, etc. eastern parts of Ukraine. These areas correspond more or less cients of transfer between the landscape and the biota. This
tinuously increasing human activities, landscapes undergo an Statistical analyses of the available data allowed the subdivision to the forest-steppe and steppe bioclimatic zones. The land- approach provides a new capability to map landscapes in differ-
ecological-geochemical overloading by highly toxic elements of larger areas into zones with various abilities for self-cleaning. scapes related to calcium and salt-bearing areas, commonly ent parameters, giving a good indication of the eco-geochemical
and their compounds accumulating in the soils, rocks, sedi- The Carpathian and Crimean Mountains appear to be the best developed over carbonate rocks, are capable of accumulating load with the application of computer-based technology.
ments under water, plants, and surface and ground waters. self-cleaning areas. This appears to be related to the rapid pollutants, and chemical elements and their compounds in The map could serve as a basis for a regional appreciation of the
Various geochemical landscapes, characterized by various con- migration of pollutants in their waters and the high biogenic the soils. The areas are continuously loaded with eco-geo- risk of pollution of the biota by heavy metals, radionuclides and
ditions of pollutant migrations, have different responses to these activity involving heavy metals and radionuclides. In the chemical pollutants, related to the industrial activities in the toxic organic compounds, depending on the landscape-geoche-
pollutants. Some have a tendency to accumulate the toxic sub- Carpathians the system of self-cleaning seems to be more effi- Donbas and the Syvash, the industrial agglomerations of mical conditions and intensity of the eco-geochemical load.
stances, while others, in the process of lateral radial migration, cient than in the Crimean Mountains. The landscapes of the Chernihiv, Sumy, Shostka, Mariupol’ and other large urban The map could be also used in formulating protective programs
tend to become "self-cleaning" or neutralizing. These compli- Carpathian and the Crimean Mountains have a relatively light centers. Air pollutants include significant quantities of nitro- for the environment, establishing causative and spatial relation-
cated processes, in the end, determine the ecological condition eco-geochemical loading in general, but this loading is known gen, sulfur and salt acids. Soils contain a wide spectrum of ships between the eco-geochemical environment and the health
of any given area or landscape. Thus, landscape-geochemical to progressively increase with proximity to the industrial centers. toxic elements such as mercury, lead, cadmium, fluorine, of the population, and planning rational and ecologically safe
mapping allows one to evaluate, in present-day terms, some The areas capable of self-cleaning occur in the central part of zinc, chromium, arsenic, phosphorus and others. use of the area.
aspects of the quality of the human habitat and some risks to the Ukraine, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones underlain by Boggy areas of the northwestern Ukraine (Polissia), covering This map of the landscape and geochemical zoning estab-
health of human population living in the area. the loess deposits and crystalline rocks. Here, there is both fluvioglacial deposits, can both accumulate pollutants and self- lishes a baseline for ecological monitoring within Ukraine,
The landscape-geochemical map shows the ecological-geoche- descending and ascending migration of chemical elements, as clean. These areas are heavily polluted with radionuclides from for assessing pollution risks within separate areas and for
mical loading on the natural environment. In the process of well as the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides by sur- the Chornobyl’ disaster. Both the radionuclides and the heavy working out recommendations on environmental protection
compiling the data, various sources were used, that took into face runoff from soils and by the movement of water in river metals are absorbed by humus and peat horizons, and are also and land use.

104 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 LANDSCAPE
AND GEOCHEMICAL ZONING

LEGEND DONBAS
GEOCHEMICAL LANDSCAPES OF DIFFERENT CAPABILITY
FOR POLLUTANT MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION

Strong capability for self-purification

Capable of self-purification

Capability for accumulation is greater than

for self-purification

Weak capability for self-purification

Capability for self-purification and accumulation is low

Areas polluted by radionuclides (Cs-137, Sr-90) RESERVOIRS AND RIVERS WITH POLLUTED BOTTOM SEDIMENTS TOXIC ELEMENTS AND SUBSTANCES

Areas with intense technogenic stress With radionuclides

C7,1Pb0,001 – toxic elements and substances in discharges
into the air within cities, kg/capita per year
Zone boundaries Cities with adverse environ- (Cl,As,SO4,NH4) – toxic elements in waste water of
With technogenic substances
mental conditions industrial and urban agglomerations

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 105

 Kamianka river, Ivano-Frankivs'k oblast' Geological site of basalt, Ivan's Valley, Berestovets' village, Kremenchuk oil refinery An array of natural gas pipelines crossing a river
Rivne oblast'

INDUSTRIAL WASTE LOAD mum allowable rates, and that measures taken to protect the vidual pollutant to the area of the administrative district. regions tend to have the lowest rates of pollution. The Kyiv
ON GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT soil and water of Ukraine are to date insufficient. All these Annually, there are 17 740 million m3 of liquid wastes, includ- industrial and urban agglomeration, with an area of about
factors contribute to both the observed and potential pollu- ing 10 086 million m3 of industrial, 4146 million m3 of commu- 1000 square kilometers, suffers from the highest pollution,
Ukraine is a densely populated country with highly developed tion of ground water, the principal and the most protected nal and 3510 million m3 of agricultural run-off, that is dis- which exceeds 1 000 000 tons/km2 per year.
industrial and farming complexes. Industrial wastes have a source of drinking water in Ukraine. charged into rivers, lakes and seas. In addition, there are 1.7 bil- This type of map, covering the entire territory of Ukraine, is
strong influence on the ecological-geological environment, The main sources of environmental pollution within the coun- lion tons of solid wastes accumulated in stockpiles and dumps, the first one of its kind. It gives an easy visual representation of
impairing living conditions and the economy of the country. try are factories, mining operations, mills, power plants, agri- 9 million tons of gases are emitted into the air, and 4.2 million the general degree of pollution in each district (oblast’), while
The industrial waste load on the geological environment in cultural complexes and public utilities. They contribute wastes tons of fertilizers and 46-89 000 tons of pesticides are applied to the bar charts indicate the degree of contribution of each pol-
Ukraine is 5 to 15 times heavier than in neighboring countries. to dumps, active and covered garbage disposal areas, tailings or crops in Ukraine. lutant category in each district. The map forms a base for com-
Evaluations made by Ukrainian scientists from the Geo- chemical ponds, filtering units, and surface water reservoirs, The Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k and Zaporizhzhia oblasts are paring the changes that occur within the country. These
logical Survey of Ukraine (Derzhkomheolohiia), Ministry rivers and streams. subjected to maximum waste loads due to their highly devel- changes are reported to various government agencies on an
for Protection of the Natural Environment, and the The map illustrates the degree of influence of various individual oped mining, metallurgical, machine-building and chemical annual basis. The data are then used in planning for the con-
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, indicate that the total pol- pollutants, in a bar chart form, for all administrative districts or industries. The values of the pollutant stress range from 100 000 trol and reduction of pollutants in various districts and for a
lution (including solid, liquid and gas wastes) exceeds maxi- oblasts of Ukraine. The bar chart is a ratio of the annual indi- to 300 000 tons/km2 per year in these areas. The agricultural wise use of natural resources.

106 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 INDUSTRIAL WASTE LOAD
ON GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

LEGEND

TECHNOGENIC STRESS WITHIN 25

ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS AND KYIV
(liquid and solid wastes and emissions into
the air, total in thousands t/km 2 per year) BAR CHART FOR VARIOUS TYPES
OF TECHNOGENIC LOAD

Industrial wastewater (mln m3/year)

1-10 50-100
Agricultural wastewater (mln m3/year)
Domestic sewage (mln m3/year)
10-50 100-300
Emissions into the air (thou. t/year)

Solid wastes of factories (mln t/year)

OTHER SYMBOLS
Mineral fertilizers (kg/ha in nutrients)
Areas of different technogenic stress
Pesticides (kg/ha)

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 107

 Proterozoic rapakivi granites, Novohrad-Volyns'kyi, Zhytomyr oblast' Proterozoic granites, Hubkiv village, Rivne oblast' Proterozoic granites, Korosten', Zhytomyr oblast' Proterozoic granites in the canyon of the Hirs'kyi Tikych river,
Buky village, Cherakasy oblast’

NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY Natural radon emanations are observed in about 20% of the three quarters of the annual irradiation dosage. The related radioactive elements, heavy metals, fluorine, bromine, heli-
Ukrainian Shield territory. Such areas are characterized by irradiation thus produced by the radon gas concentration in um, etc. are observed in rocks and ground waters.
The nuclear power station disaster at Chornobyl' (1986) numerous radio-geochemical anomalies with concentrations the overlying soil and air is comparable to the fall-out irradi- Elevated concentrations, particularly of radioactive chemical
resulted in the contamination of 120 000 km2 of Ukrainian of radon of 100 eman and higher, and corresponding urani- ation from the Chornobyl' disaster. elements, both natural and as products of human activities,
territory with radionuclides (at levels exceeding 0.5 Ki/km2), um and radium anomalies have values of 5x10-5-1x10-4 g/l People living in the uranium-mining areas are subjected to have a negative effect on the biogenic environment. In gene-
thus aggravating the problem of natural radioactivity and its and 1x10-11-5x10-11 g/l, respectively. In some places of additional dosages of irradiation resulting from higher urani- ral it can be said that in the industrial zones there is a notice-
influence on human health. Zhytomyr, Donets'k, Zaporizhzhia, Vinnytsia, Kirovohrad um concentration in the crystalline rocks of the area. able increase of diseases in the humans (general morbidity,
The major areas of natural, but anomalous, elevated radioac- and Cherkasy oblasts, surveys revealed radon concentration For these reasons, gathering of detailed data on natural kidney stones, etc.). These areas are also noted for their
tivity are concentrated within the Ukrainian Shield. Less of up to 900 eman and even 2000 eman. For these reasons radioactivity and further investigations into its impact on increase in the changes, brought about by human activities,
anomalous areas of natural radioactivity are found in the the southern part of the Ukrainian Shield (100 000 km2) is human health are urgent tasks, including the cumulative on the surface geological phenomena. These include the
Donets' Basin and the Carpathians. In general, radioactivity the main natural uranium and radon-bearing field in effects in areas contaminated with radionuclides from the accelerated development of karst and, with increased conta-
is caused by thorium and uranium-bearing minerals in crys- Ukraine, not only in the rocks but also in the overlying soils Chornobyl' disaster. mination of soils and surface waters and, as a result of strong
talline rocks, by uranium and radon gas in ground waters, and and ground waters. In addition, these studies are of importance for mapping faults exchanges between the surface waters and ground waters, the
by radon in soil, water and air. Natural radon and products of its decay account for about and other zones of activity, within which increased contents of contamination of ground waters.

108 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY

LEGEND URANIUM PROVINCES

AREAS OF MAIN REVEALED
GEOSTRUCTURAL FEATURES GEOSTRUCTURAL UNITS
Carpathian
Platform contours Ukrainian Shield

Ukrainian Shield
Folded area contours Voronezh Massif

Ukrainian Shield contours Donets'

Interplatform depressions
(marginal faults) and slopes of the
Ukrainian Shield
Southern boundary of POTENTIAL
Voronezh Massif West European Platform
Volyn’-Podillia

Intermegablock suture zone Folded areas of the

Crimean-Black Sea Lowland
Carpathians

RADIOGEOCHEMICAL FEATURES
Transregional faults Scythian Plate Dnipro-Donets’ Depression
Areas of abnormally high radon con- Thorium anomalies in crystalline rocks and southern slopes of the
centration in underground water Voronezh Massif
Regional faults Folded areas of the (100 Em, 37 000 Bq/m3) soil and air Deposits of radon water
Crimean Mountains
Areas of abnormally high concentra- Uranium deposits: 1. Vatutine; 2. Michuryn; Boundary and number
of a province
Other faults Donets' folded area tion of uranium in underground water 3. Zhovta Richka; 4. Sura; 5. Chervonyi Oskil

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 109

 Stolovi hory (Table Mountain), Western Crimea Sluch river “Switzerland”, near Hul’s’k, Zhytomyr Mountain Lake Morske Oko (Sea Eye), Kamianka village, L'viv oblast' Slumped bank on the Tysva river, near Teresva, Zakarpattia oblast'

ECO-GEOLOGICAL SITUATION nuclear power station (1986) resulted in radioactive fallout over areas of intense urbanization, industrial cities, and commercial
large portions of Ukraine, thus forming a new man-made complexes and zones. Areas affected by the radioactive fallout Regions within a relatively favorable environment category have
Ecological-geological mapping involves a set of methods and radioactive geochemical province. are also included in this category. Mining areas in this catego- minor man-made pollutants. These are mainly agricultural lands
technologies in the study of the ecological state of the geological All of these factors contributed to the necessity for studying the ry include the Donets'k, the Kryvyi Rih and the Forecar- and large forested areas, with small city-related industries. The
environment and the changes produced by natural and man- state of the ecological-geological environment and recent pathians. Here, the underground waters are unprotected and underground waters are clean here. The effect of pollution result-
made factors. The results of these studies are then presented on changes in it throughout Ukraine. are commonly affected by pesticides, nitrates, toxic chemical ing from surface geological processes amounts to less than 25%.
the ecological-geological maps. During the compilation of the ecological-geological map of elements and their compounds. Areas affected by surface Pollution from radionuclides is less than 1Ku/km2. Lands within
The geological setting is the most important component of the Ukraine, various data sources were utilized from different dynamic processes (waterlogging, karst, landslides, subsidence) this category tend to occur more commonly in the western,
natural environment. It includes soils, rocks, bottom sediments ministries and institutions. In particular, the following data account for over 50% of these unfavorable environments. The south-central and northeastern parts of the Ukrainian territory.
under lakes and rivers and ground waters. They are the most were taken into account: 1) soil pollution with heavy metals contamination of soil with radionuclides such as Caesium-137 The map shows locations of the main man-made centers of
important elements of nature which interact with the atmos- and radionuclides such as Caesium-137 and Strontium-90 and attain a range of 5-15 Ku/km2, and in places exceeds activities that have a strong influence on the environment. These
phere, hydrosphere, and biosphere and thus have a great influ- their biogenic migration in the environment, 2) ground water 15 Ku/km2. Air pollution from human activities is also high, include industrial and power plants, and communication centers,
ence on the living conditions of people. They also are the main pollution, 3) distribution of hazardous surface geological frequently reaching 100 000 tons/km2 per year. and also places with an unfavorable ecological environment. The
repositories of such pollutants as radionuclides, heavy metals, processes, and 4) accumulation of solid wastes. As a result, Regions with unfavorable environment category occupy the map also shows areas reaching critical levels of pollution.
toxic organic and other chemical compounds derived from liquid some new criteria for assessment of the environmental situa- largest portions of the Ukrainian territory and form a sort of Furthermore, the map shows a mosaic-like pattern which is typ-
and solid wastes, debris and gaseous wastes blown by the wind. tion were worked out and applied, leading to a division of the background. Superimposed over this background are small areas ical of the territories with complex geology and an uneven distri-
Mining activities in Ukraine are known to have caused, in places, country into regions of different man-made stress (hazardous, of either intense pollution or of very little pollution. The unfa- bution of the man-made centers of activities.
irreversible harm to the geological natural environment. This, in unfavorable and favorable). vorable areas generally receive high rates of man-made pollu- This map is the first one of its kind in Ukraine, and its original-
turn, led to changes in the natural conditions which adversely The ecological-geological data on Ukraine allow the mapping of tants, often from a single or a cluster of point sources and from ity depends on the integral evaluation of both natural and human
affected human living conditions. Ukraine, like some other contour areas of the highest rates of environmental pollution, intensive farming practices. They produce surface pollutants that factors. The practical aspects of this map have two connotations
countries, has a high degree of industrial and agricultural devel- thus focusing on problem areas that require some immediate are in the order of 20 000-95 000 tons/km2 per year. The distri- – first, as an experience of applying new methods to map those
opment, energy use (especially atomic energy), and high popula- measures to improve the situation. At the same time, the map bution of such pollution centers is generally 1-2 per 500 km2. The parameters of the geological environment that have an influence
tion density. By comparison, however, the pollution rates, and can be used for land-use planning, for the layout of large enter- underground waters here are not too well protected either. A neg- on the ecology of our world, and second, as a basis that the map
the intensity of physical and chemical processes and energy prises and cities, as well as for the protection of the environment ative contribution due to the surface geological processes provides for the planning, distribution and development of
exchange in Ukraine are from 5 to 15 times greater than in its and the wise use of natural resources. amounts to 25-50% of the total category. Radionuclide contam- Ukraine’s productive forces in the future, as well as for the pro-
neighboring countries. Finally, the disaster at the Chornobyl' Regions with highly unfavorable environments generally cover ination is generally less than 5 Ku/km2. tection of the environment and the wise use of natural resources.

110 SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps

 ECO-GEOLOGICAL SITUATION

LEGEND
ECOLOGY OF THE TECHNOGENICALLY
DISTURBED GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Favorable (minor technogenic load)

Unfavorable (high technogenic load)

Hazardous (critical technogenic load)

POLLUTION SOURCES EXERTING INFLUENCE ON THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Plants and factories

Building materials POWER PLANTS PIPELINES
Metallurgical
Towns with unfavorable
Mine Nuclear
Machine-building Main gas pipelines environmental situation

Oil and gas fields Thermal

Chemical
Main oil pipelines Boundaries between areas of different
Cluster of various enterprises (machine- Hydroelectric
Oil-processing building, metallurgical and building materials) ecological-geological environment

SECTION VI. Ecological and hydrogeological maps 111

Blue topaz, Volyn' deposit, Zhytomyr oblast’ Yellow-green beryl, Volyn' deposit, Zhytomyr oblast’ Crystals of morion and feldspar, Volyn' deposit, Zhytomyr oblast’ Native copper, Volyn’

Banded jaspilite, Kryvyi Rih iron-ore basin Oxidized carbonate manganese ore (black), Nikopol' basin Cinnabar (red) with antimonite, Mykytivka deposit, Donets'k oblast’ Gibbsitic bauxite, Smila deposit, Ukrainian Shield

Potassic salt, Forecarpathia Colored marble, Transcarpathia Red granite facing stone, Ukrainian Shield Irridescent labradorite, Holovyne deposit, Zhytomyr oblast’
T H E G E O L O G Y A N D M I N E R A L D E P O S I T S O F U K R A I N E

s e c t i o n VII

MINERALOGICAL MAPS
■ Mineralogenic zoning of the sedimentary cover
■ Metallogenic provinces
■ Fossil fuels – oil and gas
■ Coal
■ Ferrous metals (iron, manganese and chromite)
■ Gold deposits
■ Rare metals
■ Titanium and zirconium placers and source deposits
■ Diamonds
■ Gems, semiprecious and decorative stones
■ Geothermal power
■ Mineral water sites
■ Clay and kaolin
■ Enterprises, industrial wastes and mining tailings
■ Mineral deposits
■ Mineral deposits currently in production
■ Mining areas
■ History of mining in Ukraine
■ Unusual geological features
 MINERALOGENIC ZONING OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVER The main typomorphic metals for Ukraine are iron, manganese, 1) Mineralization is governed by the tectonics of the region, and adjacent porous and fractured country rocks. Associated with
titanium, zirconium, rare earth metals, mercury, copper, lead, is related to the "chains" of uplifted basement blocks, fault zones, these domes there are also fluorite deposits, and in places abnor-
This map represents a synthesis of other maps on the sedimenta- nickel and aluminum. The areal distribution of alkaline salts, diapirs and salt domes. mally high concentrations of mercury, copper, molybdenum,
ry cover in Ukraine, particularly with reference to the dominant coal, phosphorite, bentonite and fire-resistant clays has also been 2) Mineralization is commonly controlled by stratigraphy. For cobalt, germanium, gallium, scandium, boron and sulfur. In the
minerals of value in the sedimentary rocks. established. Their fields, and the location of various deposits in example: common and potassic salts accumulated in the Donbas region, mercury and polymetallic mineralizations are
The mineralogenic character of the post-Proterozoic period is in these fields, have been more or less outlined. Devonian and Lower Permian strata; lead and zinc minerals associated with tectonically uplifted blocks.
general similar to the Phanerozoic regions elsewhere in the world. On the basis of the data on these deposits within the sedimenta- were deposited in the Lower Carboniferous; sedimentary 5) There are also inherited mineral accumulations in sedimenta-
Mineralization is controlled mainly by the structural lithological ry cover, a prognostic evaluation has been made. chamosite iron deposits are hosted by Jurassic rocks; placer ry rocks where they are observed close to primary mineralization
and facies aspects of the rocks. A significant influence on the min- The entire sedimentary cover has been subdivided according to deposits are found in the Berets'ka and Novopetriv suites; and in crystalline formations. These include the Jurassic chamosite
eralogeny of the sedimentary cover of the platform is produced by the dominant mineralization. Hence, the map shows the main phosphorite accumulations are typical of the Cenomanian (in the and siderite iron ores which resulted from redistributions of the
the structure of the basement rocks, particularly the reactivated provinces and their minerals which form commercial deposits Kaniv, Buchach, Kyiv and Mezhyhiria suites). metal from the Kryvyi Rih jaspilite iron ore deposits. Another
fault systems. The most common types of mineralization include: and govern the mineral "specialization" of each area. Accessory 3) Litho-facies control is observed for the following: placer example is the germanium content of the Lower and Middle
precipitated, precipitated-infiltrated, placer, and hydrothermal. minerals accompanying the main ones and/or forming separate deposits (coastal marine and continental deposits of the Triassic, Carboniferous coals, which is also present in the nearby iron
Other important deposits include: clays (bentonites, fire-resis- manifestations are indicated on the map also. Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and deposits.
tant), coals, salt, sulfur, mercury, polymetallic deposits, copper, As a result of this compilation, new potential districts have been Quaternary periods) and bauxite (weathering crust) deposits (on In the future, more attention should be paid to the basement
fluorite, manganese, bauxite, nickel laterites and rare metals asso- discovered, either within the existing known areas or within alto- the Precambrian rocks and multicolored formations of the Late rocks under the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, and some of the
ciated with ancient placers. The areas outlined (see legend below) gether newly recognized areas (gold and gem stones). This work Jurassic and Early Cretaceous). The phosphorites, related to the magmatic rocks in the area (Devonian and younger), in connec-
indicate the period (K – Cretaceous, etc.), the stage points to new directions for future geological investigations. shallow water and marine layers, have both stratigraphic and tion with their possible affiliation with diamonds.
(s – Cenomanian, etc.), and the dominant mineral (p-phospho- Assessment of all the available geological and mineralogical data facies aspects. The bituminous shales of Ukraine are described together with
rus) of some economic interest (see pp. 60 and 65). revealed some of the following relationships: 4) Lead and zinc are hosted by salt dome caprock breccias and the coals in this Atlas.

1 – Manevychi-Klevan’ (granular and 16 – Kramators’k area (granular 31 – Skvyra (monazite-rutile-zircon) area 46 – Vradiyivka (gold, silver, tungsten,
nodular phosphorite), phosphorite) rare earths, rare metals)
s – Cenomanian Stage
2 – Zdolbuniv-Ternopil’-Semeniv 17 – Serebrianka area (granular phos- 32 – Bila Tserkva (monazite-rutile-zir- 47 – Eastern Kryvyi Rih (gold, silver,
(granular phosphorite) phorite) con) tin)

3 – Zhvan-Khmel’nyts’kyi phosphorite 18 – Yalanchyk (granular and nodular 33 – Korsun’-Shevchenkivs’kyi (rutile- 48 – Bazavluk (gold, rare metals, dia-
area (granular and nodular phosphorite) phosphorite) zircon-ilmenite) monds)

4 – Northern Black Sea Lowland 19 – Forecarpathian (potassium-bearing 34 – Byrzulove (rutile-zircon- ilmenite) 49 – Sura (gold, silver, tin, rare earths)
(granular and nodular phosphorite) region)
35 – Pravoberezhny (zircon-rutile- 50 – Ustiachko-Horodnytsia-
5 – Chernihiv-Shchors phosphorite-bearing 20 – Kiliya-Izmayil (salt-bearing region ilmenite), np-s – Novopetrivka and Mykhal’che copper-bearing (cuprifer-
(granular and microbedded ore) with sodium mineralization) Sarmat Regional Stages ous sandstone), p-e – Pragian and
km – Campanian Stage Emsian Stages
21 – Central salt-bearing (potassium and
6 – Ratne area (nodular, phosphorite- sodium) area of Dnipro-Donet’s aulacogen 36 – Livoberezhny (zircon-rutile- 51 – Bakhmut copper-bearing (cuprif-
bearing clay) with sodium and potassium mineralization, ilmenite) erous sandstone)
a+s – Asselian and Sakmarian Stages
7 – Buzhany-Krolevets’-Radychiv area 52 – Turivka-Luhove-Otchyn (native
22 – Kerch-Taman’ iron-ore region 37 – Huliaipole (zircon)
(nodular phosphorite), copper)
(tobacco- colored), k – Kimmeridgian
kn – Kaniv Regional Stage
Regional Stage
8 – Mid-Buh phosphorite area (granular
phosphorite) 23 – Velykyi Tokmak-Nikopol’ (man- 38 – Mokri Yaly (zircon) 53 – Volyn’-Polissia (amber placers)
ganese region), mk – Maikop Series
9 – Bilopillia-Sumy (nodular phospho- 24 – Inhulets’-Dnipro (high-alumina
39 – Tokmak (zircon-rutile-ilmenite), 54 – South-Western (gold placers)
rite) clays and bauxitic sediments)
s – Sarmatian Regional Stage
10 – Oril’ka area (micro-nodular and 25 – Frunze-Voznesens’k (bauxitic-like 55 – Bakhtyn-Nova Ushytsia-Voievod-
nodular phosphorite) and high-alumina sediments) 40 – Kakhovka (ilmenite-zircon-rutile)
chyntsi (fluorite), vd – Valuis’ka Series
11 – Novyi Burluk area (nodular 26 – Smila-Zvenyhorodka (bauxitic and 41 – Sumy (zircon-rutile-ilmenite), 56 – Berehove-Bihan’ (gold, base met-
phosphorite), bauxitic-like sediments) br-np – Bereka and Novopetrivka als and mercuric mineralization)
kv – Kyiv Regional Stage Regional Stages
12 – Tabaivka-Zahoruivka-Baranykivka 27 – Molochans’k-Kins’ka-Yaly 57 – Rakhiv-Chyvchyn (gold, base
42 – Kharkiv (zircon-rutile-ilmenite)
(granular and nodular phosphorite) (bauxite mineralization) metals)
3

13 – Troits’ke-Biloluts’k-Markivka 28 – Korosten’ (zircon-rutile-ilmenite) 43 – Luhyny (gold, tin, rare metals,

(granular and nodular phosphorite) 58 – Volyn’-Dnister (copper and lead-
diamonds) zinc)
14 – Komyshuvakha area 29 – Malyn (rutile-zircon-ilmenite),
np – Nova Petrivka Regional Stage 44 – Chervonoarmiys’k (rare metals, Explanation
(granular phosphorite)
tin) 25 – number as listed in this legend,
15 – Kryva Luka area 30 – Zelenyi Yar K1-Cretaceous age, (Al) – aluminium
45 – Tetiyiv-Trostianets (gold, tin,
(granular phosphorite) (monazite-rutile-zircon) mineralization
rare metals, diamonds)

114 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 MINERALOGENIC ZONING OF
THE SEDIMENTARY COVER

LEGEND COMMERCIAL MINERALS

Ukrainian mineralogenic province Iron

Manganese
SUBPROVINCES
Titanium

Carpathian Copper
Lead
Volyn’-Podillia Zinc
Aluminum
Ukrainian Shield Mercury
Zirconium
South-Eastern slope of the Voronezh
Gold
anticline
STRUCTURAL-MINERALOGENIC ZONES
Alunite
Prypiat’-Donets’ Carpathian-Dnister Nickel

Dnipro-Donets’ Depression (aulacogen) Cobalt

Donets’
Amber
Volyn’-Dnister MEGAZONES OTHER SYMBOLS
OF FRACTURING Fluorite
Black Sea–Crimea-Azov Central Donbas Dislocations established
Phosphorite
North Ukrainian by a number of different methods
Starobil’s’k-Millerovo
Potash salt, common
Central Ukrainian Impact structures (astroblemes): 1-Obolon', salt
Unuchky-Shchors
Kaolin subprovince of the Ukrainian 2-Bilylivka, 3-Rotmistrivka, 4-Illintsi, Mg, Na, (Br) salts
Shield Seredyna-Buda South Ukrainian 5-Bovtyshka, 6-Zelenyi Hai, 7-Ternivka Sulfur

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 115

 METALLOGENIC PROVINCES tungsten, molybdenum, silver and pyrophyllite deposits are The Korosten' and Korsun'-Novomyrhorod structural-forma- The Carpathian-Crimean metallogenic province contains gold,
characteristic of this latter stage. tional zones contain rapakivi-granites and gabbroic intrusions. base metals, mercury, barite, alunites in the andesite-basalt,
This map generalizes all the available metallogenic data of recent The Phanerozoic complexes unite two groups of the structural- They have associated titanium, apatite, vanadium, scandium liparite-dacite and green schist formations (the Forecarpathian
years, and shows not only metallogenic zones within Ukraine, formational zones – the platform assemblages and the folded mineralization, and pegmatites with topaz, beryl and morion. and the Marmarosh SFZ), along with sulfur, rock and potassic
but also some history of their development. The metallogenic belts. The first group is represented by a zone of passive conti- Unusual gold deposits have been discovered in the high grade salt in terrigenous salt-bearing and sulfate-carbonate formations
analysis and divisions are based upon the most recent scientific nental margins and outside portions of the plates. The SFZ of gneissic-granulite complexes, volcano-plutonic belts, and in (the Forecarpathian and Transcarpathian SFZ), and iron in the
concepts – the evolution and various stages of development of the folded Alpine complex are the active margins of the conti- zones of tectonism in the Holovanivs’k and Kirovohrad SFZ. ferriferous sandy-clay formations (the Kerch iron region).
the Earth's crust, plate tectonics, the layering in the Earth's nents and represent their collisions. Each one of these types of The volcano-plutonic belts in the Volyn' subprovince have Of particular interest are the megazones of fracturing which
crust, the distribution of the geoblocks in the Earth's crust, SFZ has its own metallogenic peculiarities. In terms of metal- good potential for copper-nickel sulfide deposits associated have a transregional character. These linear zones measure up
structural-formational analysis and metallogenic zoning. The logeny, two SMZ groups are distinguished within Phanerozoic with the pyroxenite-gabbro-norite and gabbro-dolerite-troc- to tens of kilometers in width and hundreds to a thousand kilo-
map illustrates the development of metallogenic epochs in time complexes. The platform cover contains manganese, titanium, zir- tolite complexes. Diamond drilling has intersected widely meters in length. The central megazone crosses the entire
and space and in terms of the actual mineral deposits. In gener- conium, mercury, gold, silver, base metals, native copper, fluori- disseminated and some massive sulfide (Cu-Ni-PGE) miner- Ukrainian Shield, the southern parts of the Donbas and the
al, the metallogenic subprovinces correspond to tectonic zones. te, potassic and rock salts, phosphorite and kaolin deposits. The alization in these areas. Carpathian Mountains. Contained within this zone are some
In Ukraine, large metallogenic divisions include the Dnipro- folded systems have gold, silver, base metals, iron, mercury, alu- The Ukrainian Shield is known for its graphite deposits. There of the main gold deposits, rare earth metal deposits, uranium
Donets', the Dnister River - Black Sea Lowland, the Carpathian- nite, barite, germanium, potassic and rock salts and sulfur deposits. are no known analogs elsewhere in the world that have as much and fluorite deposits of the Ukrainian Shield, and the poly-
Crimean and the Ukrainian Shield metallogenic provinces. These Ukraine is characterized by some of the largest deposits of iron graphite as Ukraine. Some of the major deposits include – metallic gold and mercury deposits of the Carpathians and the
provinces are further subdivided into subprovinces, structural- and manganese in the world. In addition there are large deposits Burtyn, Petrove-Balakhivka, Khashchuvate-Zavallia and Donbas. The northern megazone crosses the northwestern
metallogenic zones, metallogenic zones and metalliferous regions. of titanium, zirconium, graphite, kaolin, uranium, rare earth Sachkine-Troits’ke. margin of the Ukrainian Shield, the northern part of the
Various deposits are indicated on the map individually. elements, lithium, sulfur and salts. Lesser deposits include gold, The Kryvbas stucture (Kryvyi Rih-Kremenchuk SFZ) has been Volyn’-Podillia Depression, the northern part of the Dnipro-
The Ukrainian Shield was built up in three stages – the first nickel, lead, zinc, chromite, apatite, gems and semiprecious recently interpreted in a different way. The new model proposed Donets' Depression and continues its trend toward the Voro-
stage was a protracted development of the Archean Craton. This stones, pyrophyllite and other minerals. a monoclinal stucture for the iron deposits of the Kryvyi Rih, nezh Complex in Russia. Within this zone there are rare earth
was followed by the development of the Early Proterozoic The Ukrainian Shield metallogenic province is rich in iron, and a subductive-obductive pattern of development in the tec- metal deposits, polymetallic silver deposits, fluorite deposits in
mobile belts. And the final stage was associated with rifting. The graphite, titanium and uranium. Some new non-traditional tonic history of this area. Shear-zones here have talc horizons the Ukrainian Shield, and concentrations of native copper in
first stage is characterized by the following structural-formation- deposits for this province (in Ukraine) have been discovered and appear to be the main ore-controlling structures that gave the traps of Volyn'.
al zones (SFZ) – high grade metamorphic enderbite-granulite here. Thus in the granite-greenstone belts of the mid-Dnipro rise to these huge iron deposits. Reserves of iron, manganese, titanium, graphite, zirconium,
rocks, lower grade amphibolite-gneissic rocks, and greenschist region (Sura and Verkhivtseve-Chortomlyk SFZ) gold has The Dnipro-Donets' metallogenic province contains mer- kaolin, sulfur and rock salt put Ukraine on a list of countries
facies greenstone-granite assemblages. These rocks contain iron, been discovered. Also, in the synclinal structures and in the cury, gold, base metals, copper and rock salt in Paleozoic which are richest in these minerals. Moreover, new non-tradi-
gold, graphite, chromite, talc and magnesite deposits. The sec- epicratonic troughs filled by the Proterozoic volcanic-sedi- carbonate-terrigenous, lagoonal, evaporite and red terrige- tional metals for Ukraine have been also discovered and evalu-
ond stage was marked by the development of depressions, and mentary formations, new fields of lithium pegmatites have nous formations. They are associated with the Central and ated, including gold, base and rare earth metals, lithium, nickel,
tectono-thermally reworked suture zones between Archean cra- been discovered in the Zvenyhorodka-Khmeliv SFZ and the the Bakhmut-Nahol'na SFZ. chromite, copper, fluorite, diamond and amber.
tons. This stage is marked by the development of iron, gold, ura- Fedorivka metallogenic zone. Rare earth metal mineraliza- The Dnister - Black Sea coastal province is characterized by In summary, it can be said that a new level of metallogenic
nium, titanium, lithium, vanadium, rare earth metals, apatite tion, associated with subalkaline and alkaline rocks, includes the native copper found in the Vendian trap rocks (Lukiv- analysis has been achieved in Ukraine. The main relationships
and gem stone deposits. During the last stage there were reacti- tantalum, niobium, berylium, rare earth metals, zirconium, Ratne metallogenic zone), and fluorite in the continental ter- among the processes of mineralization, the types of ore-bearing
vations, especially along the structural-formational zones, which lead, molybdenum, lithium and fluorine. These deposits occur rigenous formations (the Podillia-Dnister River metallogenic environments and the importance of structures in the under-
were commonly accompanied by rifting. Rare earth metals, tin, in the Sushchany-Perha and the Azov SFZ. zone) of the same age. standing of metalogenesis have been presented on this map.

STRUCTURAL METALLOGENIC ZONES METALLOGENIC ZONES 6 –

Kirovohrad U, Au, (REE, Th, fl, ap, W) 18 – Korsak-Kuksunhur Fe, (gf, Sl, Au)
THEIR AGES AND METALS THEIR AGES AND METALS 7 –
Pravoberezhnyi Fe, Ge, (gf, Au) 19 – Shevchenka-Fedorivka Li, Ta, Nb, (Rb, Cs, Sn)
1 – Ovruch PR2-PZ/pp, ap, (Au, dim) 8 –
Inhulets’ U, Th 20 – Huliaipole Fe, (Au, U)
I – Sushchany – Perha PR2-3/Be, Sn, REE, Zr, fl 2 – Krasnohirka-Zhytomyr PR1-2/Ni, Cu, Co, Pt, mu, 9 –
Kryvyi Rih Fe, Ge, U, Sc, V, REE, gf, t, (Cu, Zr, Li, 21 – Novopoltavka ap, Nb, Ta, REE
II – Korosten' PR2/Ti, ap, V, Sc, mor, to, be (Au, Cs, Rb, gf, Nb, Ta) Mo, Au, W) 22 – Pivdenno-Sorochyne Nb, Ta, Au, Li, Rb, Cs
III – Bila Tserkva АR3/Fe, U 3 – Kocheriv PR1/do, (Ta, Nb, Rb, Li, W, Sn, U, Au, fl) 10 – Kremenchuk Fe, Ge, U, (Au) 23 – Sachky-Troits'ke gf, (Au)
IV – Holovanivs’k AR-PR /Ni, Cr, Au, gf, Fe, Pt 4 – Khmel'nyts'kyi PR1-2/REE, gf, Mo, gr, (Zr, U, Cu) 11 – Verkhivtseve Au, Fe, (Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, U, t) 24 – Manhus Fe, gf, (Au)
5 – Nothern-Podillia PR1-2/(REE, ap, Al) 12 – Chortomlyk Au, Fe, (Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, U) 25 – Southern Kal'chyk REE, Zn, fl, Ti, V, ap
V – Korsun'-Novomyrhorod PR2/Ti, ap, Zr 6 – Kosnytsia-Voronkivs'ka AR/(Fe) 13 – Solone Au, Mo, Ni, Cu, Co, t-mg 26 – Mazurivka Nb, Ta, Zr, Al, REE
VI – Zvenyhorodka-Khmelivka PR1 / U, Li, Ta, Nb, Au 7 – Horodyshche-Smila PR2/Ti, ap,V, Sc, (Nb, Ta) 14 – Bilozerka Fe, (Au, Cu, Ni) 27 – Petrovo-Hnutove fl, REE
VII – Kirovohrad PR1 / U, Au 8 – Novomyrhorod PR2/Ti, ap, V, Sc 15 – Mykytivka-Kostiantynivka Hg, Sb, (As, Li) 28 – Biliaivka Pb, Zn, (cs)
VIII – Western Inhulets’ PR1/gf, Fe 9 – Inhulets'-Kazanka PR1/(Pb, Zn, ap, gf, REE, Mo, Fe) 16 – Nahol'na Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, (Li) 29 – Novodmytrivka Pb, Zn, (cs)
10 – Devladove AR-PR1/U, (Th, Ni, Mo) 17 – Berehove-Bihan’ Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, al, ba, (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ge) 30 – Artemivs’k cs, (Pb, Zn)
IX – Kryvyi Rih – Kremenchuk PR1/Fe, U, Sc, V, REE, Ge
11 – Fedorivka PR1/Li, Ta, Nb, (Rb, Cs, Sn) 18 – Solotvyna cs 31 – Slovians’k cs, (Pb,Zn)
X – Verkhivtsi – Chortomlyk AR-PR1/Au, Fe, (Pt) 12 – Haichur PR1/(REE, Nb, Ta, U, Au, ap) 19 – Rakhiv Au, Ag, (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, U) 32 – Mykytivka Hg, Sb, (As, Li)
XI – Sura AR-PR1/Au, Mo, t-mg 13 – Chernihiv PR1/ap, Nb, Ta, REE, cor 20 – Kerch Fe, (V) 33 – Druzhkivka-Kostiantynivka Hg, Sb, (As, Li)
XII – Kins’ka-Bilozerka AR/Fe 14 – Soroky PR1/Ta, Nb, Au, Li, Rb, Cs, gf 34 – Nahol'no-Tarasivka Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, (Li)
XIII – Orikhiv-Pavlohrad AR-PR1/Fe, Nb, REE 15 – Oktiabrs’ke PR2/Ta, Nb, Zr, Al, REE ORE FIELDS 35 – Bobrykove Au, Ag
16 – Kal'mius PR2/REE, fl 1 – Verby Mo, (Sn, fl) 36 – Nyzhnii Nahol'chyk Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, (Li)
XIV – Western Azov AR-PR1/Ta, Nb, ap, Fe, Au
17 – Slovians’k-Artemivs’k P-T/cs, (Pb, Zn) 2 – Buky Ni, Cu, Co, (Pt, Au) 37 – Pokrovka-Kyriivka fi, (REE, Pb, Zn)
XV – Central Azov AR-PR/Fe, gf 18 – Bakhmut P/Cu, Pb, Zn, (Ag) 3 – Burtyn gf 38 – Otchyn-Ratne Cu, (Pb, Zn, dim)
XVI – Vovcha PR1/Li, Ta, Nb 19 – Southern Donbas P-T/fl, (Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, REE) 4 – Nehrebivka do 39 – Bakhtyn fl, (Li, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au)
XVII – Eastern Azov PR2/REE, Zr, Ta, Nb, fl, (dim) 20 – Lukiv-Ratne PR3/Cu, (Pb, Zn, Ag, dim) 5 – Volodars'k-Volyns’kyi mor, to, be 40 – Bihan’ Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, al, ba, (Cd, Cu, Hg)
XVIII – Central P-T/ps, S, Pb, Zn 21 – Podillia-Dnister PR3/fl, (Pb, Zn, Li, Ag, Au) 6 – Fedorivka-Vydobor Ti, ap, V, Sc 41 – Berehove Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, ba, Ge
22 – Dubno-Horodok О-S/(Pb, Zn, Ag, Cu) 7 – Chopovychi Ti, ap, V, Sc 42 – Vyshkovo Hg, Au, Ag, (Sb,Mo,ba)
XIX – Bakhmut-Nahol'na P-T/Hg, Sb,Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, cs 23 – Stanislav N1/S 8 – Khashchuvate-Zavallia gf, Au, (Mn, REE) 43 – Solotvyna cs
XX – Prypiat’-Dnister PR3/Cu, fl (dim) 24 – Sambir N1/ps 9 – Savran’ Аu 44 – Kvasove Au, Ag, Pb, Zn
XXI – L'viv-Ternopil’ O-D/ (Pb, Cu) 10 – Moldovka-Sekretarka Fe, Ni, Co, (Au, Pt, gf, Mo)
XXII – Forecarpathian N/S, ps, cs METALLIFEROUS REGIONS AND THEIR METALS 11 – Kapitanivka Ni, Co, Au, Cr, (Mo, Cu, Pt, U)
XXIII – Carpathian N/Hg 1 – Perha Be, Ta, Nb, REE, Zr, fl, Sn, di, (W, Pb, Zn, 12 – Nosachiv Ti, ap, V, Sc
Ag, Au, Ti, ap, U, Th) 13 – Stankuvate Li, (Ta, Nb, Be, Cs, Au, gf)
XXIV – Transcarpathian N/Au, Pb, Zn, Ag, Hg, cs, ba 2 – Volyn' Ti, ap, V, Sc, Zr, mor, to, be 14 – Klyntsi-Koneve Au, (U, Th) Note:
XXV – Marmarosh PR2-PZ/Au 3 – Pobuz'ke Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Au, (Cu, Pt, gf, Mo, U) 15 – Petrove-Balakhivka gf, Fe, (Au, REE, Mo) Chemical and other symbols show principal mineral
XXVI – Crimean Mountain T-J/(Pb, Au) 4 – Brats’ke-Oleksiivka U, Th 16 – Zhovta Richka Sc, V, REE, U, Fe, (Ge, Zr, Li, W) deposits. Second-order mineral deposits are in paren-
5 – Novokostiantynivka U, Th 17 – Vasynivka Fe theses.

116 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 METALLOGENIC PROVINCES

LEGEND
MINERALIZATION WITHIN
METALLOGENIC UNITS

Iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn)

OUTLINES AND SYMBOLS

Titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) OF METALLOGENIC FIELDS

Copper (Cu), ±Zn ±Pb Province

Nickel-copper-cobalt (Ni, Cu, Co ±Pt ±Pd)
MEGAZONE FRACTURING
Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) Subprovince
I - Northern Ukrainian
Molybdenum (Mo) Structural-metallogenic
zone II - Central Ukrainian
Mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As) III - Southern Ukrainian
Metallogenic zone
Beryllium (Be), lithium (Li), niobium (Nb), Metalliferous region SYMBOLS AND OUTLINES
Tantalum (Ta), zirconium (Zr), OF METALLOGENIC EPOCHS
Cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb) Ore field
Mesozoic-Cenozoic
Rare earth elements (REE), scandium (Sc) Late Paleozoic
PROVINCES SUBPROVINCES (Hercynian)
Uranium (U), thorium (Th) Early Paleozoic
(Caledonian)
Ukrainian Shield Volyn’ Azov Black Sea
Gold (Au), silver (Ag) Late Proterozoic
Middle Proterozoic
Apatite (ap), muscovite (mu), graphite (gf), talc-magnesite (t-mg), Dnipro-Donets' Podillia Dnipro Carpathian
pyrophyllite (pp), kyanite (di), sillimanite (sl), dolomite (do), Early-Middle
fluorite (fl), garnet (gr), corundum (cor), sulfur (S), barite (ba), Proterozoic
alunite (al), common salt (cs), potassic salt (ps) Dnister-Black Sea Kirovohrad Donets’ Dobruja Archean-Early-
Proterozoic
Morion (mor), topaz (to), beryl (be), diamond (dim) Carpathian-Crimean Mid-Dnipro Volyn’-Dnister Crimean Archean

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 117

 An oil well drilling rig, Dnipro-Donets’ Depression A mobile marine drilling platform in the Black Sea An oil well pump, Dnipro-Donets’ Depression Natural gas station, Dnipro-Donets’ Depression, Poltava oblast’

EASTERN REGION 8 – Hlyns'k-Rozbyshivka 15 –

Komyshnia 22 – Shebelynka 30 – Lobachivka 5 – Boryslav SOUTHERN REGION 8 – Tetianivka
1 – Talalaivka 9 – Rudivka- 16 –
Opishnia 23 – Abazivka 31 – Kondrashivka 6 – Northern Dolyna 1 – Coastal Azov Sea 9 – West Oktiabrs’ke
2 – Mala Divytsia Chervonozavods’ke 17 –
Matviivka 24 – Mashivka 7 – Dolyna 2 – Eastern Sarata 10 – Arkhanhel’s’k
3 – Pryluky 10 – Buhruvate 18 –
Yul’ivka 25 – Medvedivka WESTERN REGION 8 – Strutyn’ 3 – Strilkove 11 – Odesa
4 – Anastasivka 11 – Kachanivka 19 –
Rozpashne 26 – Yefremivka 1 – Lokachi 9 – Bytkiv-Babche 4 – Dzhankoi 12 – Shtorm
5 – Korzhi 12 – Yablunivka 20 –
Western 27 – Reshetniakivka 2 – Rudky 10 – Rus'ki Komarivtsi 5 – Holitsyn 13 – Northern Kazantyp
6 – Leliaky 13 – Rybals'ke Khrestyshche 28 – Matviyivka 3 – Bil'che-Volytsia 11 – Lopushne 6 – Schmidt 14 – Voikove
7 – Hnidyntsi 14 – Kotel'va 21 – Melykhivka 29 – Bahate 4 – Uhry 7 – Zadornenka 15 – Semenivka
RECOVERABLE RESOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS
Eastern oil/gas region Western oil/gas region Southern oil/gas region of which, the sea shelf

Potential % extracted as of Potential % extracted as of Potential % extracted as of Potential % extracted as of

recoverable January 1st, 2000 recoverable January 1st, 2000 recoverable January 1st, 2000 recoverable January 1st, 2000
resources resources resources resources

Free gas (Bm3) 4042.8 57 867.3 42 1525.0 5 1294.9 5

Dissolved gas (Bm ) 3
81.9 48 171.7 40 22.9 – 22.0 –
Gas condensate (Mt) 243.0 54 9.8 56 123.4 3 100.0 2
Oil (Mt) 481.3 55 707.1 23 141.6 3 115.0 –
Note: Realization rate - ratio of total output to explored reserves in the original potential resources. Free and dissolved gas, billion m3
Oil and gas condensate, Mt

118 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 FOSSIL FUELS – OIL AND GAS

LEGEND
AGE OF OIL/GAS DEPOSITS

Lower Neogene
(Miocene)

Upper Cretaceous-
Lower Neogene

Paleogene

Lower Cretaceous-
Permian-Triassic
Paleogene
I Dnipro- Prypiat' OGP
Ia Dnipro-Donets' OGR
Upper Carboniferous- II Carpathian OGP
Mesozoic-Cenozoic Middle Devonian IIa Forecarpathian OGR
Lower Permian
IIb Folded Carpathian OGR
IIc Transcarpathian GR
III Black Sea Coast - North Caucasus OGP
Cretaceous Middle Carboniferous Paleozoic-Cenozoic Oil IIIa Black Sea Coast - Crimea OGR
IIIb Indolo-Kuban' OGR
IIIc Azov-Berezan' GR
Gas IV Baltic-Fore-Dobruja OGP
Proterozoic (weаthering
Upper Cretaceous Lower Carboniferous IVa Volyn'-Podillia OGR
crust) IVb Fore-Dobruja OGR
Gas condensate
Note:
Jurassic Upper Devonian Areas of low potential GR – gas region OGP – oil/gas province
Oil/gas condensate OR – oil region OGR – oil/gas region

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 119

 Fixed marine platform on the Black Sea Drilling derrick in winter

FOSSIL FUELS – OIL AND GAS of oil and condensates, and 1230.6 M cubic meters of gas. Hnidyntsi, Hlyns’k-Rozbyshivka deposits). Smaller deposits of oil deposits in the northwestern part of the Depression varies
Nearly 60% of the hydrocarbon resources are still not thor- hydrocarbons have sheet-like shapes and occur in association from 2.15 to 16.15%, and increases to 79.19% in the south-
A review of the knowledge on the oil industry indicates that oughly explored. with the productive middle coal layers. Many discoveries of eastern part of the Depression. In the gas-condensate deposits
Ukraine is one of the oldest regions in the world that prac- The economy of the country limits the annual rate of produc- hydrocarbons in the lower coal beds indicate the possibilities of methane is the main gas and its content varies from 84 to 94%.
ticed the extraction and use of natural oils from the ground. tion of oil and condensates to 3.8 Mt, and gas to about 18 B finding sizeable deposits here also. Reservoirs occur in granu- Gases of the oil deposits contain up to 91.8% homologs of
Here, from prehistoric times, man knew of the natural occur- cubic meters. lar rocks and in carbonates (Bahate deposit). methane (Hnidyntsi deposit), whereas at the Shebelynka
rences of oil and there is evidence of oil-well diggings and The Dnipro-Donets' and the Carpathian regions are the main The Devonian productive complex is characterized by high deposit they drop to 4.7%. According to the hydrocarbon com-
mining of this fluid substance. In 1864 oil-well drilling was areas in terms of production and reserves of oil and gas in prognostic evaluation. Gas flows have been obtained from the position this group of oil could be defined as methano-oily and
carried out on the Kerch peninsula (Voskhod area), and in Ukraine. Hlyns’k, Rudenkivka and Horobtsi areas, and oil from the oily-aromatic. Such oils contain from 28.5 (Hnidyntsi)
1875 drilling for oil was also carried out in the Carpathians Oil and gas deposits are classified according their size as fol- Buhruvate and Koziivka areas and others. to 817 cubic m/cubic m (Kharkivtsi) of dissolved gases.
(Sloboda-Runhurska area). lows: small are less than 10 Mt of oil or 3 Bm3 of gas, medium In the northwestern part of the northern border of the Dnipro- The Forecarpathian oil and gas area covers the territory of
In Ukraine, four oil and gas regions are recognized: the Dni- are in the range of 10-30 Mt of oil or 3-9 Bm3 of gas, and large Donets' Depression many drill holes intersected hydrocarbons Boryslav-Pokuttia, Sambir and Bil'che-Volytsia structural-tec-
pro-Donets', the Carpathian, the Black Sea-Crimean and the are >30 Mt of oil or >9 Bm3 of gas. in the Precambrian rocks (Khukhra, Yuliivka, Skvortsove, tonic zones of the Forecarpathian downwarp.
Baltic-Fore-Dobruja regions. These regions can be further The Dnipro-Donets' oil and gas region in eastern Ukraine is a Cherneche and Ohul'tsi deposits). Oil, gas-condensates and gas deposits are associated with anti-
subdivided into smaller areas. Deposits of hydrocarbons are relatively small area, but the volume of prospective sedimenta- Precambrian oil and gas complexes have been relatively lit- clinal folds, monoclinal blocks and their erosional remnants.
related to large geological structures or depressions in the ry rocks is up to 0.7 M cubic kilometers. The prospective rocks tle explored. Such deposits are allochthonous, and their pro- Such deposits occur in the Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and
ancient East European Platform, notably the young Scythian occur down to 22 km. A complicated Precambrian basement ductivity is connected to the potential of the sedimentary Neogene rocks. Oil and gas deposits are associated with the
Plate, Alpine marginal downwarps and the folded areas. structure together with Devonian and Permian salt deposits rocks in the Depression where there is a territorial and ver- Boryslav-Pokuttia and Bil'che-Volytsia zones. The absence of
There are over 314 known deposits of oil and gas in Ukraine. contributed to very different reservoir structures both morpho- tical differentiation in the distribution of hydrocarbons. The flysch deposits, reliable established horizons and the develop-
Of these, 56 are significant deposits, and 258 fall into the small logically and in terms of their sizes. majority of the large and medium-sized deposits are associ- ment of intense folding exclude the Sambir zones from the
category. In the Dnipro-Donets' region there are 187 deposits, The main known resources of oil, condensates and gas are ated with depressions and their slopes in the crystalline base- number of prospective regions.
in the Carpathian region there are 91 deposits, and in the associated with the Lower Permian to the uppermost produc- ment rocks. In the northwestern part of the Depression there In the Boryslav-Pokuttia zone there are regional oil and gas
Black Sea-Crimean region there are 36 deposits (of which 8 are tive coal deposits, in structural traps in these rocks. Productive are oil and gas deposits, whereas in the southeastern part bearing Paleogene strata, and in other cases there are Upper
in the Black Sea and 4 in the Azov Sea). Total production horizons occur in sandstones, siltstones and dolomites with there are gas condensates and gas deposits. Oil deposits Cretaceous structures that also contain oil and gas. The main
(from the earliest times to the present) from all of these regions porosities from 5-30%, and permeability up to 3.4 mkm2. The occur down to 3.5-4 km depths, whereas gas deposits occur reserves of oil and gas are concentrated in the Oligocene and
has amounted to 347 Mt of oil with condensates, and 1711.2 B deposits are multilayered, massive, generally with a single oil- down to 6 km depths. Eocone rocks. Oil and gas deposits are associated with thick
cubic meters of free and dissolved gases. gas-water contact, commonly with large reservoirs of gas-bear- Gas, condensate and oil of different deposits in the area are sandstones, as well as with thinner sandstone sheets distributed
At this time the reserves (categories A+B+C) include 237 Mt ing strata (Shebelynka, Western Khrestyshche, Yefremivka, variable in composition. The methane content in the gases of in the flysch sequences of sandstones, siltstones and argillites.

120 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 Drilling derrick, Stryi, L’viv oblast’ An oil well operation on Leliaky oil deposit, Dnipro-Donets'
Depression

The main deposits include the Boryslav and the Oriv-Ulychne. Gases associated with the gas-condensate deposits contain ered at Oktiabrs’ke, Western Oktiabrs’ke and Tetianivka. Gas at depths from 5 km to 500 m below the water. Considering the
The largest number of oil and gas occurrences (including the 85.4-95.7% methane. deposits under the Black Sea are associated with Paleocene riftogenic nature and the size of the Black Sea depression, the
Dolyna, Bytkiv and other deposits) in the Boryslav-Pokuttia The oil and gas region of the Folded Carpathians occupies rocks and occur in fractures and porous sandstones, siltstones, sedimentary pile and its thermobaric history are taken to be
zone is associated with the menilite (carbonaceous schists) structural zones of the Outer Carpathians. In the Skyba zone marbles and limestones. very favorable for the deposition of gas in both the shelf and
series of rocks of the Oligocene age. there are two producing deposits (Skhidnytsia and Bytkiv). The The Indolo-Kuban' oil and gas region occupies the southern the continental slope environments.
In the Bil'che Volytsia zone the productive horizons are asso- Skhidnytsia oil deposit is associated with relatively shallow part of the Azov Sea and the Kerch peninsula and is associat- The Volyn’-Podillia gas and oil region is connected to the L'viv
ciated with the Upper Cretaceous terrigenic and the Upper Paleocene and Eocene sandstones. A significant number of ed with a downwarped crust. downwarp, superimposed on the Paleozoic L'viv-Lublin down-
Jurassic carbonate rocks, as well as with the sandy-clayey small deposits are also found in the adjacent Polish territory. Here the Neogene and Paleogene strata are oil and gas bear- warp. The oil and gas occurrences, bituminous rocks and
Miocene deposits. The Transcarpathian gas province is situated within the ing. Several small deposits of gas (Northern Kerch, Fontan, droplets and fluid oil in fractures of carbonates are found in the
Exploration drilling in the Pokuttia-Bukovynian Carpathians Transcarpathian downwarp. Here, gently sloping brachyanti- Southern Syvash) and oil (Semenivka) have been discovered in Middle and Upper Devonian and the Lower Carboniferous
under the Forecarpathian downwarp discovered a post-Paleo- clinal structures, complicated by faulting, commonly permeat- these rocks. rocks. Two gas deposits have been discovered in this region,
zoic platform, consisting of Mesozoic rocks. Productive hori- ed by salt and injected by volcanic rocks, have been formed The Azov-Berezan' gas region includes the Middle-Azov uplift the Velyki Mosty and the Lokachi deposits.
zons were discovered in the Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks, during the final stages of the Alpine orogenesis. and the Northern Azov-Yeysk downwarp, bordering in the Exploration in the Fore-Dobruja oil and gas region started as a
eventually leading to the discovery of the Lopushne oil deposit. Gas deposits are associated with various stratigraphic horizons north with the South-Ukrainian monocline. Here, a shortened result of the discoveries of an oil deposit (Valeni) and a gas
This fact, together with the discovery of oil in the marginal of Paleogene and Neogene rocks. So far, a number of deposits sedimentary pile measures up to 2-5 km in thickness. deposit (Ungheni) in Moldova. Initially only Neogene and
downwarp of the Western Carpathians in the Cretaceous and have been discovered in this area (Solotvyna, Rus'ki- In the Central-Azov region several small gas deposits have Jurassic were explored, but later Paleozoic rocks were includ-
Jurassic strata, as well as gas (at Rudky, Bil'che-Volytsia and Komarivtsi, Koroleve and Staniv). been found. The main productive strata are part of the Maikop ed also. Drilling in the eastern Sarata and Zhovtyi Yar areas
Uhry) provide good reasons to think that there is a regional oil The Near Black Sea-Crimean gas and oil region occupies the sedimentary sequence containing gas associated with anticlinal intersected oil-bearing Middle Devonian strata.
and gas province in the Mesozoic rocks of the Carpathians. In western part of the Scythian plate and the southern part of the structures. Other small gas deposits are found in the Eocene, Ukraine also has various non-traditional sources of hydrocar-
the Boryslav-Pokuttia zone there are oil and gas-condensate East European platform. Here the Karkinit-Northern Crimean the Early Cretaceous and the Neogene rocks. bons. These include hydrated and subhydrated gases, methane
deposits, whereas in the Bil'che-Volytsia area gas deposits are downwarp structure is in contact with the southern slope of the In the southern part of the region, 31 deposits of oil and gas associated with coal beds and various minor by-products from
common. As a general rule, the gas-condensate deposits are Ukrainian Shield. It contains about 20 small deposits of gas have been found. Of these, 9 are oil, 6 are gas-condensates, thermal decomposition of coal and slates.
found under the oil deposits. and gas-condensates onshore (Zadorne, Hlibivka, Karlav, and 16 are gas deposits. Twelve of these deposits are under the The presence of significant resources of oil and gas, numerous
Oil deposits of the Boryslav-Pokuttia zone have a high paraf- Dzhankoi, Western Oktiabrs’ke, Tetianivka) and offshore in Black and Azov Seas. In terms of size, 5 of these deposits are explored and producing wells, oil and gas refineries, industries
fin and tar content, with minor quantities of asphalt and sul- the northwestern part of the Black Sea shelf (Holitsyn, medium-sized, and 26 are small. related to the oil business and science and research centers
fur. The condensates are categorized as methano-oily. The Southern Holitsyn, Schmidt, Shtorm, Arkhanhel’s’k, Crimean, Preliminary estimates of the hydrocarbon resources under the offer opportunities for the formation of a major organization or
gases associated with the oil deposits consist mainly of Odesa, Bezimenne). Black and Azov Seas are considered to be positive. The main a company that could become a domestic supplier of oil and
methane (57.43- 96.19%). Oil deposits of Lower Cretaceous age have been also discov- oil and gas bearing strata are Cretaceous and Paleogene, found gas in Ukraine.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 121

 COAL grade varies from brown to anthracite, being mostly of the Brown Coal The Forecarpathian coal belt, some 15–30 km wide, contains a
medium-ash (7% to 15%), and medium-sulfur (1.5%-2.5%) The main brown coal deposits are concentrated in the Dnipro combination of beds up to 0.5 m thick at the depths of
Other than oil and gas, Ukraine possesses considerable type but some with higher sulfur contents (2.5% to 3.5%). Basin. Other fields of less importance are found in the 5–30 m in the Upper Tortonian sediments. Coal beds in the
deposits and reserves of various coals, including hard and The host rocks are Carboniferous strata. Mining started in the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, the Dnister river region, the Transcarpathian region occur in the Upper Pliocene sediments.
brown coals, anthracite and bituminous shales. At present, area over 100 years ago. The average depth of mining is about Forecarpathian and the Transcarpathian depressions. Brown The number of productive beds is from 2 to 8, their thickness
some 94 areas have been investigated, yielding about 12.3 bil- 665 m. Some mining is as deep as 1226 m. There are 228 coal is mined only in the Dnipro Basin and in Transcarpathia. ranges from 1.0-2.5 m. They are deposited at depths ranging
lion tons of coal reserves. In addition, potential reserves are mines operating at depths from 100 to 550 m, and 24 mines The Dnipro Basin, covering approximately 100 000 km2, hosts from 5–50 to 200–250 m. This variety of coal has an ash con-
estimated to carry about 4.6 billion tons of coal. operating at 1000 m levels and deeper. Coal beds are known about 200 deposits and occurrences. These deposits occur in tent of 2–10.3 %, light volatiles range from 43–61 % and com-
The main coal deposits are concentrated in the Donets' and at depths of 1341 m. The L'viv-Volyn' Basin stretches along the Paleogene strata which fill depressions in the underlying bustion heat 800–4800 kkal/kg.
L'viv-Volyn' Basins; brown coal deposits are in the Dnipro Basin. the Ukrainian-Polish border for more than 125 km, and is 50 crystalline rocks. The most economic coal deposits occur,
Their reserves and output as of 01.01.2000, were as follows: to 60 km wide. Even though it covers about 10 000 km2, the however, in the Middle Eocene in the Buchach suite. The Oil Shale
mining area is only 2000 km2. Up to 80 coal beds are found Upper Paleogene and Miocene strata contain mainly thin lay- Oil shales are found in the Ukrainian Shield, the Volyn'-Podillia
Basin Reserves (million t) Annual output (million. t) in the Middle Carboniferous rocks in this area. Six of them ers of coal. The size of certain deposits, limited by the dimen- Plate, and the Carpathian and the Crimean Mountains. About
are from 0.7 m to 1-2 m in thickness and are currently being sions of the depressions, varies from several square kilometers 10 deposits and occurrences have been explored. Bovtyshka, the
Donets' 52 814.0 71.1
mined. The coal layers are at depths of about 250 m in the to 50-60 square km. The thickness of the beds fluctuates from largest oil shale deposit, is located on the boundary between the
of which: east. In the west they are at greater depths of about 750 m, 1.2-2 to 18 m, and the beds occur at 10 to 150 m depths. This Kirovohrad and Cherkasy districts. It is associated with a funnel-
brown coal 16 669.9 31.9 are thinner and less continuous. These coals vary in terms of variety of coal has a medium-ash content (up to 20%), shaped depression in the Precambrian basement. The depression
anthracite 8287.7 16.6 the degree of metamorphism and quality, both vertically and between 3.5 % and 4 % sulfur, 43-62% moisture, 61-72% light is 600 m deep and 20 km to 25 km wide and is taken to repre-
areally. Their ash content varies from 9 to 28%. Some of volatiles, up to 10.4% bitumens and about 23% tar. sent a meteorite impact site. Here, five commercial oil shale
L'viv-Volyn' 1437.0 3.6
these coals are used for the production of coke. There were Coal deposits within the Dnipro-Donets' Depression occur in the beds (2.5 m to 3.7 m thick) occur in Paleogene sediments. The
of which:
up to 18 operating mines in this area at one time. Paleogene–Neogene stratas. Brown coal beds with 1.2–50 m combustion heat of the shale is 2000 to 3000 kcal/kg (dry fuel);
brown coal 933.1 - In the northwestern part of Dnipro-Donets' Depression, coal was thickness are found at depths from 10 to 100 m. This kind of coal ash and sulfur contents and tar yields vary from 63-65%, 0.8-
Dnipro 2186.7 1.4 found in the Serpukhovian strata (from 1 to 11 coal beds of lends itself to processing for bitumen extraction and the production 3.5% and 10-18% respectively. This oil shale is used in the ther-
of which:
0.8–6.95 m thickness, at depths of 1138 to 1334 m) in the of mineral wax. The resources of the Novodmytrivka deposit are mal power plants and chemical industry.
Vedyl’tsi area. In its southwestern slope coal (from 1 to 19 coal estimated at 390 million tons. Bituminous shales are widely distributed in the Ukrainian
open pit mining 532.2 1.3
beds of 1-4 m thickness) was found at depths of 830-1845 m (at The brown coal deposits are also known in the Dnister river region, Carpathians. They outcrop or are covered with a thin veneer of
Chervonopartyzans’k, Olyshivka, Isachkiv, Ostapivka, Bilotser- the Forecarpathian and the Transcarpathian areas, where 37 Quaternary sediments across an area of some 3000 km2. Today,
Hard coal kivtsi and others). These finds correspond to the limits of the oil- deposits and occurrences have been explored. these high-ash (75%–92%) and low-organic (10%–20%) bitu-
The Donets' Basin or Donbas is a mature mine region of up gas areas of the Dnipro-Donets' Depression Central Graben and In the Upper Dnister region, 1 to 3 beds of coal are found at minous shales do not meet the requirements for a power plant
to 50 000 km2 containing about 330 coal beds, 180 of them their slopes. The coal content coefficient does not fall down, but the 5–60 m depths; they occur in Lower Tortonian sediments fuel (tar yield being 1.5%–3.3%), but can be regarded as a
being 0.45 m thick. Currently, 65 coal beds are mined. Coal actually rises towards the Dnipro-Donets' Depression Graben. and range in thickness from 0.5 to 1.5 m, sometimes reaching 3 m. potential fuel source in the future.

DEPOSITS 5. Rokosiv 33. Morozivka 2. Skhidnytsia

6. Novoselivka 34. Semeniv-Oleksandriya 3. Verkhnie Syn’ovydne
Hard coal 35. Hannivka
Forecarpathian coal area 36. Krasnopillia Podillya shale area
L'viv - Volyn' Basin 7. Miliieve-Ispas 37. Sokolivka 4. Novoselytsia
1. Buzhania 38. Yelizavetivka
2. Novovolyn' Dnister coal area 39. Novomykhailivka Dnipro basin
3. Mizhrichchia 8. Rava Rys’ke 40. Krynychuvate 5. Bovtyshka
4. Tiahliv 9 Brykiv 41. Mykhailivka
5. Velykomosty 10. Nyshche 42. Balakhivka
11. Zolochiv 43. Verkhn’odniprovs’k
Donets' Basin 44 Shyroke
6. Petrivka site Dnipro basin 45. Synel'nykove
7. Bohdanivka mine Deposits 46. Veseli Terny
8. Novomoskovs’k site 12. Andrushivka 47. Apostolove
9. Uspenka site 13. Makarove 48. Sanzharivka Cretaceous deposits, Donbas
10. Tereshky site 14. Filiopil' 49. Horikhivka
11. Dobropillia mine 15. Tetiiv
12. Western Donbas mine 16. Ryzhanivka Dnipro-Donets' coal area
13. Krasnoarmiis’k site 17. Kozats'ke 50. Romny
14. Selydove site 18. Balabanivka 51. Sula-Udaitsi
15. Myronivka site 19. Novosilky 52. Novodmytrivka
16. Krasnodon mine 20. Kaitanivka
17. The mine named after Zasiad'ko 21 Yurkivka Lower Dnister coal area
18. Yenakiieve mine 22. Zhuravka 53. Bolhrad
19. Southern Donbas site 23. Hlyns'k 54. Krynychne
20. Volodars'k site 24. Zolotarivka-Revivka 55. Reni
25. Bandurivka
Brown coal 26. Myronivka Crimean coal area
27. Fastivka 56. Beshui
Transcarpathian coal area 28. Mokra Kalyhirka
1. Uzhhorod 29. Turiia Oil shale
2. Bihan' 30. Zlatopillia Carpathian shale area
3. Velykyi-Rakovets' 31. Novo-Myrhorod Deposits Marble onyx, Dnister region
4. Horbky 32. Motronivka-Trepivka 1. Boryslav

122 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 COAL

LEGEND
COAL BASINS AND THEIR AGES

Donets' (a - Outcropping Donbas) (C1-3 )

L'viv-Volyn' (C1-2 )

Lower Dnister (C1-2 )

-2 )
Dnipro (P
DOMESTIC CLASSIFICATION
FOR DIFFERENT COAL TYPES
COAL AREAS AND THEIR AGES
Coking coal: 1) fat - high tar content,
Dnipro-Donets' (C1-2, J1-P1 ) 2) coking, 3) lean, 4) baking

Lean coal, semi-anthracite, anthracite

Сrimean (J2 )

Long-flame and gas coal

Forecarpathian (N1 ) OIL SHALE AREAS AND THEIR AGES FUEL MINERALS

Deposits Coal showings Coal transitional between brown and

long-flame
Transcarpathian (N1-2 ) Bovtyshka (P
-1 ) Наrd coal

Boundaries of the basins and areas

Upper Dnister Region (N2 ) -3 )
Carpathian (P Brown coal

Lower Dnister (N2 ) Podillia (N1 ) Note:

Oil shale
Only some deposits are shown in the Donets’ basin.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 123

 FERROUS METALS suite which measures up to 1500 m in total thickness. It consists comprised of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks. concentrated in the Nikopol’ basin within the Dnipropetrovs’k
(Iron, Manganese and Chromite) of banded magnetite quartzites, with some members merging Banded iron-bearing quartzite bodies range from 60 to 250 m in and the Zaporizhzhia oblasts (the Nikopol’ and the Velykyi Tok-
together in places or thinning out altogether. The ore bodies have thickness, are up to several kilometers in length, and extend up to mak manganese deposits). In the Nikopol’ area, a 25 km wide
Ukraine has a highly developed ferrous metallurgy industry on sheet-like, lens-like and stockwork configurations. 1500 m in plunge. The ore bodies are up to 100 m thick. Explored band of manganese-bearing beds is traced for about 250 km. The
account of its huge iron and manganese deposits. They have been The banded iron-bearing quartzites contain 30-45% iron, ore reserves, carrying on average about 60.6% iron, amount to beds (2 m thick on average) are hosted by sandy-silty-clayey sed-
mined since the end of the 19th century by both underground and include non-oxidized (magnetite, specular hematite-magnetite, about 0.7 Bt, of which 40% are rich ores of martite type. The iments of the Lower Oligocene age. There are three types of ores
open pit methods. The capacities of these mines range anywhere silicate-magnetite), and oxidized assemblages (martite, specular Zaporizhzhia plant produces close to 3 Mt of direct smelting ore. – carbonate (average 19.8% Mn), oxide (27.8% Mn), and oxide-
from 0.5 to 40 Mt of ore annually. Nowadays, iron and man- hematite-martite, goethite-hydrogoethite-martite). Areally the The Azov Iron Basin is located in the Zaporizhzhia and the carbonate (24.4% Mn).
ganese concentrates, crushed iron-rich ore, iron agglomerates and oxidized ores occur down to about 100 m depth, but locally oxi- Donets'k oblasts, on the southeastern part of the Ukrainian Shield.
pellets are produced in the country. dation occurs down to 2000-2500 m and even deeper. The rich It occupies an area of about 360 square kilometers. The iron ore Data on the main Mn ore deposits are shown below.
Ukraine is the fifth largest producer of iron ore in the world after iron layers can be from 10 to 100 m thick, and there are about deposits are associated with the Lower Proterozoic and Archean
China, Brazil, Russia and Australia, but holds the first place in the 25 such members. They consist of magnetite, martite, iron-cherty formations. The ore bodies are in brachyanticlinal Deposit Reserves Annual output Mn content
(million t) (million t) (%)
mining of manganese (32% of the world’s production). hematite-martite and goethite-martite assemblages that on structures and in narrow graben-like synclines. In total they
Iron deposits. As of 1995, the total explored reserves of iron ore average have about 56% Fe, 0.02% P, and 0.16% S. Of these, amount to about 3.5 Bt. Concentrates from these ores yield 69- Nikopol’ 704.8 4.98 23
amounted to 32 Bt, and the proven reserves stood at 28 Bt or 6% the martite and hematite-martite are the most common. Low 72% iron. These ores are not mined at this time. Velykyi
of the world reserves. Relatively low-grade iron ores, commonly grade ores are commonly represented by magnetite-bearing The Kerch Iron Basin is located on the Kerch Peninsula in the Tokmak 1578.5 - 25.8
composed of jaspillites and magnetite quartzites and carrying from quartzites. High grade ores are mined underground down to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The iron deposits are associat-
25.8% to 35.1% iron, are the dominant ore types. Rich ores gen- levels of 850-1200 m. Lower grade ores are mined mainly in ed with troughs and depressions 1.5-13 km wide and 6-40 km The mineralogy of the ores comprises pyrolusite, psilomelane,
erally grade from 50.6% to 62% iron and constitute about 7% of open pits up to 300 m in depth. long. The iron-bearing horizon is associated with the Kimmeri- manganite, quartz, and clay minerals. Carbonate ores include
the explored iron reserves in Ukraine. In the Kryvbas area there are up to 21 Bt of ore reserves. The dgian marine strata of the Lower Pliocene age. It consists of sub- rhodochrosite, manganocalcite, calcite, quartz and clay minerals.
Within the deposits which are either mined or are ready for min- complex has an annual production capacity of 190 Mt of iron ore horizontal beds of brown iron-bearing sandy clays. They measure The Nikopol’ deposit is mined by both underground and open pit
ing there are 17.8 Bt of reserves (58% of the total), and there are that can yield about 70 Mt of pig iron. The surface mineralization from 0.5 to 2 m in thickness along the margins and up to 25-40 m methods. The Velykyi Tokmak deposit is not mined at this time.
additional reserves which are being investigated that amount to is oxidized and enriched; at greater depths there are mainly mag- in the central parts of the troughs. The main types of mineraliza- Ukraine contributes 32% of the total manganese world produc-
12.8 Bt (36%). The potential reserves that need further explo- netite-bearing ores. tion include brown hydrous iron chlorite, ferri-montmorillonite, tion. Significant quantities of manganese are exported to Russia
ration are in the order of 30 Bt. In total there are 48 iron ore bod- The Kremenchuk region (Poltava oblast') is situated on the east- hydrous goethite, and greenish-brown leptochlorite. The brown and western Europe.
ies, 25 of which are mined. ern side of the Dnipro river and represents a northern outlier of mineralization resulted by oxidation of the greenish-brown under- Chromite deposits and occurrences are found in Ukraine in ultra-
The Kryvyi Rih Iron Basin (or Kryvbas) is of Proterozoic age, and the Kryvyi Rih Iron Basin. It has a belt-like configuration measu- lying layer. Oolitic textures are common in these layers. In total basic rock massifs (middle Boh (Southern Buh) river region).
is located in the south-central part of the country in the Ukrainian ring 1 to 3 km in width and 45 km in length. It contains about 4.1 there are about 1.8 Bt of mineralization including 560 Mt grading They are associated with small dunite-harzburgite bodies. Most of
Shield. It trends in a north-northeasterly direction, measures from Bt of iron ore reserves in total. Here the Saksahan suite is 1200- about 37.5% iron. At one time these deposits were mined by open the mineralization is disseminated, but there are also some of the
2 to 7 km in width and is more than 100 km in length. In addi- 1300 m thick. Ores are rich, containing on average 58.5% iron. pit operations. They are not mined at this time. massive type. The ore bodies form a series of closely spaced
tion, there are two outlying regions – the Kremenchuk and the The magnetite quartzites have about 32.8% iron, and the com- There are also some small iron deposits towards the central part steeply dipping lenses, 2-4 m thick, and carrying up to 29%
Bilozerka. The Kryvbas is one of the largest in the world. mingtonite-magnetite quartzites have about 27.4% iron. The of the Buh river. chromium trioxide. In terms of the reserves, their size is not large,
Lithologically, it is comprised of jaspillites, banded cherts, sandy Poltava concentrating plant crushes about 34 Mt of ore per year. Manganese Deposits. After South Africa, Ukraine has the second but they could satisfy some of the local demands. The chromite
chert-carbonates, conglomerate-sandstones, and meta-andesite- The Bilozerka region (Zaporizhzhia oblast') has a belt-like con- largest manganese reserves in the world. Ukraine posesses 2.5 Bt mineralization also carries anomalous quantities of the platinoid
basalts. Within the Basin, the most productive is the Saksahan figuration some 5 to 20 km in width and 65 km in length and is of ore, with an average grade of 23.1% Mn. Its main reserves are group of elements, gold, nickel and cobalt.

IRON DEPOSITS 18 – Hvardiia mine BILOZERKA IRON-ORE BASIN MANGANESE DEPOSITS

1 – Hrushkivka 19 – Lenin mine 36 – Northern Bilozerka 1 – Khashchuvate
2 – Moldovka 20 – Zhovtneva mine 37 – Southern Bilozerka
21 – Sukha Balka Raion 38 – Pereverziv NEAR-DNIPRO BASIN
KREMENCHUK IRON-ORE BASIN 22 – Velyka Hleiuvatka AZOV IRON-ORE REGION 2 – Fedorivka
3 – Kremenchuk 23 – Bat'kivshchyna mine 39 – Vasynivka Nikopol’:
4 – Bilanivka 24 – Saksahan mine 40 – Huliaipole 3 – Chortomlyk-Oleksiivka locality
5 – Yerystivka 25 – Kirove Raion 41 – Kuksunhur 4 – Pokrovs’ka locality
6 – Lavrykivka 26 – Valiavky 42 – Mariupol’ 5 – North-Western locality
7 – Horyshni-Plavyni 27 – “Hihant-Hlyboka” KERCH IRON-ORE BASIN 6 – Chkalove locality
KRYVYI RIH IRON-ORE BASIN (Deep Giant) mine 43 – Akmanai locality 7 – Sulik locality
8 – Popel'naste 28 – Valiava “Pivnichna” 44 – Kyiats’k locality 8 – Komintern-Marivka locality
9 – Artemivs’k (Northern) mine 45 – Sim Kolodiaziv (Seven Wells) locality 9 – Hrushevs'ko-Basanska locality
10 – Zakhidne (Western) 29 – Novokryvoriz'ke 46 – Novoselivka Velykyi Tokmak:
11 – Zhovta Richka 30 – Shymanivs’ke 47 – Zamors'k-Pisochna locality 10 – Northern locality
Banded-iron formation (BIF), jaspilite variety,
12 – Hannivka 31 – Dilianka (locality) №6 48 – Chehene-Salyn locality 11 – Central locality Kryvyi Rih iron-ore basin
13 – Petrivs’ke 32 – Skeliuvatka locality 49 – Katerlez’k basin 12 – Southern locality
14 – Pervomais'k – N1 mine 33 – Skeliuvatka-Mahnetytove 50 – Baksyn
15 – Pervomais'k – N2 mine 34 – Inhulets’ 51 – Komysh-Burun basin CHROMIUM DEPOSIT
16 – Pervomais'ke 35 – Inhulets’ Raion 52 – Eltihen-Ortel’ 1 – Kapitanivka
17 – Ordzhonikidze mine 53 – Kyz-Aul basin

124 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 FERROUS METALS

LEGEND
STRUCTURAL DIVISION

Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover of Cretaceous-Paleogene

the Ukrainian Shield Central Crimea Uplift

Cretaceous-Paleogene
Volyn'-Odesa Monocline Al’ma Depression

Mesozoic Dnipro-Donets'
Paleozoic deeps (1 - L'viv, Depression: northern flank CHROMITE DEPOSITS
2 - Dobruja Foredeep) (1), southern flank (2)
low-grade chromite
Voronezh Anticline
Paleozoic Volyn' Uplift (southern slope) IRON DEPOSITS MANGANESE DEPOSITS IRON AND MANGANESE ORE
RESERVES (Mt)
Folded Structures of the Ukrainian high-grade ores oxides
iron ore basins (50.6-62% FeO) (27.8% MnO) large – over 300 (Fe)
Southern Ukraine Carpathians (1), the Donbas (2),
and regions and 30 (Mn)
Monocline the Northern Dobruja (3), low-grade ores carbonates
the Crimean Mountains (4) (25.8-35.1% FeO) (19.8% MnO) medium – 125 to 300 (Fe)
and 10 to 30 (Mn)
Late-Cretaceous- Alpine troughs: Carpathian high-grade and low- carbonates and oxides
Paleogene Karkinit- Foredeep (1), Indolo-Kuban' (2), manganese ore grade ores (24.4% MnO) small – less than 125 (Fe)
Northern Crimea Deep Inner Transcarpathian (3) basin (30-45% FeO) and 10 (Mn)

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 125

 GOLD DEPOSITS An ancient gold-bearing province in Ukraine is the Ukrainian Proterozoic mobile belts and suture zone depressions minearalization, and the mineralogical particulars of these
Shield. By comparison to the other highly productive (Kirovohrad, West-Inhulets', Kryvyi Rih and Kremenchuk), deposits are all similar to the deposits found in the black shales or
Gold in Ukraine has been mined since prehistoric times. Precambrian Shields (Canadian, Western Australian, South and are related to the linear tectono-metasomatic zones slates of the Muruntau gold deposit in Uzbekistan. In the
Such mining sites have been found in the Donbas area and in African, Indian) the Ukrainian Shield emerges as another (Tal'ne, Pervomais'k-Trakhtemyriv, Zvenyhorodka-Hannivka, Nahol’na region, the best studied is the Bobrykiv gold deposit. It
the Transcarpathian region. At present a total of 240 occur- potentially gold-bearing area. This is supported particularly by Kirovohrad) commonly found around complex plutons and is associated with the southern flank of the Bobrykiv brachy-anti-
rences and a few deposits are known. On the basis of these recent work. Several different gold associations have been granite massifs. These zones are commonly marked by alkaline cline, which consists of sandy-clayey strata of Carboniferous age.
data three gold regions are recognized: the Ukrainian Shield, established typical of Precambrian rocks. These include – gold- metasomatism, skarn formation, the development of abundant The gold-sulfide mineralization is localized along a tectonic zone,
the Carpathians and the Donbas. Among these regions, the quartz veins, gold-sulfide-quartz, gold-skarn, gold-uranium mica and silicification. The ore bodies consist of mineralized and includes both vein and veinlet-disseminated types.
better studied deposits are in the Carpathians (Transcarpa- and gold-iron formation associations. zones and quartz veins. Here, gold is mainly native and is asso- The total resource of the Donets' Basin region represents about
thian structural metallogenic zone), specifically in the Gold is found in the granite-greenstone Archean formations of ciated with native bismuth, pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, 10% of the total resource of the country. Favorable area for gold
Berehove-Bihan’ mineralized region. the Dnipro river area, and constitutes a structural-metallogenic galena, and less commonly chalcopyrite. exploration amounts to several hundred square kilometers.
The Muzhiievo deposit in the Carpathians has been explored zone. Here, in the complex synclinal structures (Verkhivtseve, In the Kirovohrad metallogenic zone there are two gold The most productive gold-bearing zones in Ukraine at this time
and is currenthly being mined. Gold mineralization occurs in Sura, Chortomlyk, Sofiivka, Bilozerka and others) a wide vari- deposits located close to each other – the Klyntsi and are associated with the transregional long-living (Late
the volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks, andesite-rhyolite flows of ety of volcanic rocks is represented from ultramafic to felsic, Yuriivka. They are related to the eastern contact of the Archean– Cenozoic) megazones of fracturing having east-west
Miocene-Pliocene age forming a caldera structure. In the upper typical of greenstone belts. These rocks are schistose and meta- Novoukraiins’kyi granitic massif. The gold mineralization is in orientations. The Central Ukrainian megazone transects the
part of the ore body gold mineralization has a simple miner- morphosed, and have been subjected to various intense metaso- the biotite, biotite-amphibolite and cordierite gneisses. The entire Ukrainian Shield, the southern parts of the Donbas area
alogical assemblage with gold as the main mineral, but at depth matic changes, such as propylitization, listvenitization (quartz- mineralized zones are also strongly silicified and have steep and the Carpathian Mountains. Associated with this megazone
it gradually passes into the gold-polymetallic type. Of the total, carbonate), silicification, beresitization (quartz-sericite) and attitudes. Gold is not evenly distributed in these mineralized are some of the main deposits of gold-rare metals and uranium
about 30% of gold is in the simple and 70% is in the poly- sulfidation. Gold is associated with such alteration zones and zones which can be described as the low sulfide content type. and the gold-polymetallic and mercury deposits of the
metallic mineralization. The gold content varies from 1 to 150 occurs in mineralized zones, in quartz, carbonate and guartz- In the Tal'ne metallogenic zone, there is the Savran’ gold area Carpathians and the Donbas areas.
g/t, the average is 7-8 g/t. carbonate veins, and in iron formations. Examples of gold min- that contains the Mais'k gold deposit. It is associated with the The Northern Ukrainian megazone crosses the northwestern
The Berehove gold deposit is adjacent to the Muzhiievo deposit. eralization of this type include the Serhiivka, Balka Zolota, gneisses, migmatites and amphibolites which have undergone marginal part of the Ukrainian Shield, the northern part of the
It is mainly polymetallic in nature and is essentially analogous to Balka Shyroka and Pivdenne deposits and a number of other intense hydrothermal-metasomatic alteration such as silicification Volyn’-Podillia plate, and continues into Poland and into the
the polymetallic part at Muzhiievo. It has considerable size in gold occurrences. The Serhiivka and Balka Zolota deposits are and biotitization. Gold is mainly native and tends to be more Voronezh Massif in Russia. This megazone coincides with the
both vertical and horizontal directions (more than 1 km). located on the southern side of the Sura granite-greenstone common in the altered rocks which have an overall steep attitude. rare metal, silver-polymetallic and fluorite mineralization in the
The ore body consists of three parallel zones with submeridional complex and are controlled by the plagioliparite, plagioclase- On the basis of these deposits, the Ukrainian Shield could become Ukrainian Shield, native copper in the traps of Volyn', rare metal
orientation with veinlet-disseminated sulfide mineralization. bearing rhyolite volcanic rocks. The gold-bearing veins are con- a significant producer of gold in the near future. The potential and gold mineralization in the Voronezh Massif and the silver-
To the east of the Muzhiievo deposit is the Rakhiv gold region centrated mainly in the contact zones, and have a subparallel gold resources on the Ukrainian Shield are considered to be rela- polymetallic deposits in Silesia in Poland.
with the Sauliak gold deposit. This deposit is associated with the orientation to the contact. tively large and represent about 65% of the total for the country. The gold deposits of Ukraine can be subdivided into four major
Riphean-Lower Paleozoic age Marmarosh Massif comprised of The Balka Shyroka gold deposit is located in the eastern part Gold-bearing areas with potential for new discoveries are esti- epochs of deposition – Late Archean-Early Proterozoic (2450-
metamorphosed rocks. Gold in quartz-carbonate minerals of the of the Chortomlyk granite-greenstone complex. Here, pack- mated to be in the order of 5000 square kilometers in the 2900 Ma), Middle Proterozoic (1650-1720 Ma), Permo-Triassic
ore body is easily concentrated. ages of interbedded iron formation and basic and felsic vol- Ukrainian Shield. (220-300 Ma) and Neogene (15 Ma).
The total resources of gold in the Carpathian province represent canic rocks are mineralized and are associated with the The Donets' Basin (Donbas) is another gold-bearing terrain in As a result of the exploration work done in recent years in
about one quarter of all the gold resources in Ukraine. Favorable listvenite-beresite alteration. The mineralized zones are tab- Ukraine. In the Nahol'na region there are a number of gold-silver Ukraine, there is evidence of a good potential for gold deposits in
formations in the Carpathians for gold exploration amount to ular and have subvertical attitudes. deposits (Bobrykiv and Hostrobuhor) and gold-silver-polymetal- the country. Further development of this potential is necessary
about 1000 square kilometers. Somewhat later gold deposits are found in the Lower lic deposits (Zhuravs'k). Their geological position, age and type of before the country becomes a major producer of this noble metal.

Gold bricks recently extracted from the Klyntsi (Ukrainian Shield) and Muzhiievo (Transcarpathia) deposits Placed native dendritic gold from the Muzhiievo deposit, Native granular gold from Berehove deposit,
Transcarpathia (x70) Transcarpathia (x150)
GOLD-BEARING GOLD DEPOSITS: 8. Serhiivka
REGIONS ORE-BEARING*, 1. Muzhiievo 9. Balka Zolota
GOLD-BEARING 5. Mikhailivka 2. Berehovo 10. Pivdenne(Southern)
METALLOGENIC ZONES
1. Berehove-Bihan’ FIELDS: 6. Klyntsi-Konev* 3. Bihan’ 11. Balka Shyroka
1. Vyhorlat-Huta 5. Tal'ne 9. Verkhivtseve-Sura-Chortomlyk 2. Rakhiv 1. Yabluniv 7. Petrove- 4. Sauliak 12. Surozh
2. Sushchany-Perha 6. Pervomais'k-Trakhtemyriv 10. Kins’ka-Bilozerka 3. Sura 2. Buky Balakhivka 5. Mais'k 13. Zhuravs'ke
3. Kirove-Kocheriv 7. Zvenyhorodka-Hannivka 11. Central Donbas 4. Chortomlyk 3. Savran’* 8. Murakhivka 6. Klyntsi 14. Hostryi Buhor
4. Dnister 8. Kirovohrad 12. Nahol'chyk 5. Nahol'na 4. Kapitanivka 9. Soroky 7. Yurivka 15. Bobrykiv

126 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 GOLD DEPOSITS

LEGEND

Provinces and their codes:

А Carpathian-Dobrujan-Crimean

B Ukrainian Shield

BOUNDARY AND INDEX OF METALLOGENIC AREA

Province

DEPOSITS OF:
XI
Structural-metallogenic zone (SMZ)
Gold

Gold-polymetallic STRUCTURAL-METALLOGENIC ZONES

Metallogenic zone (MZ)
I – Transcarpathian VI – Crimean Mountains XI – Kirovohrad XV – Orikhiv-Pavlohrad
Megazones of fracturing: II – Carpathian VII – Volyn' XII – Western-Inhulets’ XVI – Western Azov
Gold-bearing region
III – Marmarosh VIII – Podillia XIII – Krivyi Rih- XVII – Cental Azov
North-Ukrainian
IV – Forecarpathian IX – Bila Tserkva Kremenchuk XVIII – Eastern Azov
Gold ore-bearing and gold-bearing fields
Central-Ukrainian V – Dobruja X – Holovaniv XIV – Dnipro XIX – Donets' Basin

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 127

 RARE METALS deposits. In addition, a number of occurrences of tantalum, fluorite. The group of rare earth elements is variable and includes uranium but also vanadium-scandium minerals (Zhovti Vody)
niobium, yttrium and related elements, lead, molybdenum cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, erbium, samarium, lutecium which are concentrated in aegirine-acmite rocks. The method
As a mining country, Ukraine is well endowed with rare met- and tungsten have been outlined. and yttrium. At present there is some final exploration and eval- of extraction of scandium from these ores has been worked out
als and rare earth elements. In spite of this, these resources The ores of the black and base metals (iron in quartzites, uation work being carried out on this deposit. and the ores are being mined now.
have not been fully used. ilmenite in gabbros, manganese, nickel and cinnabar ) also The Polokhivka, Stankuvatka and Shevchenko lithium Ukraine has large placer deposits of titanium-zirconium. They
The majority of rare metal deposits and showings are within the carry elevated values of vanadium, gallium, germanium, scan- deposits are associated with petalite-spodumene pegmatites include continental, near-shore marine and beach sands. At
Ukrainian Shield, which could be regarded as a large rare metal dium, hafnium, bismuth and antimony. Tailings also carry a and also carry some Nb, Ta and Cs. They are characterized this time production is coming from the Malysh deposit. In
province. There are 22 rare metal bearing complexes, formed dur- variety of rare metals – Sc, V, Ga, Ge, Ta, Nb, REE, Zr. especially by high concentrations of lithium and other ele- the past this deposit was the main source of zircon concen-
ing the Early Proterozoic period in the mobile belts, and during Among the well known deposits, of special interest are the ments, and close spatial association with iron and uranium trates for the entire former Soviet Union. In addition to zir-
the Late Proterozoic as superimposed zones of tectono-magmatic largest and unique deposits, which could become a major mining areas. Iron-free lithium concentrates are used in the con, this deposit supplies ilmenite, rutile, sillimanite and
and tectono-metasomatic activities. Within such zones there is source of rare minerals in Europe and perhaps in the world. manufacturing of ceramics and glass products. Abundance of graphite by-products. There is a series of placer deposits along
granitoid and alkaline magmatism, abundant pegmatites and evi- These include the unique deposits of beryllium at Perha, and high quality clays and silica in Ukraine, combined with the the northern and the southeastern slopes of the Ukrainian
dence of metasomatism. Rare metal mineralization is associated the zirconium-rare earths at Azov. lithium raw materials and availability of electric energy offers Shield, and along the northeastern edge of the Dnipro-
with granites and syenites, commonly replaced by pegmatites and The Perha beryllium deposit is located in the northern part of new opportunities for the development of ceramic and glass Donets' Depression.
alkaline metasomatic materials. Some of these mineralized com- Ukraine, and is considered to be a new type of deposit of high industries in the country. The estimated resources of lithium A strong development of the mining sector, metallurgical,
plexes are highly weathered and have associated placer deposits. quality beryllium associated with alkaline feldspathic metaso- ores and the geological-economic evaluations of these chemical and machine-producing industries in the country
Up to the present several rare metal deposits have been matism. The main beryllium mineral is gentgelvine, which was deposits indicate that they may be profitable at current prices. creates favourable conditions for the utilization of rare metals.
explored – including the Perha beryllium deposit, the Zhovta considered earlier as a very rare mineral species. This deposit The Mazur deposit consists of zirconium-niobium-tantalum These metals form the base for the development of new alloys,
Richka uranium-vanadium-scandium deposit, the Novopol- has been well explored, including a systematic geochemical mineralization in nepheline syenites (mariupolites). This is a which could be useful in high quality technologies.
tavka apatite-rare earths-niobium deposit, and the Mazur zir- evaluation for zirconium, rare earths, niobium, tantalum, lead highly prospective deposit. The Novopoltavka deposit consists The rare metal mineralogical potential resources of Ukraine
conium-niobium deposit. and fluorite. Other significant elements in the deposit include of phosphorus-rare earth elements-rare metals mineralization are some of the largest in Europe and could conceivably sat-
At this time the Azov fluorite-zirconium-rare earths deposit Ta, Nb, REE, Zr, F, Li, Mo, Sn, W, Au, Ag, Zn, and Cd. in carbonatites. Apatite (ap) is the main mineral and the rare isfy the needs of most of the countries in Europe. Ukraine is
is undergoing further investigations. Some exploration work The Azov zirconium-rare earths deposit is associated with alkaline earth elements, niobium and tantalum, could be retrieved as interested in further developing a mutually satisfactory coop-
has been also carried out on the lithium prospects – includ- syenites and is one of the largest in Europe. Mineralization is valuable by-products. erative effort in evaluating these deposits as well as developing
ing Polokhivka, Stankuvatka and Shevchenko deposits. All associated with taxitic olivine-amphibole alkaline-feldspar syen- Uranium-bearing albitites and aegirinites occur in the Kryvyi efficient methods of concentration of minerals and extraction
exploration work indicates so far that these may be major ites. Ore minerals include zircon, orthite, britolite, bastnezite and Rih-Kremenchuk zone. This area produces not only iron and of rare metals, and marketing these products.

METALLOGENIC ZONES AND 5 – Korostyshiv (Ta, Nb, Rb, Li) DEPOSITS*, SHOWINGS 28 – Nadiia * (Li, Ta, Nb) 57 – Fedorivka (Li)
MINERALIZATION AGE 6 – Bakhtyn-Stavchyntsi * (fl, Li) 29 – Lozuvatka * (REE, U, Th) 58 – Malynivka (REE, U)
(PR – Proterozoic, PZ – Paleozoic) 7 – Kamianka-Soroky (Be, Nb, REE) 1 – Yastrubets'ke (REE, Zr, fl) 30 – Kalynivka * (REE, U, Th) 59 – Novopoltavka * (Nb, REE, ap)
8 – Mykolaivka-Holoskiv (REE, Zr) 2 – Perha * (Be) 31 – Mostove (Ta, Be) 60 – Ulianivka (Nb, Ta)
1 – Sushchany-Perha (Be, Nb, Ta, 9 – Chapaievka (REE) 3 – Novohrad-Volyns'kyi (Nb, Ta, Rb, Cs) 32 – Polokhivka * (Li, Ta, Nb) 61 – Behim-Chokrak (Nb, REE, ap)
REE/ PR2-3) 10 – Solomyivka (REE) 4 – Luhovs'ke (Nb, REE, Ta) 33 – Novokostiantynivka * (U, REE) 62 – Andriivka (REE, Ta, Nb)
2 – Kocheriv (Ta, Nb, Rb, Li/ PR1) 11 – Korabel’ne * (REE, U) 5 – Omelianivka (Be, Ta, Nb) 34 – Ulianivka (U, REE) 63 – Yelyseivka (REE, Ta, Nb)
3 – Podillia (fl, Li, Be, Nb, REE/ PR1-3) 12 – Stankuvatka * (Li, Ta, Nb, Be) 6 – Volodars'k-Volyns’kyi * (Be, Li, Nb) 35 – Rus'ka Poliana (Nb) 64 – Oleksiivka (Ta, Nb)
4 – Khmil'nyk (REE, Zr/ PR1) 13 – Lozuvatka (REE) 7 – Lуznyky (Be, Li, Rb) 36 – Osykuvatka (REE, Zr, fl) 65 – Kruta Balka * (Ta, Nb, Li)
5 – Holovanivs’k (REE, U, Sc/ PR1) 14 – Polokhivka * (Li, Ta, Nb) 8 – Raivka (Ta, Nb) 37 – Dokuchaieve * (U, REE) 66 – Blakytni Skeli (Ta, Nb)
6 – Zvenyhorodka (REE, U/PR1) 15 – Rus'ka Poliana (Nb, Ta, REE) 9 – Tovstiv (Nb, Rb) 38 – Severynivka * (U, REE, Zr) 67 – Katerynivka (Ta, Nb)
7 – Lypniazhka (Li, Ta, Nb/ PR1) 16 – Zhovta Richka * (Sc, U, REE, Zr, Li) 10 – Stavchany (Li, fl) 39 – Lelekivka * (U, REE) 68 – Kamiana Mohyla (Ta, Nb)
8 – Khmel’ove (Li, Ta, Nb, Be/ PR1) 17 – Komendantivka (Ta, Nb, Li) 11 – Bakhtyn * (fl) 40 – Trudoliubivka (REE, U) 69 – Starodubivka (Ta, Nb)
9 – Novoukrainka (REE, U/ PR1) 18 – Tok (REE) 12 – Soroky (Nb, Be) 41 – Dolyns'ke (REE) 70 – Starodubivka placer deposits (Ta, Nb)
10 – Kirovohrad (REE, U/ PR1) 19 – Malotersianka (Nb, Ta, REE) 13 – Kamianka (Be, Nb, Ta) 42 – Tymoshivka (REE, U) 71 – Komyshuvatka (Ta, Nb)
11 – NorthTersianka (Nb, Ta, REE/ PR2) 20 – Shevchenko * (Li, Ta, Nb) 14 – Rovy (REE, Zr) 43 – Zelenyi Hai (Be) 72 – Azov * (REE, Zr, Nb)
12 – Fedorivka (Li, Ta, Rb, Cs/ PR1) 21 – Fedorivka (Li, Ta, Rb, Cs) 15 – Hnylopiat’ (REE) 44 – Znamianka (Be, REE, U) 73 – Mohyla Seredynivka (REE, Zr, Nb)
13 – Haichur (REE, U, Nb, Ta/ PR1) 22 – Novopoltavka * (Nb, REE, ap) 16 – Postolivka (REE) 45 – Olexandrivka-Mariivka (Rb, Cs) 74 – Mohyla Storozheva (REE, Zr, Nb)
14 – Chernihivka (Nb, Ta, REE, ap/ PR1) 23 – Yelyseivka (REE, Ta, Nb) 17 – Maidan-Holoskiv (REE, Zr) 46 – Novoukrainka (Be, Ta, Nb) 75 – Mazurivka * (Nb, Zr)
15 – Soroky (Ta, Nb, Li, Rb, Cs/ PR1) 24 – South-Soroky * (Ta, Nb, Li, Rb, Cs) 18 – Chapaivka (REE) 47 – Zhovti Vody * (Sc, U, REE) 76 – Kalynove-Shevchenko (Nb,Ta, Zr)
16 – Oktiabr (Nb, Ta, REE, Zr/ PR2) 25 – Katerynivka (Nb, Ta, REE, Li) 19 – Solomyivka (REE) 48 – North Hannivka (REE, Zr) 77 – Petrove-Hnutiv * (REE, fl)
17 – Kal'mius (REE, fl/ PR2) 26 – Kamiana Mohyla (Nb, Ta, Li) 20 – Holovanivs’k (REE) 49 – Komendantivka (REE, Nb, Li) 78 – Pyshchevyk* (REE)
18 – South-Donbas (Be, REE, fl/ PZ) 27 – Staryi Dub (Nb, Ta, REE) 21 – Pervomays'k (REE) 50 – Kyrpotyne (Cs, Rb) 79 – Pavlopil’-Druzhba (REE)
28 – South-Kal'chyk (REE, Zr, fl) 22 – Korabel’ne (REE) 51 – Scherbakivka (Nb, Ta) 80 – Kal'mius placer deposits (Ta, Nb)
DEPOSITS* AND MINERALIZED FIELDS 29 – Mazurivka * (Nb, Ta, Zr) 23 – Kostiantynivka (REE) 52 – Malotersianka (Nb, Ta, Zr, REE) 81 – Pokrovka-Kyriivka * (Be, REE)
1 – Perha * (Be, Ta, Nb, REE) 30 – Petrove-Hnutiv * (REE, fl) 24 – Yuzhnoukrains’k * (REE, U) 53 – Novopavlohrad (Nb, Ta, REE) 82 – Kumachove (Be, REE, Nb)
2 – Novohrad-Volyns'kyi (Nb, Ta, Rb, Cs) 31 – Pokrovka-Kyriivka (Be, REE, Nb, fl) 25 – Mykhailivka (REE) 54 – Chaplyne (REE) 83 – Bihan’* (Ge)
3 – Volodars'k-Volyns'kyi * (Be, Li, Sc) 32 – Bihan’ * (Ge) 26 – Stankuvatka * (Li, Ta, Nb) 55 – Oleksiivka (REE) 84 – Krokodyl (Crocodile) (Li)
4 – Lyznyky (Be, Rb, Li) 33 – Nahol'chyk (Li) 27 – Lypniazhka * (Li, Ta, Nb) 56 – Shevchenkove * (Li)

128 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 RARE METALS

LEGEND

Deposits Showings Elements and minerals

Tantalum, Ta

Niobium, Nb
Rare Earth Elements, REE

Beryllium, Be

Lithium, Li
Rubidium, Caesium, Rb, Cs
Scandium, Sc

Zirconium, Zr

Germanium, Ge

Uranium, U BOUNDARY AND INDEX OF METALLOGENIC AREA Megazones of Fracturing

(Linear features
Fluorite, fl from sattelite imagery)

Apatite, ap Rare earth metal province Metallogenic zone

– Ukrainian Shield North Ukrainian

2 - deposit number
Note: Color of metallogenic zones and field areas cor- Mineralized field Central Ukrainian
responds to main mineral deposits.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 129

 Marble onyx, Transcarpathia Sandstone with zircon, rutile, ilmenite, Malyshivka deposit, Dacitic tuff, Transcarpathia Agate
Dnipro zone

TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM PLACERS Dnipro, the Azov-Black Sea coastal and the Kharkiv-Sumy lurgical moulds. The Vilnohirs’k enterprise was granted the 49-54% TiO2. Mineral grains are of variable sizes and are
AND SOURCE DEPOSITS zones. The first one is the most productive. Forming an arc 50 Golden Globe International Trophy in 1996. irregularly distributed. Their contents vary from 70 kg/m3 to
to 100 km wide and 700 km in length along the northeastern HMP horizons containing appreciable quantities of ilmenite, 80 kg/m3.
The East European province of heavy mineral placers (HMP) slope of the Ukrainian Shield, it contains the main commercial leucoxene, rutile, zircon, kyanite, staurolite and sillimanite Residual HMP in 10-15 m thick weathering crusts of gabbro
are found in Ukraine and extend into Belarus and Russia. They titanium and zirconium deposits such as Vovchans'ke, Voskre- (n•10 kg/m3 of commercial heavy minerals) occur in the up- and anorthosite massifs contain from 30 kg/m3 to 130 kg/m3 of
are associated with areas of Paleogene and Neogene sediments. senivka, Pivdenne, Tarasivka and Malyshivka. The Vil’nohirs’k per parts of the geological sections and are about 10 m thick. weakly altered ilmenite.
In this province the most promising is the Ukrainian sub- state mining and metallurgical plant is mining the last-named Ilmenite is highly altered, contains up to 68% TiO2 and is Contemporary sea beach and shallow shelf HMP, containing
province of HMP, whose zones, areas, fields, deposits and deposit. It is one of the world’s largest integrated enterprises for easily concentrated. ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, zircon and less commonly mon-
occurrences are identified (see p. 131). mining, extracting and processing ores containing rare metal Ukraine has 11 titanium-zirconium deposits, about 280 major azite, columbite and cassiterite are of minor importance due to
Several varieties of HMP are recognized, including 1 – marine minerals. The enterprise manufactures over 40 production rela- occurrences and 1400 minor occurrences. Continental HMP their relatively small dimensions.
coastal, 2 – continental redeposited, 3 – residual, as well as 4 ted items, such as rutile, ilmenite, zircon and kyanite-silliman- of redeposited (alluvial, deluvial and proluvial) and residual Ukraine produces about 20% of the total world production of
– contemporary sea beach and 5 – shallow shelf deposits. The ite concentrates; zirconium dioxide; yttrium stabilized zirconi- heavy minerals were accumulated in the Mesozoic and titanium and zirconium.
first three types are commonly buried at 10-100 m depths. um dioxide; zirconium oxychloride, zirconium carbonate, Cenozoic times in the northwestern part of the Ukrainian Ukraine supplies titanium-zirconium concentrates to various
The marine coastal HMP are related to clay and sand accumu- fianite, silicon tetrachloride, hafnium dioxide, electrolytic hafni- Shield. Leucoxene content is rather low, and ilmenite is the countries in the former Soviet Union, and also exports to other
lations of Oligocene and Miocene age. These HMP occur in the um powder and quartz sands used in the production of metal- main commercial mineral in the alluvial placers, containing countries in the world.

ALLUVIAL REGION 10 – Tarashcha DEPOSITS 3 – Tarasivka

1 – Volyn’ 11 – Stebliv 4 – Tarashcha
2 – Skvyra 12 – Makariv Zirconium-rare earth deposits 5 – Horodyshche-Smila group
3 – Bila Tserkva 13 – Morozivka 1 – Yastrub (sites – Tsvitkove, Voronivka, Vovkivka, Kalynivka)
4 – Zelenyi Yar 14 – Zelenyi Yar 2 – Mazurivka 6 – Novomyrhorod group
5 – Novomyrhorod 15 – Horodyshche-Smila 3 – Azov (Byrzulove, Valuivka, Likarivka, Kanizh, Ochere-
6 – Pravoberezhnyi 16 – Novomyrhorod tianka, Andriivka)
7 – Livoberezhnyi 17 – Bil'shevys Phosphorus-vanadium-titanium deposits 7 – Malyshivka*
8 – Huliaipole 18 – Near-Dnipro 4 – Stremyhorod 8 – Pivdenne
9 – Mokri Yaly 19 – Voskresenivka 5 – Fedorivka 9 – Krasnyi Kut
10 – Tokmak 20 – Vovcha 6 – Vydybor 10 – Voskresenivka
11 – Kakhovka 21 – Komyshuvakha 7 – Kropyvnia 11 – Novomykolaivka
12 – Sumy 22 – Ternuvate 8 – Poromivka 12 – Vovcha
13 – Kharkiv 23 – Uspenivka 9 – Yurivka 13 – Dzharylhach
24 – Pavlivka 10 – Nosachiv 14 – Mokri Yaly group (areas – Tatarka, Manuil,
ALLUVIAL FIELDS 25 – Tokmak 11 – Mariupol’ Zlatoustivka)
1 – Luhy 26 – Berdians’k (Azov Sea Shelf Zone) 12 – Pokrovka-Kyriivka
2 – Lytvynivka 27 – Ochakiv-Dzharylhach (Black Sea Shelf Zone)
3 – Irsha 28 – Vylkove (Black Sea Shelf Zone) ALLUVIAL TITANIUM-ZIRCONIUM DEPOSITS
4 – Kocheriv 29 – Lebedyn 1 – Irshans'k group (Irshans'k*, Verkhnyi Irshans'k*, Note: Underlined – deposits with proven reserves
5 – Koziivka 30 – Khotin’ Lemna*, Mezhirichka*, Livoberezhne, Ushyts’ke,
6 – Marianivka 31 – Krasnyi Kut Ushomyr, Zlobych, Valky-Hatskivka, Trostianets’, * Producing deposits
7 – Holubiatyn 32 – Bohodukhiv Paromivka, Stavyshche, Pravoberezhne, Krasno-
8 – Vasyl’kiv 33 – Merchyk richka,Torchyn)
9 – Tarasivka 34 – Nova Vodolaha 2 – Zelenyi Yar

130 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM PLACERS
AND SOURCE DEPOSITS

LEGEND
LIMITS AND INDEXES OF TITANIUM AND
ZIRCONIUM METALLOGENETIC AREAS

Ukrainian subprovince (continuation of

the East European alluvial province)

Alluvial zone Active mining

and processing plants
I – Dnipro
PLACER DEPOSITS
II – Azov AREAS OF ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS Irshans'k Mining
proven reserves and Concentrating Mill
III – Azov-Black Sea continental (alluvial, deluvial,
estimated reserves
eluvial, proluvial)
IV – Kharkiv-Sumy Vil’nohirs’k State Integrated Iron
Coastal deposits and Steel Enterprise
Alluvial region buried SOURCE DEPOSITS Zaporizhzhia Titanium-Magnesium Factory

proven reserves
Alluvial field surface
estimated reserves Crimea Production Association “Titanium”

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 131

 Kimberlite, Azov area Diamonds faceted at Vinnytsia faceting factory "Crystal" Diamond faceted at Vinnytsia faceting factory "Crystal" Diamond faceted at Vinnytsia faceting factory "Crystal"

DIAMONDS Amongst the various diamonds studied, according to their mor- vium of the Syniukha and Dnister rivers. High concentration of Cherkasy) and in the western part of the southeastern area of the
phology and physical attributes, some diamonds are either diamonds of the kimberlite type have been established in the Shield (a pipe known as Mriya, and dykes and stockworks in the
The first recorded find of a diamond in Ukraine was in 1949 in identical or close to the diamonds associated with kimberlites, titanium-zirconium placers as in the Samotkan’ and Zelenyi vicinity of the Kolarivka, Zelenivka and Andriivka villages).
the alluvial sediments of the Bazavluk river. This diamond was 2 lamproites, impactites and metamorphic rocks of the Yar deposits, but the size of these diamonds is generally less There are possibilities of finding lamproites in other parts of the
mm in size and weighed 1.2 mg. Since then, investigations by Kazakhstan type. The most commonly found diamonds are of than 0.5 mm. Ukrainian Shield also.
various geological organizations and scientific institutions have the kimberlite type. They occur in conglomerates of the Bilo- Taking into account the areal distribution of the diamond finds Diamonds of the type associated with the metamorphic rocks
demonstrated that the territory of Ukraine has great potential for korovychi suite of the Upper Proterozoic age, in the sandy and the aureoles of the associated diagnostic minerals of the kim- are also distinguished tentatively by analogy to those in
discovering deposits of diamonds. Over a hundred locations with deposits of the Polissia Riphean series and the Valdai Vendian berlite type, and also particular geological structures and the his- Kazakhstan. They are mostly present in the Samotkan’, Zelenyi
diamonds are known at this time, in addition to numerous aure- suite, in the alluvial deposits of the Quaternary age located in tory of their development on the Ukrainian territory, the follow- Yar and other titanium-zircon placers. Their presence in the
oles in unconsolidated sediments with associated diagnostic min- the northwestern part of the Ukrainian Shield; in the sandy ing favorable areas for the primary diamondiferous kimberlite basement rocks is inferred.
erals (pyrope, picro-ilmenite, chromian spinels, chromian diop- deposits of the Poltava series and the Baltic suite, and the bodies are outlined: 1) the central part of the Prypiat' swelling- Diamonds of the impactite type are found in the Neogenic tita-
side). These locations are found in different age sediments in the Quaternary alluvium of the southwestern part of the Shield; in Volyn' area (known to contain Kukhotskovol'sk, Preskal'sk and nium-zirconium placers such as Samotkan’, Zelenyi Yar, Tara-
Ukrainian Shield, the Volyn’-Podillia plate, the Donbas, and the the sandy deposits of the Poltava series and the Sarmatian layer Serkhiv eruptive diamond-bearing kimberlite facies of the sivka and Vovchans’ke deposits. Impactites are known to occur
shorelines of the Black and Azov Seas. The diamonds occur and in the Quaternary alluvium of the central part of the Shield; Devonian age); 2) the northwestern part of the Ukrainian Shield in the Western (Bilylivka), Illintsi, Bovtyshka, Rotmistrivka,
mainly as single crystals or fragments, which together with the in the Quaternary conglomerates in the eastern part of the (Novohrad-Volyns’kyi and Shepetivka areas); 3) the southwest- Zelenyi Hai, Obolon', and Ternivka astroblemes (meteorite
associated diagnostic minerals commonly form aureoles in plac- southeastern Shield and in the sandstones of Lower and Upper ern part of the Ukrainian Shield (Berdychiv-Vinnytsia, Skvyra impact sites). Impactites from these astroblemes are known to
er deposits. Such aureoles are known in the central portion of the Carboniferous, and in the Quaternary alluvium of the central and Dnister areas); 4) the central part of the Ukrainian Shield carry diamonds, and the Bilylivka astrobleme contains such dia-
Dnister river and the southern part of the Buh river, in the part of the Donbas (Yenakiieve area); in the alluvial sediments (Kirivohrad area) where there are two occurrences of micaceous monds in abundance in the impactite.
northwestern part of the Ukrainian Shield (Bilokorovychi dep- of the lower and middle part of the Dnister river, and in the kimberlites dated at 1.8 Ga; the southeastern part of the There are two major diamond-cutting concerns in Ukraine:
ression) and in the central part of the Donbas (Yenakiieve area). beach sands of the northern shorelines of the Black and Azov Ukrainian Shield (Azov area), where four kimberlite pipes and "Esmerald" in Kyiv and "Crystal" in Vinnytsia. These two plants
Significant quantities of diamonds are found in placer deposits of Seas. The diamonds of the kimberlitic type are dominantly col- two micaceous Devonian kimberlites are known. produce high quality finished products that account for about
titanium-zirconium of the Neogene age such as Samotkan’ orless crystals with octahedral forms, but some rhombodecahe- Diamonds of the lamproite type in the aureoles are tentatively 5% of the world production. They produce some very compli-
(Malyshiv), Vovchans’ke, Zelenyi Yar, Tarasivka and other drons, cubes and twinned crystals are encountered also. Most of outlined, since they are not that much different from those of cated imaginative diamond shapes. Most of the diamonds
deposits. They carry up to 1-2 carats of diamonds per ton of sand. them are small in size, generally less than 0.5 mm. Some crys- the kimberlite type. Thus the lamproitic diamonds are encoun- worked are less than one carat. These facilities also manufacture
Studies of the diamonds and their associated diagnostic miner- tals, however, measure up to 3.0-3.5 mm in diameter, and tered in the Samotkan’ and Zelenyi Yar titanium-zirconium all kinds of equipment for cutting and polishing diamonds, and
als allowed to typify the known aureoles, establish their genetic weigh 20-40 mg. The largest diamond crystals have been found placer deposits. Lamproites are known to occur in the central from these facilities emerge diamond-cutting masters with high
associations and point to possible locations of their origin. in the conglomerates of the Bilokorovychi suite and in the allu- part of the Ukrainian Shield (1.4 Ga dykes near the city of qualifications.

132 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 DIAMONDS

LEGEND
Occurrences of diamonds in terrigenous sediments a) less than 1 mm,
b) 1-3.5 mm

Occurrences of kimberlites: 1-3, 5 – debris of kimberlite breccia on

Kukhits'ka Volia (1), Prekallia (2), Serkhiv (3), Horniatskiy (5) sites; 4,4a
– dykes of micaceous kimberlites on Leliakiv (4) and Schorsivka (4a) sites;
Kimberlite pipes: Petrivs’ke (6), Nadiya (7), Novolaska (8), Pivdenne (9)

Lamproites: 1 – dykes near Cherkasy, 2 – stocks near Zelenivka village,

Megazones of fracturing
3 – Mriya pipe, 4 – dykes in Andriivka village
I - North-Ukrainian
II - Central-Ukrainian
Potential exploration areas for kimberlite, lamproite and diamond deposits
III - South-Ukrainan
1 – Volyn'
2 – Novohrad-Volyns’kyi Explosive ring structures (astroblemes, meteorite craters)
Diamond cutting plants
3 – Shepetivka 1 – Obolon', 2 – Bilylivka, 3– Rotmistrivka, 4 – Illintsi,
1 - “Esmerald” in Kyiv
4 – Berdychiv-Vinnytsia 5 – Bovtyshka, 6 – Zelenyi Hai, 7 – Ternivka
2 - “Crystal” in Vinnytsia
5 – Skvyra
6 – Dnister Diamond-bearing titanium-zirconium placers
7 – Kirovohrad 1 – Zelenyi Yar, 2 – Tarasivka, 3 – Malyshev (Samotkan’) Note: For structural divisions see map
8 – Azov 4 – Vovchans’ke, 5 – Krasnokuts’k Ferrous Metals, p. 125.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 133

 GEMS, SEMIPRECIOUS AND DECORATIVE STONES The recently completed reevaluation of gem and facing stone colored chalcedony. colors produced in Ukraine are in great demand abroad. They
resources of Ukraine resulted in a more precise definition of 5 IV. The Azov Region occupies the southeastern edge of the are exported to the CIS countries, Italy, Germany, Japan,
Ukraine has considerable resources of different gem and semi- regions and 19 areas of high potential. They are outlined as fol- Ukrainian Shield and is known for its emerald, ruby, leucosap- Greece and others.
precious stones such as topaz, beryl, morion, rock crystal, ame- lows: phire, beryl, topaz, garnet, amethyst, opal, mariupolite and The gem stones of the Volyn' district are hosted in a pegmatite
thyst, amber, jasper, rhodonite, obsidian, agate, opal and gar- I. The northwestern region is located in the Volyn'-Podillia graphic pegmatite deposits and occurrences. body. This area is considered to be the most promising for the
net. There is an abundance of top-quality granite, gabbro, Block of the Ukrainian Shield and has known deposits of beryl, V. The South Crimean Mountain region is particularly known top-quality topaz (red colors), beryl (citrine and blue colors),
labradorite and marble deposits. Of the 155 explored facing topaz, rock crystal, morion, amethyst, labradorite, graphic peg- for its marble onyx, and also has gagate, amethyst, jasper and morion, smoky quartz and rock crystal. In addition, this area
stone deposits, carrying in total about 500 million m3 reserves, matite, agate, opal and amber. colored chalcedony. ranks as the second in Europe, in terms of the reserves of high-
79 are being mined now producing 0.3 million m3 of stones per II. The Transcarpathian region includes Rakhiv and Chyvchyn In terms of the multitude of deposits of various gems and semi- grade amber.
year. These deposits are concentrated mainly within the crystalline massifs and is known for its garnet, jasper, opal, precious quality stones, their colors, the size of these deposits, Other areas worthy of note include the occurrences of jaspilite
Ukrainian Shield. Colored marble was found in Transcarpathia rhodonite, obsidian, alunite and marble deposits and occur- and their near surface occurrences in Ukraine, there are no and tiger's eye (Kryvyi Rih), unakite (Dnipro Region), irrides-
and the Donets' Basin. Different types of limestone of facing rences. other analogs in the rest of Europe. cent labradorite (Volyn'), marble onyx (Dnister river region)
stone quality are also known in Crimea. III. The Middle Buh region contains ruby, garnet, jasper and Facing stones of gabbro, labradorite and granite of different and rhodonite and obsidian (Carpathians).

Amber items from Polissia, the State Treasure House collection Agate, Crimean Mountains Irridescent labradorite, Volyn' Amethyst, Rafalivka, Rivne oblast’

DEPOSITS AND SHOWINGS

1 – Dubrovytsia 24 – Adamivka* 47 – Tryhiria * 71 – Ivanivtsi 95 – Buzynivka 118 – Yantseve* Reserves and production of facing stones
2 – Perebrody 25 – Synii Kamin'* 48 – Kornyn* 72 – Voronivka 96 – Sil’tse* 119 – Hostryi Buhor in Ukraine, 01.01.2000
3 – Zolote 26 – Symony* 49 – L'viv 73 – Horodyshche 97 – Muzhiievo 120 – Central
4 – Vil'ne* 27 – Rikhty 50 – L'viv I 74 – Radvanka* 98 – Rokosiv Nahol'chyk Reserves Annual out
5 – Klesiv* 28 – Malyn 51 – Yaziv 75 – Kirovs’ke* 99 – Kovanka* 121 – Nahol'no- Deposit Type of stone (thou. m3) (thou. m3)
6 – Yasnohirka* 29 – Myrnians'ke* 52 – Zhuravnenka* 76 – Kremintsi 100 – Velyka Kamianka Tarasivka
7 – Osmalyne* 30 – Torchyn* 53 – Raiky* 77 – Krychove 101 – Beretians'ke 122 – Bohdanivka
Granitoid
8 – Mezhyrichka* 31 – Kamianyi Brid * 54 – Hlukhivtsi 78 – Kryvche 102 – Hlimeia 123 – Volnovakha
9 – Didkovychi * 32 – Slipchytsi * 55 – Zhezheliv* 79 – Mushkutyntsi 103 – Prybuis’ke 124 – Dons’ke Kapustyno Red granite 3 545.6 22
10 – Vas'kovychi 33 – Fedorivka* 56 – Rozdil 80 – Vynohradne 104 – Trebushany 125 – Katerynivka Horikhivka Red granite 49 735 2
11 – Bekhy * 34 – Barashi 57 – Zastinka 81 – Karpivka (Dilove)* 126 – Strilka Tok Red granite 14 116 11.4
12 – Nahoriany * 35 – Korets' 58 – Tereblianka 82 – Rakhny-Pol’ovi 105 – Dovhi Runy 127 – Drahuny Kornyn Red-gray granite 5 501 -
13 – Kuryanivka * 36 – Mohyliany 59 – Budaniv 83 – Stari Babany* 106 – Preluky 128 – Kruta Balka Didkovychi Pink-gray granite 4 504 -
14 – Tserkovne 37 – Volyn'* 60 – Podorozhnie 84 – Uman' (Horodets’ke)* 107 – Krasnopillia 129 – Yelyseivka Kudashivka Gray granite 11 268 -
15 – Kovalivka * 38 – Lyznyk* 61 – Talalaivka 85 – Tans'ke* 108 – Kapitanivka 130 – Bielins’ke
Bohuslav Light-gray granite 6 249 1
16 – Dobryn’ * 39 – Holovyne* 62 – Andrushivka 86 – Likarivske* 109 – Sofiivka 131 – Baherovo
17 – Yampil * 40 – Stari and Novi 63 – Bohuslav* 87 – Voinivka* 110 – Kostiantynivka 132 – Biiuk-Yankoi Pokostivka Light-gray granodiorite 2 858 4.9
18 – Ivano-Dolyns’k * Petrivtsi 64 – Dovhalivka 88 – Kapustyn* 111 – Ocheretne (Mramorne) Gabbroide
19 – Hulianka 41 – Bystryivka* 65 – Novopskov 89 – Krups'ke* 112 – Novodanylivka* 133 – Karadah Holovyne Irridescent labrodorite,
20 – Omelianivka* 42 – Nehrebivka* 66 – Kamianytsia 90 – Horikhivka* 113 – Dibrova 134 – Beshuis’ke black 12 424 2.2
21 – Shchorsivka* 43 – Slobidka* 67 – Trostianets 91 – Kudashivka* 114 – Kryvyi Rih 135 – Haspra Vas'kovychi Light-gray labradorite 410 -
22 – Kamiana Pich* 44 – Horods’ke 68 – Demkovtsi* 92 – Novomykolaivka 115 – Trykraty* 136 – Pokostivka*
Slipchytsi Gabbro and black
23 – Rudnia 45 – Korostyshiv* 69 – Kaliusyk* 93 – Volos'ke 116 – Inhulets
Shliakhova 46 – Hrabivka* 70 – Tyvriv* 94 – Novopavlivka* 117 – Tok* * Mined deposits labrodorite 11 954 21.8

134 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 GEMS, SEMIPRECIOUS
AND DECORATIVE STONES

LEGEND
Deposits Showings
Gem stones
emerald
ruby, sapphire
beryl
topaz
garnet
amethyst
morion
rock crystal (quartz)
zircon
amber
Semiprecious
industrial stones
opal
agate
rhodonite
tiger's, cat's eye
Industrial stones
mosaic quartzite
marble onyx
unakite (epidotized)
opaline wood
gagate (silic. coal)
obsidian
graphic pegmatite
jaspelite
mariupolite, sodalite
pyrophyllite
Decorative stones
granite and granitoid
gabbro, labradorite
tuff, andesite, basalt
marble etc.
gypsum
sandstone
travertine

Complex deposits and showings Note: For structural divisions see map Ferrous Metals, p. 125.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 135

 “Falcon's eye”, a variety of colored chert, Kryvyi Rih iron-ore Carnelian onyx (sardonyx), Karadah, Crimea Amethyst, Volyn' Amber, Polissia
basin

GEOTHERMAL POWER Thermal water resources are estimated as follows: Natural heat from rocks In terms of conductive geothermal power, the Ukrainian ter-
Worldwide experience in the use of heat from geothermal steam ritory is subdivided into high-yield, average and low-yield
Natural heat from the Earth, or geothermal energy, is not new, Estimated resources of thermal water: and hydrothermal springs, and various geological and geophys- potential areas. The most promising ones are located in the
but it is a non-traditional, accessible and possibly a good source reserves, 1000 m3/day ical studies and technical and economic estimations show that Transcarpathian Deep, northwestern part of the Carpathian
of energy in Ukraine. There are two main kinds of geothermal hydrothermal power, million Gcal/year it is possible to use the natural heat of rocks. Nevertheless, due Foredeep, Fore-Dobruja Deep, Crimean flatlands, Kerch
energy: hydrothermal (thermal waters, vapor-water mixtures, Regions to the unfavorable distribution of rocks with high enough tem- peninsula, Donets' folded structure and adjoining parts of the
Artificially
overheated vapors) and natural heat of the rocks, brought to the Flowing Pumped pressurized perature, and lack of efficient technology for heat extraction, Dnipro-Donets' Depression. Within these areas, resources of
surface by conductivity from the deeper levels in the Earth. in situ geothermal energy is not used widely today. It should be noted conductive geothermal power are estimated at 1.52 x 1020
Hydrothermal power that the power industry can use efficiently only 4% of the esti- Joules, comparable to 5170 Mt of oil equivalent.
The usefulness of thermal water as a heat source is determined Total in 23 137 27166 mated conductive geothermal energy.
mainly by its temperature, filtration properties, chemical com- Ukraine 0.6 2.14 453 Investigations into heat flows throughout Ukraine revealed a Geothermal power resources of highly potential areas
position, corrosiveness and the salt content. strong dependence of their rates upon the tectonic environment.
Comprehensive studies of the geological, hydrothermal and At this time, maximum heat flows are observed within the Geothermal power
Crimea 23 125 27166
thermal conditions within Ukraine showed that Crimea, the 0.6 2 453 Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic formations and/or where the Regions 20 9
x 10 J x 10 tons c.f.*
southern part of Kherson oblast’ and Transcarpathia possess warming up of the upper Earth's crust of the same age occurred.
enough thermal water for commercial usage. Transcarpathia 12 Estimated resources of the conductive geothermal energy with- 1. Transcarpathia 0.32 1.11
0.14 in the upper 10 km of the Earth's crust in Ukraine are as follows:
2. Carpathian Foredeep 0.16 0.56
Criteria for commercial usage of thermal water are as follows:
– water temperature in situ should be not lower than 70°C Geothermal power 3. Folded Donets'k Basin 0.3 1.02
– not deeper than 3000 m for the Crimean lowland and 2000m Utilization of thermal waters is complicated by the following: 4. Crimea 0.74 2.48
for Transcarpathia – the problem of a safe waste water discharge into the environ- Geothermal power
4.1. Tarkhankut peninsula 0.27 0.92
– mineral content of thermal waters should be less than 35 g/l ment Location Joules Comparison fuel*, c.f.
4.2. Kerch peninsula 0.24 0.8
– minimum well yield of 2-3 liters/sec (170-250 m3/day) – the problem of reusing discharge waters by subsurface injec- Crust-upper 10 km 6.9 x 1022 2.38 x 1012
– estimated cost of the hydrothermal power must be approxi- tion 4.3. Steppe Crimea 0.23 0.76
Platform areas 1.9 x 1022 0.66 x 1012
mately the same as that of coal power – the high risk of drilling holes having low water yields. Geosyncline areas 5.0 x 1022 1.72 x 1012 Total 1.52 5.17
– potential areas must host two aquifers which can be operated In spite of these potential problems, hydrothermal waters are
simultaneously. among the most promising alternative power sources in the future. Crust-upper 3 km 3.3 x 1022 1.12 x 1012
The major sources of hydrothermal power that satisfy the above Elsewhere in the world hydrothermal plants supply enough ener- Platform areas 0.95 x 1022 0.32 x 1012 * Comparison fuel (c.f) – total amount of oil or gas in 1 ton of oil
criteria are mainly in Crimea. gy to satisfy some of the commercial/industrial requirements. Geosyncline areas 2.35 x 1022 0.8 x 1012 or 1000 m3 of gas

136 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 GEOTHERMAL POWER

LEGEND
POTENTIAL REGIONS
FOR GEOTHERMAL POWER

High potential

Moderate potential Isotherms (°С) at 3000 m level

Some Potential Areas with estimated resources of thermal water

Low potential Areas with potential for geothermal power

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 137

 MINERAL WATER SOURCES Waters with no specific components are the most common in There are other similar sources of water along the valley of the
this province and include such areas as the Forecarpathians, Zbruch river. Other sources of water of the "Naftusia" type are
Ukraine has abundant mineral water resources. Mineral waters Volyn’-Podillia, Dnipro, Donets'-Don, Black Sea Lowland, also known in the region of Kharkiv and in the Carpathian fold-
occur commonly in the country and there is quite a large vari- Crimean Lowland, Azov-Kuban' artesian basins, and the fold- ed area (Skhodnyts’ke).
ation in their composition. Based on the hydrogeochemical ed regions of the Donbas and Crimea. These waters include the In Ukraine, the discharge of mineral waters is in the order of 60
properties of the water, the country can be divided into five following types: "Moskovs’ka", "Zvenyhorods’ka", "Cherni- 000 cubic meters per day. Currently the total consumption is
provinces as follows: vets’ka", "Uchums’ka", "Krains’ka", "Myrhorods’ka", about 5300 cubic meters per day.
1) Carbonic waters "Yizhevs’ka" and "Kuyalnyts’ka". Further development of the mineral water resources can be
2) Nitric, nitro-methanic and methanic waters Waters with specific components include iron, arsenic, silica, considered both in terms of the already known and developed
3) Radon-bearing oxy-nitric waters and various organic matter. Iron-bearing waters are found in areas, which have potential for increased productivity, and in
4) Hydrosulfatic waters the Donbas, the Forecarpathian and the Volyn’-Podillia arte- terms of developing new formations which are practically unex-
5) Organo-hydrochemical waters ("Naftusia") sian basins. A commercial source of this type of water has been plored. Looking at the developed areas, it appears that in many
established only in one place, in the vicinity of the town of cases they are operating at about half their capacity. In terms of
1) The carbonic water province (50-60 km wide) is related to Slovianohirs'k (Donets’k oblast’). The composition of the potential areas for further exploration for mineral waters, it
the Transcarpathian artesian basin. The gas in the water is waters here is similar to the "Poliustriv" type. Arsenic-bearing appears that every administrative area has some good prospects.
mainly carbon dioxide (98-100%). Its concentration at 800- waters of "La Burbul" type are found in the Black Sea artesian Their compositional types have not been always determined. In
1000 m depths reaches 3-15 g/l. In the vicinity of a number of basin near the city of Berdians’k. Siliceous waters are found in particular there is good potential for finding commercial min-
villages (Poliana, Soymy, Chornoholova and others) there are the Forecarpathian, the Volyn’-Podillia, the Dnipro, and the eral water sources of the carbonic type in the Kerch peninsula
Table Mountains (Stolovi hory), Western Crimea
emissions of dry carbon dioxide gas. Donets'-Don artesian basins. These waters are commercially of Crimean, sulfatic waters in the Poltava, Kharkiv, Odesa,
The composition of underground waters varies from hydrocar- produced in the Khmel'nytskyi and Kharkiv regions. Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Zakarpattia and L'viv oblasts and
bonic calcic to sodium chloride bearing, from sweet to saline. Occurrences of bromian, iodinian and iodine-bromian waters Crimea, ferrous mineral waters in the Zakarpattia, L'viv and
Some waters have other microcomponents, such as iron, are found in all artesian basins, and also in the hydrogeological Donets'k oblasts, mineral waters with elevated organic materi-
arsenic and boron. Such waters are considered to be beneficial region of the Crimean Mountains. One commercial operation als in the Zakarpattia, Khmel'nytskyi, Kyiv, Cherkasy,
for health and commonly have elevated temperatures. Within exists near the city of Berdiansk. Kirovohrad, Kharkiv and probably other oblasts that are known
this province there are carbonic waters of commercial types; 3) Radon-bearing oxy-nitric waters tend to occur in the hydro- to contain carbonaceous materials in the geological columns,
"Narzan", "Borjomi", "Essentuki", sodic carbonic waters of the geological formations of the Ukrainian Shield. These waters are siliceous mineral waters in the Zakarpattia, Khmel'nytskyi,
type "Krynica" and "Usol’s’ka", saline waters of the type chemically different from the ones described above, and their Kharkiv and Sumy oblasts, iodine-brome mineral waters in the
"Kelechyns’ka", and arsenic-bearing carbonic waters of the type mineral content varies from fractions of a gram to 5-8 g/l. It is Zakarpattia, L'viv, Volyn', Chernihiv, Poltava, Kharkiv,
"Syn’ohors’ka" and "La Burbul". typical for this area that both the mineral and the fresh water Luhansk, Donets'k, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson oblasts and the
Another carbonic water province is found in the Azov-Kuban' reservoirs are located in the same places and approximately at Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
artesian basin such as the Kerch area in Crimea. the same depths. These are some of the indicators of the potential for different
2) The nitric, nitro-methanic and methanic waters form the 4) Sulfatic waters are found only in the Forecarpathian artesian mineral waters in the formations that have been examined to
largest province in Ukraine. These waters are found in all artesian basin, where they are associated with the gypsum-anhydrite some extent. Considerably more work is required to evaluate
basins in the platformal and folded formations, and in the hydro- rocks of the Neogene age. In composition they are similar to the the potential in the rest of the country.
geological region of the Crimean Mountains. Here the waters can waters of the "Matsesta" type. Occurrences of this type of water Other than this, there is also the question of the influence of
be hydro-carbonate-sulfatic, sulfatic to saline, commonly with no have been noted in other artesian and hydrogeological regions. industrial pollutants on the mineral waters. The study of miner-
other components. The mineral content ranges from a few grams 5) Waters with elevated organic content are represented by the al water, as an element of the geological environment, could be
per liter to salty compositions. Locally, however, there are waters type "Naftusia". Such waters are commercially used in the an important factor which determines the current economic
with elevated bromine, iodine, silica, and organic matter. "Truskavets’" resort establishment and in the Zbruch river area. development of various regions in Ukraine. Falcon's Stone (Sokolynyi Kamin’) mountain, Khmel’nyts’ky oblast’

MINERAL WATER SOURCES

1 – Mena 14 – Velykyi Liubin’ 27 – Truskavets' 40 – Nova Poliana 53 – Murovani Kurylivtsi 66 – Kryvyi Rih 79 – Zaliznyi Port
2 – Stepan’ 15 – Berezivka 28 – Moshny 41 – Kelechyn 54 – Novomoskovs'k 67 – Yuhoka 80 – Kyrylivka-2
3 – Zhuravychi 16 – Teofipol' 29 – Lyman 42 – Makivka 55 – Oleksandriia 68 – Novoselivka 81 – Kyrylivka-1
4 – Zhobryn 17 – Drabiv 30 – Skhidnytsia 43 – Tsarychanka 56 – Kudlynka 69 – Velykyi Anadol' 82 – Odesa-1
5 – Korets' 18 – Myrhorod 31 – Pidialyns'ke 44 – Western Slovians'k 57 – Zolotyi Kolodiaz' 70 – Andriivka 83 – Odesa-2
6 – Verkhne Syn’ovydne 19 – Bila Tserkva 32 – Morshyn 45 – Slovians'k 58 – Znamianka 71 – Novoazovs’k 84 – Karolino-Buhaz
7 – Brovary 20 – Novopskov 33 – Zbruch 46 – Sosnovyi 59 – Shalanky 72 – Lazurne 85 – Serhiivka
8 – Shepetivka 21 – Zaichykivka 34 – Novi Sanzhary 47 – Poliana 60 – Brusnytsia 73 – Berdians'k-2 86 – Northern Syvash
9 – Korbutivka 22 – Myronivka 35 – Novyi Zbruch 48 – Soimy 61 – Solonyi Lyman 74 – Berdians'k-1 87 – Chokrak Lake
10 – Polonne 23 – Naftusia 36 – Slovianohirs'k 49 – Zvenyhorodka 62 – Berehove 75 – Kobleve 88 – Yevpatoriia-1
11 – Denyshi 24 – Volochys'k 37 – Demydivka 50 – Syniak 63 – Tysa 76 – Ochakiv 89 – Yevpatoriia-2
12 – Koncha-Zaspa 25 – Khmil’nyk 38 – Uzhhorod 51 – Holubyne 64 – Hirs'ka Tysa 77 – Kuial'nyk 90 – Saky
13 – Vlasivka 26 – Konopkivka 39 – Ploske 52 – Luhans'k 65 – Budenets' 78 – Chornomors'ke 91 – Feodosiia

138 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 MINERAL WATER SITES

LEGEND
MINERAL WATER PROVINCES

Carbon dioxide-bearing water in regions of young magmatism

Nitric, nitric-methane and methane-bearing water of artesian basins

Oxy-nitric radon-bearing water of the Ukrainian Shield

HEALTH RESORTS OF UKRAINE BASED
ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINERAL WATER
Hydrosulfide-bearing water of the Carpathian Foredeep
Carbonic Bromine, iodine-
1. Poliana bromine, boron-bearing
TYPES OF MINERAL WATER 2. Shalanky 12. Berdians’k
Exploitable reserves of mineral water 3. Hirs’ka Tysa
carbonic 4. Soimy Radon
potential measured reserves, m3 per day 13. Khmil’nyk
actual annual consumption, m3 per day 14. Bila Tserkva
hydrosulfidic
Hydrosulfidic With increased content
OTHER SYMBOLS siliceous, iron-bearing 5. Syniak of organic substances
6. Liubin’ Velykyi ("Naftusia" type)
7. Cherche 15. Truskavets’
Under-exploitation bromine, iodine-bromine, boron-bearing
16. Sataniv
radon-bearing
Not exploited Siliceous, iron-bearing Unclassified (no specific
8. Soimy properties)
with increased content of organic substances ("Naftusia" type) 9. Slovianohirs’k 17. Myrhorod
10. Berezivs’ke mineral waters 18. Feodosiia
Boundaries of mineral water provinces with no specific constituents and properties 19. Morshyn
11. Rai Olenivka

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 139

 CLAY AND KAOLIN of concentrated kaolin are used in the production of porcelain cally in one large deposit (Cherkasy oblast’), where the ben- time. They are used in various branches of ceramic industry.
and faience (pottery), and also paper, rubber and in drilling tonite clays occur in several layers from 0.5 to 15 m thick in Saponite clays are of particular interest in connection with their
Ukraine has huge resources of kaolin and clays. In terms of their solutions. Kaolin from secondary deposits is used in the produc- the near surface environment. A particular feature of these unique features. Recently one saponite deposit (Varvariv) with a
resources, variety and quality they are some of the best in the tion of fire-resistant materials, and faience and construction- bentonite clays is their high defloculation, a very useful char- reserve of about 30 Mt was explored. It is located in the north-
world. related ceramics. Alkaline kaolin is a complex raw material that acteristic in their applications. At this time bentonite clays are western part of the Ukrainian Shield on its slope. The saponite
Kaolin. The largest resources of kaolin occur on the Ukrainian is used in the production of kaolin from feldspars, which is a used as form-producing ceramic raw materials, as an ingredi- clays are found at depths of 10-20 m, and the thickness of the
Shield and along its slopes over an area some 950 km long and source of high quality concentrates used in the production of ent in drilling muds, and also as natural catalysts and adsor- layers range from 20 to 50 m. Saponite clays differ from other
up to 350 km wide. There are both primary (in situ) kaolin fine ceramics and china-faience articles and wares. bents in oil refining, in metallurgical, food and paper produc- clays in terms of their elevated magnesium and potash content,
deposits such as those directly related to the weathering of crys- A general prognosticated and explored potential of kaolin in tion and in farming. Bentonite clays are used as adsorbents in high indications of specific swelling, colloidality and cation
talline Precambrian basement rocks, and secondary ones which Ukraine could totally satisfy the needs of the European market, the production of butter, foods and sugar. They are used also exchange capacity. In terms of these features, the saponite clays
have been eroded and redistributed. The thickness of the prima- for example. as a mineral matrix of some biochemical composites. can be effectively utilized in farming: as a mineral supplement
ry kaolin deposits varies from 1.4 m to 120 m (commonly rang- Data as of 01.01.2001, for the main deposits in Ukraine, are Bentonite clays are utilized in preparations used to deactivate for animals, as a preservant for green fodder, as a complex ame-
ing from 10 to 40 m), and the secondary deposits vary from 5 to shown below. or clean up surfaces and in the removal of toxic substances. liorator of soils and in recultivation of ground polluted by
8 m in thickness. Deposit Reserves Annual output Kaolin content Fire-resistant and refractory clays are widely distributed on radionuclides. Research is being carried out on the use of
In total there are about 200 kaolin deposits, of which 34 have (thou. t) (thou. t) (%) the Ukrainian territory. The main deposits occur in the saponite clays in the treatment of certain cancers.
been explored and 21 are mined. A general resource estimate of Donbas and the Ukrainian Shield. Layers of such clays mea- In summary, Ukraine has the largest mineral resource potential
kaolin deposits is in the order of 4.5 Bt, and the explored Prosiana 69 548 378 45-72 sure from 0.3 to 63.5 m in thickness and occur near the sur- for kaolin and other high quality clays in Europe. Further effec-
resources amount to about 450 Mt. Volodymyriv 11 048 226 82 face, in places down to 60 m depths. tive realization of this potential requires the introduction of cur-
The largest mining and kaolin enrichment plants are Prosiana, Velyki Hadomtsi 83 050 - 60 The fire-resistant clays can withstand high temperatures (up to rent methods of technological enrichment of some of the clays,
Hlukhivtsi and Turbiv. In the early 1990s annual kaolin produc- Hlukhivtsi 55 563 176 55-60 about 1580°C), have high plasticity, coherence and a wide range the certification of the quality of production, and the expansion
tion was close to 3 Mt, of which 2 Mt were put through an of baking temperatures. Such clays are used mainly in the met- of the uses of clay products.
enrichment process producing over 1 Mt of kaolin concentrate. Bentonite clays are widely distributed over the Ukrainian allurgical, machine-building, tool-manufacturing and ceramic Clays and kaolin, which are so abundant in Ukraine, will play
Various businesses in Ukraine consume 25% of the concentrat- Shield, the Dnipro-Donets' Depression, Transcarpathia and industries. There are 20 deposits of such clays with explored an important role in the development of local industry, farming,
ed kaolin, and the rest is exported. Some of the better varieties Crimea. The main mineable resources are, however, practi- reserves over 550 Mt; and 10 deposits are being mined at this biology and medicine.

Hlukhivtsi unreclaimed open pits after kaolin mining Reconstruction of Trypillian clay pottery (4000-2500 BC) Reconstruction of clay pottery from the Trypillian period An example of current open-pit mining of kaolin, Hlukhivtsi

CLAY 16. Horbky 34. Zatyshne KAOLIN 17. Hlukhivtsi

Deposits 17. Pyzhiv 35. Polohy Deposits 18. Zhezheliv
1. Hlibivs’ke 18. Nyzhnoshepits 36. Kurtseve 1. Klesiv-1 19. Murzyn
2. Chudivka 19. Mykolaivka 37. Kudryne 2. Ostki 20. Turbiv
3. Os'maky 20. Matros 3. Derman’ 21. Novoselytsia
4. Mykhailivs’ke (Krasnopillia) 21. Rai-Oleksandrivka Enlargement of area 1 4. Dibrivs’k 22. Berehove
4* Krasnopillia (Mykhailivs’ke) 22. Nykyforivka 5. Dubrivs’k 23. Verboloziv (Bandurivka)
5. Varvariv 23. Popasnia 38. Novokrasnodarka 6. Potiivka-2 24. Verboloziv
6. Burtyn 24. Chasiv Yar 39. Nova Shveitsariia (Near open pit) 7. Kupyn 25. Kirovohrad
7. Opishnia 25. Artemivs’k 40. Nove Rais’ke 8. Maidan-Vyla (Khmelivka) 26. Oboznivka
8. Berezhany 26. Kurdiumivka 41. Nova Shveitsariia (Southern) 9. Maidan-Vyla (Northern block) 27. Chausove
9. Yevsuh 27. Shestakivka 42. Zakhidno-Dons’ke (Western-Don) 10. Maidan-Vyla (Novaky) 28. Kinets’pil’
10. Cherkasy (near Zvenyhorodka) 28. Piatykhatky 43. Vesele (Novooleksiivka) 11. Staryi Lis ravine (1 & 2 sites) 29. Prosiana
11. Novobokiv 29. Saksahan’ 44. Andriivka 12. Sudymont 30. Volodymyrivka
12. Overiany 30. Pervozvanivka 45. Oktiabrs’ke 13. Burtyn 31. Biliaivka
13. Ivantsivi 31. Devladove 46. Pivdenno-Oktiabrs’ke 14. Shaberiv 32. Bohorodyts'ke
14. Mukachiv 32. Novoperivka 15. Polonne 33. Katerynivka
15. Lavkins’ke 33. Kuteinykove 16. Velyki Hadomtsi 34. Polohy

140 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 CLAY AND KAOLIN

LEGEND
Enlargement of area 1

CLAY KAOLIN

Fire-resistant clay Primary

Refractory clay Secondary

Bentonite clay Alkaline

Saponite clay Outlines of the kaolin province in the

Ukrainian Shield

Deposits – developed Deposits – developed

Kaolin plants
Deposits – prepared for development Deposits – prepared for development I - Hlukhivtsi
II - Turbiv
Deposits – not developed Deposits – not developed III - Prosiana Note: For structural divisions, see map Ferrous Metals, p. 125.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 141

 Coal waste piles, Donbas Columnar jointing in Ivano-Dolyns’k basalts, Rivne oblast’ Potassic salt, Forecarpathia Crystals of sulfur and celestite, Forecarpathia

ENTERPRISES, INDUSTRIAL WASTES

AND MINING TAILING
1 – Luts'k foundry and machine plant 25 – Pure metals plant, in the city of Svitlovods'k 47 –"Ukrmashmetremont" in the city of Zaporizhzhia 72 – Industrial association "Donets'kvtorkol'ormet"
2 – Dobrotvir power plant, L'viv oblast’ 26 – Svitlovods'k hard alloy works 48 – Chernihiv central heating and power plant 73 –"Vtorkol'ormet" scientific research institute, in the
3 – Yavoriv mining and chemical association "Sirka" 27 – Upper Dnipro mining and metallurgical plant 49 – Shostka industrial association "Svema" city of Donets'k
4 – L'viv chemical plant 28 – New Kryvyi Rih mining and concentrating plant 50 – Sumy industrial association "Khimprom" 74 – Yenakiyevo metallurgical plant, Donets'k oblast’
5 – Rozdil mining and chemical industrial association "Sirka" 29 – OJSC "Pivden’ iron mining and concentrating plant" 51 – Industrial association "Kharkivvtorkol'ormet", in the 75 – Makiivka metallurgical plant, Donets'k oblast’
6 – Concern "Chlorvinil" producing potassium fertilizers 30 – Kryvyi Rih metallurgical plant "Kryvorizhstal’" city of Kharkiv 76 – Torez hard alloy plant
7 – Magnesium-producing plant "Chlorvinil" 31 – OJSC "Inhulets' mining and concentrating plant" 52 – Kharkiv ball bearing factory 77 – Sverdlovs'k hard alloy plant
8 – Factory producing plant protection chemicals 32 – Kryvyi Rih power plant, in the city of Zelenodol’s’k 53 – Kharkiv power plant-2 78 – Amvrosiivka foundry and machine plant
9 – Burshtyn power plant, Ivano-Frankivs'k oblast’ 33 – “Dnipro” metallurgical plant, in the city of 54 – Zmiyiv power plant, in the town of Komsomolets' 79 – Donets'k metallurgical plant
10 – Kalush central heating and power plant, Ivano- Dniprodzerzhyns'k 55 – Kharkiv autogenous machinery plant 80 – Starobesheve power plant, in the town of Novyi Svit
Frankivs'k oblast’ 34 – Dnipro Region chemical plant, Dniprodzerzhyns’k 56 – Kupians'k ball bearing factory 81 – Donets'k chemical and metallurgical plant, in the
11 – OJSC "Zatysyans'kyi chemical plant" 35 – Petrovs’kyi metallurgical plant, Dnipropetrovs’k 57 – Pervomais'k industrial association "Khimprom" town of Dons'ke
12 – Transcarpathian metallurgical plant, in the city of 36 – Dnipropetrovs'k metallurgical plant 58 – Slovians'k power plant, Donets'k oblast’ 82 – Mariupol’ metallurgical plant "Azovstal’"
Vyshkiv 37 – Dnipropetrovs'k power plant 59 – Slovians'k industrial association "Khimprom" 83 – Mariupol’ metallurgical plant "Illich"
13 – Irshans'k mining and concentrating plant 38 – Zaporizhzhia titanium and magnesium plant 60 – Kramators'k metallurgical plant 84 – Odesa superphosphate factory
14 – Darnytsia central heating and power plant 39 – Zaporizhzhia metallurgical plant "Zaporizhstal" 61 – Kostiantynivka chemical plant 85 – Odesa earth-moving machine factory
15 – Trypillia power plant, in the city of Ukrainka 40 – Zaporizhzhia electromechanical plant 62 – Artemivs'k non-ferrous metals plant 86 – Mykolaiv alumina plant
16 – Vinnytsia industrial association "Khimprom" "Dniprospetsstal" 63 – Kostiantynivka metallurgical plant 87 – Crimean titanium dioxide plant
17 – Turbiv kaolin plant 41 – Zaporizhzhia ferro-alloy plant 64 – Mykytivka mercury plant 88 – Krasnoperekop bromine plant
18 –Hlukhivtsi kaolin plant 42 – Nikopol' ferro-alloy plant 65 – Kostiantynivka plant "Ukrzinc" 89 – Crimean soda plant
19 –Turbiv machine plant 43 – Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant, in the city of 66 – Myronivka power plant, in the city of Debal'tseve 90 – Saky chemical plant
20 – Vinnytsia ball bearing factory Enerhodar 67 – Komunars'k metallurgical plant, Luhans'k oblast’ 91 – Kerch metallurgical plant
21 – Ladyzhyn power plant, Vinnytsia oblast’ 44 – OJSC "Zaporizhzhia aluminum plant" 68 – Luhans'k power plant, in the city of Shchastia 92 – Komyshburun central heating and power plant, in
22 – OJSC "Buh Area ferronickel plant" 45 –Dnipro plant, in the city of Zaporizhzhia 69 – Stakhanov ferro-alloy plant, in the city of Alchevs'k the city of Kerch
23 – Cherkasy power plant 46 –Scientific-research institute of titanium, in the city of 70 – Horlivka industrial association "Stirol"
24 – Kirovohrad foundry and machine plant Zaporizhzhia 71 – Vuhlehirs'k power plant, the city of Debal'tseve Note: OJSC – Open Joint Share-Holding Company

142 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 ENTERPRISES, INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AND MINING TAILINGS

LEGEND
TAILINGS DEPOSITS
Boundaries and numbers
Nonferrous metallurgy
of mining and industrial
regions
Ferrous metallurgy
I - Western Ukrainian
Chemical industry
II - Central Ukrainian
Defense industry
III - Northern and Eastern Ukrainian
Other Ukrainian industries
IV - Southern Ukrainian
Power-producing industry

ENTERPRISES, INDUSTRIAL WASTES amounts to only about 12%, as compared to 60-80% in other mercury and ceasium. They would satisfy the country's
AND MINING TAILINGS countries with highly developed economies. demands for several tens of years. Similarly, lead, zinc, cop-
The state geological company "Geoprognoz" performs systemat- At present, non-metallic components of waste materials are per, vanadium, zirconium, gold, silver and lithium, recovered
In Ukraine, the problems of the build-up of industrial wastes ic investigations on waste materials of different plants and facto- widely used as building materials, chemical reagents for the from tailings, could satisfy 10% to 25% of the country's an-
and their possible utilization are on the list of top priorities, in ries in Ukraine. Sampling and study of tailings ponds at 50 plants purification of sewage waters, fertilizers, etc. nual requirements. Utilization of metals from tailings could
terms of both ecology and economy. showed that 28 of them contain wastes with rare, noble and base Ukraine contains areas of industrial waste materials with the potentially result in substantial profits and would be in
From previous years of operations, some 500 plants in metals and non-metallic minerals of significant concentrations. potential economic value of serving as new sources of metals harmony with the resolution of some of the environmental
Ukraine produced an estimated 25 billion tons of solid wastes. In some cases, the mineral content is of the same order of mag- and other raw materials. problems.
Currently, 1.8 billion tons are being added to this figure annu- nitude as in the remaining mineral deposits. Seven of the tailings As a result of reprocessing of some of the investigated tailings Studies of waste materials from ore processing indicate that
ally. The total area occupied by tailings ponds is in the order ponds studied can be mined right now, and the other 21 tailings deposits, the following elements can be concentrated and there is a potential for profitable recovery of various valuable
of 50 000 hectares. The rate of waste recovery in Ukraine ponds need some concentration procedures. recovered: scandium, gallium, yttrium, tantalum, niobium, metals in Ukraine.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 143

 MINERAL DEPOSITS try. In the best years, Ukrainian mining enterprises produced 20% of the national requirements of natural gas and about 10% and Azov Seas have indicated the presence of both oil and gas.
23-25% of the gross national product and satisfied about 80% of of oil. The Dnipro-Donets' Depression is considered to be one of Recently the Ukrainian Geological Survey has obtained very
Ukraine has an abundant raw mineral base. In total, there are the national mineral requirements. The export of minerals made the best oil and gas regions of Ukraine. The oil and gas deposits encouraging results in prospecting and exploring for deposits
about 20 000 deposits and occurrences. Over 8000 of these a contribution to the flow of foreign currency into the country. are associated with lithological and structural traps in carbonate of gold, molybdenum, copper, nickel sulfides, zinc, lead, rare
deposits, representing about 94 different types of mineraliza- Ukraine is not only self-sufficient in many raw mineral com- rocks of different ages, particularly Devonian, and include some earth elements, and rare metals. These results made it possi-
tion, may have economic significance. In terms of current modities and their manufactured products, but exports them as of the underlying Precambrian rocks. Prospective oil and gas ble for the State Geological Committee to develop plans to
prices of various commodities, the explored deposits have a well. These are: iron, manganese, titanium, zirconium, urani- regions in the Carpathians include the autochtonous structural provide the country with its own resources of base, rare and
value of about a 7-7.5 trillion dollars. um, mercury, graphite, kaolin, native sulfur, bentonite and fire- complexes. In the southern part of Ukraine the obducted zones noble metals.
Many of the deposits are located in areas with good access to resistant clays, salt, fluorite, alkaline salts and facing stones. of the Fore-Dobrujan Depression, and the thick Paleozoic car- At this time, Ukraine is lacking in such metals as copper,
infrastructure. By 1998, 3349* deposits that have been explored At this time, in spite of the presence of numerous oil and gas bonate strata of the western Black Sea region need further explo- lead, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, tin, beryllium, lithium, tan-
supply over 2000 mining and processing operations in the coun- deposits in Ukraine, the current production satisfies only about ration for oil and gas. Here recent investigations under the Black talum, niobium, rare earth, gold, silver and platinum.

LIST OF MINERAL 38 – Klyns’ko- 78 – Opishnia 119 – Kovalivka 160 – Poliana 201 – Chornohuzy 241 – Volodymyrivka 279 – Lazurne
DEPOSITS Krasnoznamenka 79 – Chutove 120 – Dolyna 161 – Soimy 202 – Oboznivka 242 – Amvrosiivka 280 – Kuial'nyk
39 – Tymofeievka 80 – Sementsi 121 – Terebovlia 162 – Bytkiv-Babychi 203 – Kapustyno 243 – Kryvyi Rih 281 – Kyrylivka
40 – Nemyriv 81 – Matviivka 122 – Haidamaky 163 – Pasichna 204 – Semenivka- 244 – Kostiantynivka 282 – Odesa
1, 2 – Novhorod-Sivers'kyi 41 – Kupin 82 – Vyshneve 123 – Murzyntsi 164 – Kryvche Oleksandrivka 245 – Kryvyi Rih (Saksahan 283 – Eastern Sarata
3 – Ratne 42 – Maidan-Volia 83 – Staryi Sambir 124 – Smila 165 – Humentsi 205 – Balakhivka river) 284 – Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi
4 – Papirnia 43 – Burtyn 84, 85 – Rozvadiv 125 – Mala Komyshuvata 166 – Dzhurzhivka 206 – Malyshiv 246 – Olenivka 285 – Serhiyivka
5 – Rozlioty 44 – Korostyshiv 86 – Rozdil 126 – Raihorodok 167 – Stari Babany 207 – Shyroke 247 – Novotroits'ke 286 – Strilkove
6 – Yastrubets'ke 45 – Hnidyntsi 87 – Bila Tserkva 127 – Hryniava 168 – Yurkove 208 – Pervozvanivka 248 – Olenivka 287 – Dzhankoy
7, 8 – Klesiv 46 – Buhruvate 88 – Myronivka 128 – Budanivka 169 – Nemyriv 209 – Piatykhatky 249 – Styla 288 – Zadorne
9 – Ovruch 47 – Svydnytsia 89 – Abazivka 129 – Balabanivka 170 – Tans'ke 210 – Karnaukhivka 250 – Karakuba 289 – Novosil's'ke
10 – Yasnohirka 48 – Yaziv 90 – Rozpashne 130 – Novozbruch 171 – Kaitanivka 211 – Avdiivka 251 – Osykove 290 – Kolodiazne
11 – Ivanchyk 49 – Sudymont 91 – Khmil'nyk 131 – Bohorodchany 172 – Yelyzavetka 212 – Novopavlivka 252 – Balka Mokra 291 – Bielins’ke
12 – Stets'kivka 50 – Tryhiria 92 – Bohuslav 132 – Kalush-Holyn' 173 – Znamianka 213 – Horbok 253 – Trykraty 292 – Eastern Baherove
13 – Stepanky 51 – Danyshi 93 – Mashivka 133 – Velyka Kuzhelivka 174 – Myronivka 214 – Lopushna 254 – Novodanylivka 293 – Vasylivka
14 – Lokachi 52 – Yablunivka 94 – Western Khrestyshche 134 – Tyvriv 175 – Novooleksandrivka 215 – Brusenky 255 – Vysokopillia 294 – Krasnyi Partyzan
15 – Omelianivka 53 – Kharkivtsi 95 – Medvedivka 135 – Novosilka 176 – Hannivka 216 – Zavallia 256 – Tok 295 – Holitsyn
16 – Stremyhorod 54 – Koziyivka 96 – Melykhivka 136 – Bahate 177 – Novomyrhorod 217 – Dereniukha 257 – Polohy (fire clay) 296 – Yevpatoriia
(Phosphorite) 55 – Burtyn 97 – Shebelynka 137 – Novodmytriivka 178 – Kirovohrad 218 – Kapitanivka 258 – Huliaypole 297 – Feodosiia
17 – Romny 56 – Polons'ke 98 – Lyman 138 – Slovianohirs'k 179 – Morozivka 219 – Nadija 259 – Novotroits'ke 298 – Semenivka
18 – Talalaivka 57 – Andrushivka 99 – Starobil's'k 139 – Yamy 180 – Verkhniodniprovs'k 220 – Pervozvanivka (dolomite) 299 – Ivanivka
19 – Synii Kamin' 58 – Sula-Udaytsi 100 – Boryslav (ozokerite 140 – Husarivka 181 – Kramators'k 221 – Petrivka 260 – Northern Shevchenko 300 – Saky
20 – Stremyhorod 59 – Yul’ivka wax) 141 – Slovianka 182 – Chasiv Yar 222 – Sukhyi Khutir 261 – Pokrovs’ke-Kyriivka 301 – Chervone
(Titanium) 60 – Berezivka 101 – Boryslav (oil) 142 – Novyi Karfahen 183 – Luhans'k 223 – Kudashivka 262 – Orikhivka (sand) 302 – Bakhchysaray
21 – Rudnia Shliakhova 61 – Kotel'va 102 – Stebnyk 143 – Bilohorivka 184 – Chasiv Yar 224 – Pravda 263 – Orikhivka (coal) 303 – Psylerakhivs’ke
22 – Zdolbuniv 62 – Kornyn 103 – Morshyn 144 – Nyrky 185 – Nove Rais'ke 225 – Pavlivka 264 – Polohy (secondary 304 – Kadakiv
23 – Fedorivka 63 – Myrhorod 104 – Zastinna 145 – Bantysheve 186 – Novoandriivka 226 – Synel'nykove kaolin) 305 – Hosfort Mountain
24 – Kamianyi Brid 64 – Komyshnia 105 – Zbruch 146 – Artemivs’k 187 – Vesele 227 – Novomykhailivka 265 – Polohy (sand) 306 – Chehene-Salyn
25 – Volyn' 65 – Zakhidni Solokhy 106 – Turbiv 147 – Mykhailivka 188 – Oktiabrs’ke 228 – Kovach 266 – Zatyshne 307 – Kamyshch-Burun
26 – Holovyne 66 – Berezivka 107 – Tetiiv 148 – Kramators'k 189 – Mykytivka 229 – Sokyrnytsia 267 – Kalinino-Shevchenko 308 – Kyiat
27 – Slipchytsi 67 – Semyrenky 108 – Cherkasy 149 – Artemivs’k 190 – Bihan’ 230 – Solotvyn 268 – Novopoltavka 309 – Sim Kolodiaziv
28 – Leliaky 68 – Novoselivka 109 – Reshetniakivka 150 – Ploske 191 – Syniak 231 – Solotvyn 269 – Balka Bila (Seven Wells)
29 – Chervonozavods'ke 69 – Novopskov 110 – Berestoven'ka 151 – Nova Poliana 192 – Holubyne 232 – Hirs'ka-Tysa 270 – Velykyi Tokmak 310 – Kyz-Aul basin
30 – Anastasivka 70 – Velyki Hadomtsi 111 – Yefremivka 152 – Humentsi 193 – Kudryntsi 233 – Trebushany (Dilove) 271 – Novopoltavka 311 – Pokostivka
31 – Rava-Rus'ka 71 – Pishchany 112 – Shebelynka 153 – Kaliusyk 194 – Zhvan 234 – Kuz’myne 272 – Balka Velyki Tabory 312 – Katerlez’k basin
32 – Kryvytsia 72 – Zaluzhany 113 – Yefremivka 154 – Zvenyhorodka 195 – Berehove 235 – Preluky 273 – Mariupol'
33 – Dubrivka 73 – Voloshcha 114 – Izium 155 – Kozats'ke 196 – Berehove 236 – Sofiyivka 274 – Troits'ke
34 – Slobidka 74 – Velyki Hlybovychi 115 – Truskavets' 156 – Zhuravka 197 – Muzhiievo 237 – Devladove 275 – Hryhorivka
35 – Nehrebivka 75 – Hlukhivtsi 116 – Podorozhnie 157 – Bandurivka 198 – Muzhiievo 238 – Biliaivka 276 – Pivdenne-Bilozerka Note: Deposits currently in
36 – Hlyns'k-Rozbyshivka 76 – Makarivka 117 – Konopkivka 158 – Uzhhorod 199 – Il'nytsia 239 – Prosiana 277 – Kuksunhur production are shown on the
37 – Southern Panasivka 77 – Zhezheliv 118 – Barbukhy 159 – Rus'ki Komarivtsi 200 – Velyka Kamianka 240 – Yantsiv 278 – Azov Sea Coastal map p. 147.

144 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 MINERAL DEPOSITS

URANIUM
DEPOSITS
LEGEND Coal Basins
1. Vatutine
Dn – Donets' Coal 2. Michuryn
HYDROCARBONS
Lv – L'viv-Volyn' 3. Zhovta Richka
Oil 4. Siveryniv
Iron Basins
5. Pervomais’k
NON-METALLIC Kh – Kremenchuk
Gas Kr – Kryvyi Rih
MINERALS
Ke – Kerch MINERALS FOR DIF-
Oil and gas Sulfur FERENT INDUSTRIES
Manganese Basin
COALS Apatite Nk – Nikopol' Ozokerite
Brown coal Phosphorite Graphite
FERROUS METALS Common salt
Zeolite
Iron Potassium salt
Gypsum
Manganese Chalk for soda production
DECORATIVE STONES
NON-METALLIC MINERALS Bentonite
NON-FERROUS Granite
FOR METALLURGY
AND RARE METALS Mineral paints
Quartzite Gabbro
Nickel
MINERALS FOR SEMIPRECIOUS AND Saponite
Aluminum Fire clay CEMENT INDUSTRY MINERALS FOR GLASS, GEM STONES Labradorite
PORCELAIN AND Basalt
Lead and zinc Dolomite Limestone FAIENCE INDUSTRIES Amber Marble, dolomite

Flux limestone Chalk UNDERGROUND

Mercury Quartz sand Rhodonite Travertine WATER
Titanium Molding sand (foundry sand) Marl Feldspar Marble onyx Sandstone Mineral

Rare metals Feldspar Clay Primary kaolin Quartz, topaz, beryl Tuff Thermal

Gold Talc and magnesite Opoka Secondary kaolin Note: For structural divisions, see map Ferrous Metals, p. 125.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 145

 MINERAL DEPOSITS metals, and also non-metallic deposits (graphite, zeolites, In general, the concept of qualifying the deposits into "main", bricks and tiles, or sand for the building industries) are wide-
CURRENTLY IN PRODUCTION native sulfur, common and potassic salts, high quality heat- "basic", "priority" or other types is a very relative exercise, since spread and hence their supplies to the appropriate manufac-
resistant flux raw materials, foundry raw materials, decorative the absence of any one type of deposit in the mineral-raw turers are not a problem. Such deposits could be described as
This map shows the location of about 200 mineral deposits stones, and glass and cement raw materials). These ore materials base in one or another branch can create constraints "local" or ubiquitous. Others, shown on this map as the main
currently in production in Ukraine. These include oil, gas deposits represent a relatively small proportion of the total for the economy of the country as a whole. It is another mat- useful mineral deposits, could be described as having a nation-
and coal, ferrous metals (iron, manganese), base and rare deposits mined in Ukraine. ter that some of the deposits (such as clay for the making of al significance.

LIST OF MAIN ORE DEPOSITS CURRENTLY IN PRODUCTION

HYDROCARBONS NON-METALLIC MINERALS 20 Dubrovytsia 136 Kapustyno 130 Kudryntsi
Oil 72 Boryslav FOR METALLURGY 27 Kupin 147 Kudashivka Bentonite
31 Buhruvate 111 Bytkiv-Babychi Quartzite 28 Maidan-Volia 154 Yantseve 78 Cherkasy
38 Koziyivka 112 Pasichna 4 Ovruch 29 Burtyn 164 Trykraty 142 Horbky
57 Staryi Sambir Brown coal Fire clay 34 Sudymont 165 Novodanylivka Mineral plant
85 Dolyna 40 Andrushivka 87 Murzyntsi 50 Hlukhivtsi 166 Tokove 157 Kryvyi Rih (Saksahan river)
194 Semenivka 108 Bandurivka 121 Chasiv Yar 77 Turbiv Gabbro UNDERGROUND WATER
Gas 118 Myronivka 124 Novyi Rais'k 132 Berehove 9 Rudnia Shliakhova Mineral water
24 Krasnoznamenka 119 Morozivka 125 Novoandriivka 153 Prosiana 12 Kamianyi Brid 5 Stepanky
32 Svydnytsia 133 Il'nytsia 126 Vesele Secondary kaolin 21 Slobidka 35 Danyshi
42 Kotel'va 138 Semenivna-Oleksandrivka 127 Oktiabrs'ke 155 Volodymyrivka Labradorite 39 Polons'ke
45 Berezivka 137 Oboznivka 169 Polohy 8 Synii Kamin' 41 Berezivka
48 Zaluzhzhia FERROUS METALS 140 Piatykhatky 11 Fedorivka 44 Myrhorod
53 Chutove Iron 170 Polohy MINERALS 14 Holovyne 47 Novopskov
54 Sementsi 175 Southern Bilozerka Dolomite FOR CEMENT INDUSTRY 15 Slipchytsi 58 Bila Tserkva
60 Abazivka Manganese 97 Yamy Limestone Marble, dolomite 59 Myronivka
61 Rozpashne 172 Velykyi Tokmak 160 Olenivka 106 Humentsi 134 Velyka Kamianka 62 Khmil'nyk
64 Mashivka 161 Styla 174 Hryhorivka 152 Trebushany (Didove) 69 Lyman
65 Western Khrestyshche NON-FERROUS Flux limestone Chalk 184 Bielins'ke 70 Starobil's'k
66 Medvedivka AND RARE METALS 158 Olenivka 10 Zdolbuniv Travertine 74 Morshyn
67 Melekhy Nickel (laterite) 159 Novotroits'ke 102 Kramators'k 113 Kryvche 76 Zbruch
68 Shebelynka 145 Kapitanivka 162 Karakuba 80 Shebelynka Sandstone 82 Truskavets'
81 Yefremivka Titanium 168 Novotroits'ke (dolomite) Marl 75 Zastinka 84 Konopkivka
89 Hryniava 139 Malyshev 185 Eastern Baherove 156 Amvrosiivka 86 Terebovlia 91 Novozbruch
92 Bohorodchany Gold 186 Krasnyi Partyzan 189 Bakhchysaray 90 Budaniv 96 Slovianohirs'k
95 Bahaten’ke 131 Muzhiievo 190 Psylerakhivs’ke Clay 104 Ploske
135 Chornohuzy 191 Kadakiv 19 Kryvytsia SEMIPRECIOUS 105 Nova Poliana
150 Solotvyn NON-METALLIC Foundry sand 114 Humentsi AND GEM STONES 107 Zvenyhorodka
181 Strilkove MINERALS 56 Vyshnevka 120 Kramators'k Amber 109 Poliana
182 Dzhankoy Sulfur 98 Husarivka Opoka 3 Klesiv 110 Soimy
192 Holitsyn 26 Nemyriv 123 Chasiv Yar 18 Rava-Rus'ka Topaz 117 Znamianka
193 Zadorne 33 Yaziv 167 Orikhivka 146 Pervozvanivka 13 Volyn' 122 Luhans'k
Oil and gas 83 Podorozhnie 171 Polohy 163 Balka Mokra 128 Syniak
7 Talalaivka Potassium salt MINERALS FOR 129 Holubyne
16 Leliaky 73 Stebnyk PORCELAIN FACING STONES VARIOUS INDUSTRIES 143 Brusnytsia
17 Anastasivka 93 Kalush-Holyn' AND FAIENCE INDUSTRIES Garnet Ozokerite (mineral wax) 151 Hirs'ka-Tysa
22 Hlyns'k-Rozbyshivka Common salt Quartz sand 2 Klesiv 71 Boryslav 176 Lazurne
23 Southern Panasivka 79 Yefremivka 1 Papirnia 6 Yemelivka Graphite 177 Kuial'nyk
25 Tymofiivka 100 Artemivs'k 46 Novoselivka 43 Kornyn 144 Zavallia 178 Kyrylivka
30 Hnidyntsi 149 Solotvyn 49 Velyki Hlibovychi 51 Zhezheliv Zeolite 179 Odesa
36 Yablunivka Chalk for chemical industry 141 Avdiivka 63 Bohuslav 148 Sokyrnytsia 180 Serhiyivka
37 Kharkivtsi 88 Raihorodka Feldspar 94 Tyvriv Gypsum 183 Kolodiazne
52 Opishnia 99 Bilohorivka 173 Balka Velyki Tabory 115 Stari Babany 101 Mykhailivka 187 Feodosiia
55 Matviivka Primary kaolin 116 Tans'ke 103 Artemivs'k 188 Yevpatoriia

146 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 MINERAL DEPOSITS
CURRENTLY IN PRODUCTION

Coal Basins

Dn – Donets' Coal
Lv – L'viv-Volyn'
Iron Basins
LEGEND Kh – Kremenchuk
Kr – Kryvyi Rih
Ke – Kerch
HYDROCARBONS Manganese Basin
Nk – Nikopol'
Oil
MINERALS FOR DIF-
NON-METALLIC FERENT INDUSTRIES
Gas MINERALS
Ozokerite (wax)
Sulfur
Oil and gas Graphite
Potassium salt
DECORATIVE STONES
COALS Common salt Zeolite
Brown coal Granite
Chalk for soda production Gypsum
FERROUS METALS Gabbro
NON-METALLIC MINERALS MINERALS FOR Bentonite
Iron CEMENT INDUSTRY MINERALS FOR GLASS, Labradorite
FOR METALLURGY
PORCELAIN AND Mineral paints
Manganese Quartzite Limestone FAIENCE INDUSTRIES Marble, dolomite
SEMIPRECIOUS AND
NON-FERROUS Fire clay Chalk GEM STONES Basalt
Quartz sand Travertine
AND RARE METALS
Dolomite Marl UNDERGROUND
Nickel Feldspar Amber Sandstone
WATER
Titanium Flux limestone Clay Primary kaolin Quartz, topaz, beryl Tuff Mineral

Gold Molding sand (foundry sand) Opoka Secondary kaolin Note: For structural divisions, see map Ferrous Metals, p. 125.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 147

 MINING AREAS nepheline syenite, rare and noble metals, fluorite, graphite and tains to the city of L’viv, include gas, oil, common and potassium The map illustrates the distribution of various deposits and some of
other mineral commodities. salts, coal, sulfur, gold and others. Their development during the the major industrial complexes in Ukraine. At this time, Ukraine
Ukraine’s mineral resources are abundant and diversified. Mi- In Northeastern region (notably, the Donbas) there are major Austro-Hungarian regime and subsequent periods resulted in a has 19 industrial complexes, 161 underground operating mines, 20
ning for various minerals has been carried out over the cen- deposits of coal, oil and gas in combination with large accumu- mature mining and chemical industry region in Ukraine. large open pit operations, and about 4660 medium- to small-size
turies. Industrial mining began to develop rapidly in Ukraine lations of common and potassium salts, mercury deposits, and The Southern part of Ukraine is less rich in minerals by com- open pit operations. All the major ones are shown on the map.
during the tsarist regime at the end of 19th century. Later, dur- flux limestone, raw materials for the cement industry, etc. Major parison to the eastern and western areas of the country. It is Ukraine’s geographic position, combined with a well-developed
ing the Soviet regime, mining in Ukraine achieved peak pro- production centers include cities in the Donets’k, Luhans’k and noted, however, for a number of districts with various commo- infrastructure (railway and paved road systems, a major water-
duction levels, especially in such commodities as coal, iron and Dnipropetrovs’k oblasts and the southern part of Kharkiv dities – such as the Kerch iron basin, the Northern Crimea way in the middle of the country, sea ports, electric power lines,
manganese. oblast’. Proximity of both the energy sources and raw materials oil/gas province, deposits of rock salt and brines, mineral and and a network of oil and natural gas lines), and an abundance
Central Ukraine has abundant accumulations of ferrous metals, resulted in the development of major industries in this area. thermal water, flux and building limestone and other minerals. of known mineral deposits, puts Ukraine in a favorable position
such as iron and manganese and is also noted for its deposits of Mineral deposits in Western Ukraine, from the Carpathian Moun- Chemical industries have been developed in this area. in Europe.

Solotvyn salt stock, Zakarpattia oblast’ Ivano-Dolyns’k open pit in basaltic rocks, Rivne oblast’ An open-pit of Hlukhivtsi kaolin factory Open pit mining of Pokostiv granite, Zhytomyr oblast’

MINING AREAS

1 – Yavoriv sulfur 9 – Korostyshiv-Zhytomyr building materials 17 – Buh river nickel limestone

2 – Rozdil sulfur 10 – Volodars’k-Volyns’kyi piezoquartz 18 – Kryvy Rih-Kremenchuk iron basin 25 – Slovians’k salt
3 – Stebnyk-Kalush salt 11 – Burtyn kaolin and graphite 19 – Samotkan’ titanium 26 – Mykytivka mercury and bentonite,
4 – Uzhhorod mining area of building materials 12 – Hlukhivtsi kaolin 20 – Kryvyi Rih iron kaolin and flux limestone
5 – Vyshkiv mercury and zeolite 13 – Vinnytsia building materials 21 – Kudashivka-Apostolove building materials 27 – Crimean area raw materials for the chemical industry
6 – Solotvyn rock salt 14 – Uman’ building materials 22 – Bilozerka iron 28 – Kerch iron
7 – Irshans’k titanium and apatite 15 – Kirovohrad kaolin 23 – Tokmak manganese 29 – Simferopol’ building materials
8 – Korosten’ building materials 16 – Zavallia graphite 24 – Prosianivka-Volodymyrivs’ke kaolin and flux 30 – Sevastopol’ flux and dimension limestone

148 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 MINING AREAS

LEGEND
MINING AND INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

Western

Central MINING FACILITIES

Quarry
Northeastern
Mining and concentrating plants
(graphite, kaolin, sulfur)
Mines PROCESSING FACILITIES
Southern

Gold-polymetallic mine Ferrous metallurgy plants Power plants

Boundaries of mining and
industrial regions Coal open pit Non-ferrous metallurgy plants Machine-building plants Cement plants

Coal concentrating plants Oil refineries Sugar plants Crushed stone factories
Boundaries of mining areas
Plants of refractories, flux and
Mining administration Chemical plants Molding, ceramic, glass plants
molding materials

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 149

 PLANTS, MINES, ASSOCIATIONS, REFINERIES AND INSTITUTES

1 – Klesiv crushed stone plants 66 – Mala Kokhnivka clay quarry 130 – “Dobropil’vuhillia” industrial association 195 – Ordzhonikidze iron and manganese mining
2 – “Chernihivtsukor” association 67 – Slovians’k ceramic factory 131 – “Oktiabr’s’k” coal concentrating plant and concentrating plant
3 – Chernihiv central heating and power plant 68 – “Khimprom” industrial association 132 – Kostiantynivka chemical plant 196 – Nikopol’ ferro-alloy plant
4 – Shostka association “Svema” 69 – Slovians’k power plant 133 – Kostiantynivka metallurgical plant 197 – Marhanets’ mining and concentrating plant
5 – Novovolyns’k mines 70 – OJSC “Lysychans’k soda plant” 134 – “Pivden’koks” coke industrial association 198 – Zaporizhzhia power plant
6 – “Luts’ktsukor” association 71 – “Lysychans’kvuhillia” industrial association 135 – “Dzerzhins’kvuhillia” coal association 199 – “Ukravtometremont” (car-and-truck repair
7 – Luts’k foundry and machine plant 72 – Rubizhne chemical plant 136 – “Dzerzhins’k” coal concentrating factory enterprise)
8 – Berestovets’ building materials quarry 73 – Rubizhne industrial association “Barvnyk” 137 – Horlivka industrial association “Stirol” 200 – Zaporizhzhia refractories plant
9 – Ivan-Dolyns’k building materials quarry 74 – Severodonets’k central heating and power plant 138 – Mykytivka mercury mining and processing plant 201 – Zaporizhzhia titanium and magnesium plant
10 – Sumy industrial association “Khimprom” 75 – Severodonets’k industrial association “Azot” 139 – Horlivka chemical plant 202 – Zaporizhzhia coke and chemical plant
11 – Sokal’ chemical fibre plant 76 – Mukacheve crushed and dimension stone quarry 140 – “Artemvuhillia” coal association 203 – “Dniprospetsstal” steel works
12 – “Ukrzakhidvuhillia” industrial association 77 – Nadvirna oil refinery 141 – “Izotivs’ka” coal concentrating plant 204 – Zaporizhzhia ferro-alloy plant
13 – Chervonohrad coal concentrating plant 78 – Horodenka sugar plant 142 – Myronivka power plant 205 – Zaporizhzhia plant of abrasive materials
14 – Dobrotvir power plant 79 – Kamianets’-Podil’s’kyi building construction plant 143 – Vuhlehirs’k power plant 206 – “Komunar” automobile plant
15 – Shpakiv sugar plant 80 – Nihun quarry administration 144 – Alchevs’k metallurgical plant 207 – Dnipro aluminum plant
16 – Rivne industrial association “Azot” 81 – Kamianets’-Podil’s’kyi facing and building materials plant 145 – Alchevs’k coke and chemical plant 208 – “Zaporizhstal’” steel works
17 – Zdolbuniv cement and slate plant 82 – Kamianets’-Podil’s’kyi building construction plant 146 – Lutuhyne roller plant 209 – Titanium Research Institute
18 – Piezoelectric quartz mines 83 – Smotrych dimension stone quarry 147 – “Krasnodonvuhillia” coal association 210 – CJSC “Zaporizhzhia iron plant”
19 – Irshans’k mining and concentrating plant 84 – Samchyntsi granite quarry 148 – Krasnodon stone and crushed stone quarry 211 – Krasna Poliana limestone quarry
20 – “Iskra” plant, Kyiv 85 – Ladyzhyn power plant 149 – “Prosianakaolin” industrial association 212 – Khlibodarivka crushed stone plant
21 – Chemical plant, Kyiv 86 – Uman’ central heating and power plant 150 – “Ukraina” coal concentrating plant 213 – Donets’k chemical and metallurgical plant
22 – Brovary aluminum metalworks plant 87 – Tal’ne crushed stone plant 151 – “Komsomol’s’k” coal concentrating plant 214 – Novotroits’ke dolomite mines administration
23 – Powder metallurgy plant, Brovary 88 – Druzhkivka china factory 152 – “Chervonoarmiys’kvuhillia” coal association 215 – Dokuchaievs’k flux and dolomite plant
24 – Darnytsia central heating and power plant 89 – Druzhkivka non-ferrous metallurgy works 153 – “Selydovvuhillia” coal association 216 – Starobesheve power plant
25 – “Khimvolokno” industrial association 90 – “Kramators’kvuhillia” coal association 154 – Avdiivka coke and chemical plant 217 – “Metalist” mine
26 – Yavoriv mining and chemical association “Sirka” 91 – Druzhkivka hardware plant 155 – Yasynuvata metallurgical plant 218 – Amvrosiivka foundry and machine plant
27 – “L’vivtsukor” association 92 – CJSC “Chasiv Yar plant of refractories” 156 – Yasynuvata coke and chemical plant 219 – Amvrosiivka cement plant
28 – L’viv chemical plant 93 – Artemivs’k non-ferrous metals plant 157 – Makiivka metallurgical plant 220 – Karans’ke granite quarry (near Hranitne)
29 – Hlukhivtsi mining and concentrating plant 94 – “Pervomays’kvuhillia” coal association 158 – “Makiivvuhillia” coal association 221 – Tel’manove granite quarry
30 – Andrushivka coal mines 95 – “Stakhanovvuhillia” coal association 159 – Makiivka coke and chemical plant 222 – Kal’chyk dimension and crushed stone quarry
31 – Trypillia power plant 96 – Stakhanov ferro-alloy plant 160 – “Radians’ka” coal concentrating plant 223 – Mariupol’ metallurgical plant
32 – Kharkiv autogenous machinery plant 97 – Luhans’k power 161 – Yenakiieve coal concentrating plant 224 – “Azovstal” steel works
33 – “Kharkivtsement” industrial association 98 – “Luhans’kvuhillia” coal association 162 – Yenakiieve coke and chemical plant 225 – Izmail pulp and board mill plant
34 – “Kharkivtsukor” association 99 – “Luhans’kvuhlezbahachennia” coal concentrating 163 – “Shakhtars’kvuhillia” coal association 226 – Moldova power plant
35 – Kharkiv ball bearing factory association 164 – Kurakhivka power plant 227 – Odesa superphosphate plant
36 – Zmiyiv power plant 100 – “Il’nyts’ka” mine no.10 165 – “Chumakivs’ka” coal concentrating plant 228 – “Odesatsukor” association
37 – Kharkiv power plant 101 – OJSC “Zatysnians’kyi chemical plant” 166 – “Vtorkoliormet” research institute 229 – Odesa machinery plant
38 – Kupians’k foundry plant 102 – Khust limestone quarry 167 – “Donets’kvuhillya” coal association 230 – Mykolaiv alumina plant
39 – Kupians’k ball bearing factory 103 – Transcarpathian experimental metallurgical plant 168 – “Donets’kvtorkoliormet” industrial association 231 – Zasillia sugar plant
40 – Boryslav ozokerite mining administration 104 – Rakhiv marble factory 169 – Donets’k metallurgical plant 232 – Kherson building prefabrication plant
41 – Drohobych oil refinery 105 – Chernivtsi limestone quarry 170 – Khartsyz’k mining administration 233 – Kherson oil refinery plant
42 – Stebnyk potassium plant 106 – Kel’mentsi sugar plant 171 – Zuivka power plant 234 – Kherson enterprise of heating network
43 – Rozdil mining and chemical association “Sirka” 107 – Haivoron building construction plant 172 – Khartsyz’k steel works 235 – Kherson pulp and paper plant
44 – Burshtyn power plant 108 – Zavallia graphite quarry 173 – “Shakhtars’ka” coal concentrating plant 236 – Tiahynka crushed stone quarry
45 – “Ternopil’tsukor” association 109 – OJSC “Buh area ferronickel plant” 174 – “Shakhtars’ka” mine 237 – Burhunka crushed stone quarry
46 – Ternopil’ stone quarry 110 – Pervomais’k granite quarry 175 – Torez mines 238 – Crimean plant of titanium dioxide
47 – Ternopil’ cement plant 111 – Novoukrainka crushed stone quarry 176 – Torez hard alloys plant 239 – Crimean bromine plant
48 – “Khmel’nyts’ktsukor” association 112 – Kapustyno stone quarry 177 – Torez coal concentrating plant 240 – Crimean soda plant
49 – “Vinnytsiatsukor” association 113 – Kirovohrad foundry and machine plant 178 – “Torezantratsyt” coal association 241 – Saky chemical plant
50 – Vinnytsia industrial association “Khimprom” 114 – “Kirovohradtsukor” association 179 – “Snizhnians’ka” coal concentrating plant 242 – Al’ma limestone quarry
51 – Vinnytsia plant producing refractories and fluxes 115 – Balakhivka brown coal quarry 180 – “Donbasantratsyt” coal association 243 – Bakhchysarai crushed stone quarry
52 – Turbiv kaolin plant 116 – Central heating and power plant 181 – “Antratsyt” coal association 244 – Hlybokyi Yar crushed stone quarry
53 – Khlystunivka crushed stone plant 117 – Mining and concentrating plant “Skhid” 182 – “Antratsytvuhlezbahachennia” coal concentrating association 245 – Sharkhynka crushed and stone quarry
54 – “Cherkasytsukor” association 118 – Dniprodzerzhyns’k metallurgical plant 183 – “Roven’kyantratsyt” coal association 246 – Aharmysh flux, crushed and dimension stone quarry
55 – Cherkasy central heating and power plant 119 – Dniprodzerzhyns’k iron mining and concentrating plant 184 – Sverdlovs’k plant of superhard materials 247 – Kerch machine-building plant
56 – “Poltavatsukor” association 120 – Dniprodzerzhyns’k industrial association “Azot” 185 – “Sverdlovs’kantratsyt” coal association 248 – Komysh-Burun central heating and power plant
57 – Pervomais’ke industrial association “Khimprom” 121 – Dnipro area chemical plant 186 – OJSC “Inhulets’ iron mining and concentrating plant” 249 – Komysh-Burun iron plant
58 – Balakliia cement and slate plant 122 – Dniprodzerzhyns’k coke and chemical plant 187 – “Kryvbasruda” iron association 250 – Muzhiievo gold-polymetallic mine
59 – Kalush central heating and power plant 123 – Dniprodzerzhyns’k metallurgical plant 188 – Kryvyi Rih iron mining and concentrating plant (opened 19.03.99)
60 – “Chlorvinil” industrial association 124 – Dnipro area power plant 189 – OJSC “Northern iron mining and concentrating plant” 251 – Lysychans'k oil refinery
61 – Zakupne quarry administration 125 – Pavlohrad power plant 190 – Kryvyi Rih central heating and power plant 252 – Kremenchuk oil refinery
62 – Yurkivka central heating and power plant 126 – “Pavlohradvuhillia” coal concentrating plant 191 – OJSC “Central iron mining and concentrating plant” 253 – Odesa oil refinery
63 – Svitlovods’k non-ferrous metals plant 127 – “Pavlohradvuhillia” industrial association 192 – “Mittal Steel’” plant 254 – Berdians'k oil refinery
64 – Pure metals plant, Svitlovodsk 128 – “Krasnoarmiys’ka” mining and concentrating plant 193 – OJSC “Southern iron mining and concentrating plant” 255 – Mykolaiv oil refinery
65 – OJSC “Poltava mining and concentrating plant” 129 – “Krasnoarmiys’ka” mine 194 – Kryvyi Rih power plant 256 – L'viv oil refinery

150 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

HISTORY OF MINING IN UKRAINE pyrophyllites, limestones and granites, were utilized. Later, the Reconstructed according to the archeological data, the mining crosses, beads and figurines. Such products spread along vari-
ancient stone workers and carvers developed high levels of crafts- of raw materials is estimated to be in the order of hundreds, ous trade routes throughout Rus' and into other parts of Europe
From the most ancient times, rocks are associated with the manship to use rocks as raw material for construction, architec- thousands or hundreds of thousands of tons depending on the and Asia. Evidently this raw material-based industry in the
appearance, the development and the activities of humans. All tural decor, sarcophagi, various adornments and cult items. type of materials mined and their usage. The construction of Ovruch ridge was organized by the Kyivan rulers who con-
cultures of ancient civilizations reflect their philosophical, The map of mining history illustrates the sites of stone working, churches and other buildings out of rocks and bricks according trolled that area. The extent of production and the technologi-
esthetic, and religious thinking that rocks were symbols of eter- and the main stages of metallic and ceramic development, the dis- to the new Byzantine technologies required an organization for cal particularities of this industry, which have no known
nity, beauty and belief. Significantly enough, we divide various covery and exploration of the ancient mining regions in Ukraine. the mining and transport of large quantities of clays, kaolin, analogs, support an entirely reasonable hypothesis about the
epochs in the human development into the stone, the bronze lime, sand, marble, gravel and various rock types. For this pur- goods-money equivalency of the spinning utensils and other
and the iron ages. MINING SITES OF OLD RUS'-UKRAINE pose, glacial boulders and deposits were utilized, and the min- items in the Euro-Asiatic world of the middle ages, produced
Evidence of human presence from ancient times on the During the times of Rus' (IX-XIII centuries), there is evidence ing of sandstones and granites was carried out. Mining of pyro- from the pyrophyllite schists in Rus'-Ukraine.
Ukrainian territory are finds of stelae-statues, sculptures, various that there was an organized, administered and directed, region- phyllite was used as materials along sutures in the construction Numerous mining sites of the bog iron deposits attest to the
work tools of chert, stone containers, battle axes and hammers, ally specialized system of mining of minerals and distribution of and as covers, and also in the production of highly artistic bas- highly developed iron metallurgy of old Rus'.
and maces, possibly as symbols of power and authority. their various products over much of the present-day territory of relief carvings and parapets. The mode of life in old Rus' and its There were also specialized enterprises in the mining, cutting
In the early and middle ages in Ukraine, workshops or sites for Ukraine. neighbors was saturated with the necessary instruments and and transport of tuffaceous rocks, sandstones, chalk, lime-
the making of stone tools and artifacts have been discovered, The main branches of use of the mined minerals/rocks in this artifacts made from pyrophyllite schists. These included mill- stones, minerals used for coloring, rock salt, semiprecious
where local sources of rocks, such as quartzites, sandstones, period were for construction, farming and domestic needs. stones, foundry forms, spinning utensils, and ornaments such as stones and amber.

HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF IMPORTANT MINING, OIL AND COAL-BEARING BASINS, REGIONS AND ORE DEPOSITS OF UKRAINE

Time of discovery Name of basins, regions, ore deposits and brief historical notes Time of discovery Name of basins, regions, ore deposits and brief historical notes

Donets' coal basin Nikopol’ (South-Ukrainian) manganese basin

IV-III millennium B.C. Largest prehistoric source of chert in eastern Europe (vicinities of Amvrosiivka, 1874 The discovery of the basin by H. Feodosii.
Slovians'k and Artemivs’k). Mercury deposit (Mykytivka), one of the largest in the 1886 The begining of exploration and mining of manganese ores.
world, supplied cinnabar – used by prehistoric man in ritual paints and powders.
III-II millennium B.C. There is evidence that coal was used by the bronze age people for fuel. Boryslav oil-producing region
II millennium B.C. Burial sites of nomadic tribes around Tor (Slovians’k) and Bakhmut salty lakes. XIII century The earliest information about "rock oil" in the Halych principality of Rus'.
1721 H. Kapustin discovered coal at some cossack towns in the Donbas area. XVI century Historical documents on the use of oil as a medical substance, and as a lubricant
1722 Initial small coal operations in the vicinity of the town of Bakhmut, and in the valley for wheels.
of Bilen'ka river. XVII century Historical reference to surface showings of one of the oldest oil-producing fields
1795 "Dahmara" – first full-scale coal mine. (Nahuievychi).
1796 Beginnings of systematic coal mining. 1792 The first oil well production near Nahuievychi.
1827 Ye. Kovalevskyi started systematic geological studies. 1820s The development and production of oil from the Boryslav region.
1859 First production of cast iron at the Bakhmut mine. 1855 First extraction of ozokerite (wax) in Boryslav.
1862 Discovery of copper and evidence of ancient mining and smelting in 1859 The establishment of the first oil refinery in Drohobych.
III-II millennium B.C. near the city of Bakhmut, at Klyntsi and Marianivka villages. 1920 The discovery of natural gas deposits at Dashava in the Carpathian area,
1869 Establishment of an iron industry by the Welsh industrialist J. Hughes. while drilling for salt deposits.
24.01.1872 Establishment of the "Donets' Metallurgical Factory" – to begin regular 1948 The Dashava natural gas supplied by pipeline to Kyiv.
production of cast iron. 1992 By 1992, a total of 100 Mt of oil was produced in the Carpathian region.
1911 At the International Exhibition in Turin (Italy), the geological map of the Donets'
Coal Basin was awarded a gold medal. Dnipro-Donets' oil and gas region
1937 The Institute of Geological Sciences established the presence of oil. Subsequently,
Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin the region became the largest oil and gas producing area in Ukraine.
1787 Academician V. Zuiev published the first known reference on the Kryvyi Rih iron 1946 The discovery of a gigantic natural gas deposit at Shebelynka.
deposits.
1803 First exploration work in the basin by V. Pylenko. Berehove-Bihan’ gold region
1881 Saksahan mine opened, controlled by the French enterprise: “The Society of Kryvyi XII century Historical reference to the mining of gold in this region.
Rih Iron ores” under the direction of O. Pol. 19.03.1999 The discovery of first gold (polymetallic) ore body in Ukraine (Muzhiievo).
1892 Opening of the first cast iron foundry in the basin. 28.09.1999 First gold brick (5.7 kg) poured from the Muzhiievo deposit.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 151

 TRYPILLIAN CULTURE was occurring, first of all, on account of the development of
natural resources such as chert, chert-like substances and salt.
The Trypillian culture (named after the original findings near In the Dnipro river area there are known adits in cherts in the
the village of Trypillia, near Kyiv) is part of the highly devel- Studenytsi area; adits, pits and workplaces in the region of
oped agrarian society living in the Balkan-Danube region in Bukivna; worked deposits and workplaces in Ozhev; and spe-
prehistoric times. In the period between IV and mid-III mil- cialized settlements involved in chert mining and production of
lennium B.C. the Trypillians occupied a large territory of for- chert artifacts in Polyvanyi Yar and in Bodaky in the Horyn'
est-steppe, from the Prut river in the southwest to the Dnipro area. In western Volyn', a distinct clean chert was mined from
river in the east, and in the middle of the III millennium B.C. the Turonian layer. Other known areas of chert mining are
they also occupied the steppes north of the Black Sea between found in Nezvys'ko, Malynivtsi, and Hrynchuky on the Dnister
the Dnister and the Danube rivers. river. Significant quantities of items manufactured from these
The Trypillian civilization is best known in the world for its cherts were apparently exported.
ornamented, highly artistic clay dishes and sculptures. This was Deposits of local copper mineralization in the territory of the
a period of a high level of material and spiritual culture and Trypillian culture are found in the vicinity of the city of
social order. There is evidence of cultural-economic contacts Zalishchyky in the Ternopil' oblast', in Horodenka and
with ethnically related populations of the area, and with Chernelytsia in the Ivano-Frankivs'k oblast', and also in the
closely related but sometimes remote tribes. Trade or bartering area of Velykyi Myds’k in the Rivne oblast'.

Statuette of a woman. Eneolithic, Trypillian culture, IV milleni- Statuette of a woman from Trypillian period, IV millenium B.C.,
um B.C., Volodymyrivka village, Kirovohrad oblast’ Volodymyrivka village, Kirovohrad oblast’

Cups and a lid for a vessel, Konovka village, Chernivtsi oblast’ Decorated vessel for grain preservation, Konovka village, Female and male statuettes, Maidanets’ke village, Cherkasy oblast’ Ornamented ceramic vessel, Maidanets’ke village, Cherkasy oblast’
Chernivtsi oblast’

ANTHROPOMORPHIC STELAE turies B.C., portray images of warriors in full military regalia. in Ukraine was discovered in the village of Natalivka in
FROM THE COPPER AGE The stone statues of the Scythians, who replaced the 1883. Today there are over 300 such finds, and with time
Cimmerians in the steppes of Ukraine, are more realistic and more discoveries will be made. Among these of world
Stone monuments or stelae with human (anthropomorphic) better made than the older ones of the Cimmerians. renown are the stelae from the Kernosivka, Bilohrudivka,
images found in Ukraine date back to the copper-bronze age The sculptures of the Slavic peoples date from the III-IV and Kazankivka areas.
about 5000 years ago. These monuments are found in Crimea centuries B.C. These sculptures represent idols, particularly Stelae from the northern part of the Black Sea area belong to
and the steppes of Ukraine. They are made from tabular the four-faced human statues from the Dnister river and the the period of residence in the steppes of Ukraine of tribes
masses of rock commonly the size of a man's height. They are Forecarpathian region. A well-known idol has been found in belonging to the Kemi-Obyn pit culture from the Copper
fairly accurate creations that present images of that early so- the Zbruch river. On a four-sided pillar of rock there are age. This pit culture occupied the terrain from the Taman'
ciety. In terms of the flowing lines, proportionality, and com- sculptures depicting human activities and cosmological con- peninsula east of Crimea to the lower Dnipro and southern
position, these stelae of Ukraine can be compared to such cepts of the ancient Slavs. The sites of the temples where Buh rivers.
outstanding examples of primeval art of Europe as the cave these idols originally stood have been located also. The Copper age rock stelae from the III millenium B.C. are
paintings of Western Europe, the mesolithic statues of the Among the ancient stone sculptures of Ukraine, the most noted for their workmanship, their original methods of port-
Lower Danube and the petroglyphs of Karelia and Lake common ones are the so-called stone women from the raying realistic images and abundance of information about the
Onega areas. nomadic turkic tribe of Polovtsians. It is estimated that there world of that time. Such sculptures are found mainly in the
In terms of iconography, these stelae are distinctly different are about 700 such sculptures. If we add over 300 examples of southern part of Ukraine. Similar sculptures are also found in
from rock sculptures of later times such as those of the the stone stelae from the Copper age, and about the same Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, and in the Northern Caucasus.
Cimmerians, Scythians, ancient Slavs and nomads of the number of statues from the other ancient epochs, then Such stelae in Ukraine are made from a number of rock types –
steppes. Ukraine has over a thousand ancient stone sculptures. granites, sandstones, limestones and others. Most of the stelae
The stelae-obelisks of the Cimmerians from the IX-VII cen- The first anthropomorphic sculpture of the eneolithic period measure from 0.5 to 2 m in height, but some are bigger. Anthropomorphic stelae, Bilohrudivka-I near Uman’, Cherkasy oblast’

152 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

SCYTHIAN KURHANS (BURIAL MOUNDS) Oleksandropil’ kurhan, located in the Dnipropetrovs’k area, is dated from the second half of the IV century B.C. This kurhan
of the tsar type, dates from the III century B.C. and contained contained a three-layer golden pectoral depicting worshipping
On the Ukrainian territory there are hundreds of kurhans but close to 700 golden objects, including golden adornments in scenes from Scythian life, colored enamel plant ornaments,
only several tens of these have been systematically excavated the horse bridles. The Kul'-Oba kurhan, located to the south- scenes of wild animals hunting, fantastic animals and other
for archeological studies. The term "kurhan" is derived from a west of the city of Kerch in Crimea, is also a tsar type, and scenes. The Chortomlyk tsar-type kurhan, dated from the IV
turkic language. Kurhan is an earth mound (in Ukrainian, dates from the end of the IV century B.C. It contained numer- century B.C., is located on the right bank of the Dnipro river,
mohyla) and represents one or more burial sites. A kurhan may ous golden objects – a pectoral with endings in the form of near the village of Chkalove, some 30 km to the northeast of
be surrounded by a moat, or by a circle laid out of rocks. A Scythians on horseback, bracelets, military items inlaid with the city of Nikopol' in the Dnipropetrovsk area. It contained
mound may be covered by plates of rocks. The oldest kurhans gold, and a golden chalice with an image of Medusa of Gorgon over a hundred golden items such as a golden sword sheath,
are present in the steppe zone of the northern Black Sea area and the head of a Scythian. A female sarcophagus made of with the handle of the sword inlaid in gold, a golden neck-
and are dated from IV millennium B.C. A continuum of cedar in the same kurhan contained a diadem made of elec- lace with figurines of lions hanging from it, and a silver
kurhans have been erected from that period until the middle trum, golden pendants for the temples, a golden pectoral and amphora with a golden frieze illustrating scenes of Scythians
ages (first half of XIII century). a golden necklace with amphora-like pendants. This kurhan taming horses.
The kurhan style of burial is associated with the nomadic also contained a golden cup with scenes of Scythian life, a sil- Although some of the golden items were possibly imported, the
steppe peoples. On top of a kurhan there are commonly ver cup with images of birds catching fishes. The Perederii majority of them were made by the Scythians themselves in a
anthropomorphic stone stelae, or a massive monumental mound is found near the village of Zrubne in the Donets'k Scythian style. The source of the gold used in the manufactur-
sculpture which had a sacramental significance. oblast’. This kurhan belonged to a Scythian nobleman and is ing of these numerous golden items is not certain, but there is
Some of the largest and richest kurhans are Scythian, and they dated from the IV century B.C. It contained a golden helmet at least one area in the Donbas region where mining for gold
are commonly known as the "tsar kurhans".The largest ones are with pressed, carved and engraved scenes of fighting between dates from the Scythian period. Placer gold in southern
up to 21 m in height, and up to 120 m in diameter. Among the Scythian youths and mature Scythian warriors. The Tovsta Ukraine is another possible source. Rocks for the building of
Scythian kurhans the best known are the Oleksandropil’, the mound, one of the richest tsar-type kurhans, is located near the stelae are locally derived but in many cases have been
Kul'-Oba, the Chortomlyk, the Perederii and the Tovsta. The the city of Ordzhonikidze in the Dnipropetrovs’k oblast’. It is transported considerable distances to the kurhan sites. A golden pectoral from the Scythian tsar burial mound, Tovsta
Mohyla, middle IV century B.C., Dnipropetrovs’k oblast’

A golden Scythian helmet from the Perederii burial mound, A golden ornament from the Scythian burial mound A golden ring from the Scythian burial mound, Sokolova mound, Golden sword and sheath from a Scythian burial mound, IV
IV century B.C., Donets’k oblast’ Perepiatykha, end of VII – beginnings of VI century B.C., Kyiv I century A.D., Mykolaiv oblast’ century B.C., Velyka Bilozirka village, Zaporizhzhia oblast’
oblast’

MAIN HISTORICAL-ARCHITECTURAL 3. The Kyiv Caves (Kievo-Pechers’kyi) Monastery (now a state centuries A.D., jewellery of the Ukrainian craftsmen from the
AND HISTORICAL-CULTURAL CENTERS historical-cultural preserve) was founded in 1015 by two XVI century to the present, and a large collection of ancient
monks. The area contains many ancient churches and is noted coins.
1. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in Kyiv for its man-made caves of Neogene sandstones. The caves are
contains archeological finds of the Scythian period. The mu- at 5 to 10 m depth below the surface, up to 2 m in height, 1.5 5. Khersones-Tavrian Historical-Architectural Preserve.
seum stands on the X century site of pottery and rock work- m in width, and up to 500 m in length. In 1941 one of its most Founded in 1888, it contains examples of architecture dating
shops. An old foundation of a church built in 989-996 A.D. is beautiful churches, the Uspenskyi Cathedral, was destroyed. to the V century B.C. created by hellenic immigrants from
constructed from local rocks. In 1240, during the invasion of Recently it was reconstructed and consecrated in 2000. Local Asia Minor. Rocks used in the construction of the city of
the Tatar-Mongol hordes, this church was totally burned rocks were used in its original construction. Khersones (Korsun', Kherson) were locally quarried lime-
down, together with the last defenders of the city of Kyiv. stones of the Neogene age. A marble-like local limestone was
4. The National Museum of Historical Treasures is a branch of also used as a construction rock and in sculptures. Other mar-
2. The St. Sophia historical-cultural site in Kyiv. At the center the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in Kyiv. It bles in the area of the Black Sea were also utilized. In addi-
stands the St. Sophia Cathedral built in 1037 A.D. at the old bat- contains over 130 000 display items, including many of the tion Crimean jaspers were used in the construction.
tle grounds where Yaroslav the Wise defeated the Polovtsians. Scythian masterpieces from the VI century B.C. to the
Local rocks were used in the construction of the cathedral. III century A.D., ancient Rus' artifacts from the VI to the XI Banded pyrophyllite, Zhytomyr oblast’

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 153

 LEGEND
ANCIENT MINING SITES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS MINING SITES OF THE OLD RUS'-UKRAINE (VII-XIV centuries A.D.)
(VIII-II millennium B.C.)

Pyrophyllite mining in the Ovruch Ridge area in the middle ages Area of mining of limestones and probable production of
Site of extensive mining of chert
spindles, Volyn' region, from VII-X centuries
Mining site of chert in the Stone-Bronze ages: Pyrophyllite and quartzite mining near the villages of Nahoriany,
1- Horodok, 2- Polovtsi, 3- Novyi Mlyn, 4-6- Bukivna, Cherevky, Rudnia-Frankivka
7-Studenytsia, 8-Izium, 9- Shyroke Probable areas of mining of limestones and chalk, in the
Volyn' region, from X-XII centuries
Workplace in rocks from the Neolithic-Bronze ages Jewelry workshops (crosses, figurines, beads) from pyrophyllite
near the city of Ovruch and villages Prybytky and Noryns'k Probable mining sites of rock salt in the Carpathian region,
from X-XIII centuries
Bakhmut region:
Pyrophyllite manufacturing centers
(bas-relief, decorative architectural details, millstones, Probable mining sites of sandstone, from X-XIII centuries
Rock salt extraction
metal pouring forms, spindles)
Copper-bearing sandstones
Kyiv and Chernihiv
Amber deposits and workshops in Kyiv
Mykytivka region: Vicinities of the villages of Nahoriany, Khlupliany, Prybytky,
Horodets', Pokaliv, Skrebelychi, Noryns'k, Korenivka, Velyka
Khaicha, Koptivshchyna Archeologically researched mining sites of bog iron deposits
Mercury deposits and iron smelters
Area of mining of tuffaceous rocks and possible production of
millstones from these rocks near the village of Luhova on the
Nahol'nyi Ridge: Scythian-Alanian regions of gold mining
Sybok river, Vinnytsia oblast'
and burial sites of the "metallurgists"

MAIN MINING CAMPS, OIL AND GAS BASINS AND REGIONS SITES OF TRYPILLIAN CULTURE WITH CERAMIC FINDS AND COPPER ITEMS
(earliest information / time of discovery / beginning of mining)
Early stage (end of V millennium – First half of the late stage Late stage ( first half of
Donets' coal basin middle IV millennium B.C.) (end of IV millennium – beginning of III millennium B.C.)
(III-II millennium B.C. / 1721 / 1796) III millennium B. C.)
1 – Maidanets'ke 33 – Holyshiv
Kryvyi Rih iron basin 2 – Luka-Vrublivets'ka 16 – Yevmynka 34 – Lystvyn
(1787/1803/1881) 3 – Bernashivka 17 – Domantivka 35 – Horods'ke
4 – Lenkivtsi 18 – Lukashi 36 – Sofiivka I
Nikopol' manganese basin 5 – Sabatynivka 19 – Khalepia (Kolomiishchyna I) 37 – Chervonyi Khutir
(1874/1874/1886) 6 – Oleksandrivka 20 – Troianiv 38 – Sandryky
Middle stage (middle of IV millennium – 21 – Talianky 39 – Kasperivtsi
Boryslav oil and gas region end of IV millennium B. C.) 22 – Dobrovody 40 – Tsviklivtsi
(XIII century / XVI century / 1792) 23 – Sushkivka 41 – Zhvanets (temple Lysa Hora)
7 – Trypillia 24 – Kosenivka (Stari Babany) 42 – Pechera
Dnipro-Donets' oil and gas region 8 – Veremia 25 – Maidanets'ke 43 – Hard
(? / 1937/ 1937) 9 – Veselyi Kut 26 – Krutoborodyntsi 44 – Puhach
10 – Krasnostav 27 – Bil'che Zolote 45 – Slobidka-Romanivka
Berehove-Bihan’ gold region 11 – Nezvys'ko 28 – Koshylivtsi (temple of Oboz) 46 – Usatove
(XII century / 1948 / 1999) 12 – Zalishchyky 29 – Velyka Slobidka (temple of Khreshchate) 47 – Maiaky
13 – Horodnytsia II 30 – Zhvanets'-Shchovb 48 – Nerushai
Oil deposits 14 – Molodove (temple of Polyvaniv Yar) 31 – Shchepentsi 49 – Bolhrad
15 – Volodymyrivka 32 – Konovka (temple of Putsyt)
Gas deposits
SCYTHIAN KURHANS WITH ITEMS OF METAL, ROCK, AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES (VII-IV centuries B.C.)
Burial mounds of Scythian 3 – Perederii Mound 8 – Tovsta Mound 13 – Hostra Mound 18 – Kozel
tsars and aristocracy 4 – Bashmachka 9 – Haimanova Mound 14 – Tsymbalova Mound 19 – Melitopol'
5 – Krasnyi Kut 10 – Khomyna Mound 15 – Chmyreva Mound 20 – Ohuz
Stone stelae (IV-III millennium B.C.) 1 – Perepiatykha 6 – Oleksandropil' 11 – Baby 16 – Solokha 21 – Kul'-Oba
Anthropomorphic stelae of the Copper age 2 – Mel'hunivka 7 – Chortomlyk 12 – Rozkopana Mound 17 – Berdians’ke 22 – Zoloto

154 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 HISTORY OF MINING IN UKRAINE

LEGEND
Main historical-architectural
and historical-cultural sites

1 – National Museum of the History of Ukraine

2 – St. Sophia historical-cultural site in Kyiv

3 – Kyiv Caves (Kievo-Pechers'kyi) Monastery

Historical-Cultural Preserve in Kyiv

4 – National Museum of Historical Treasures

5 – Khersones-Tavrian Historical-Architectural Preserve

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 155

 Leznyky granite, Ukrainian Shield Banded quartzite, Ovruch ridge Red-banded jaspilite, Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin Kerchenite in brown iron ore, Kerch iron ore basin

GEOLOGICAL SITES AND UNUSUAL FEATURES by milling and concentration. Currently in operation are 12 KERCH IRON ORE BASIN (KIB) The origin of the Mn ores and the source of Mn is still under
high grade mines, and 5 low grade mines. KIB is a unique reservoir of phosphorus minerals. Iron discussion. Its source could be endogenic, or related to
Ukraine has an abundance of unusual geological sites and The deepest mines are at the 1500 m levels. phosphates include kerchenite and vivianite and their oxidized weathering, or related to the Black Sea paleobasin.
some unique mineral deposits. This is probably related to the Jaspilites are the primary ores mined in the KRIB. They are products – a, b and g kerchenites, oxykerchenites, bosphorite, The Nikopol' basin is one of the largest Mn deposits in the
geological-structural position of the territory, where a variety best described as a banded iron formation (BIF). This BIF pitzite, azovskite; phophates of iron and calcium – anapaite and world and, in terms of production, it has first place in the
of different age geostructures come together and where the formed over a relatively short period, from 2.4 to 2.2 Ga. It its derivatives – mitiridatite, fuscherchite, boritskite, kamish- world. In 1991 it produced 6.6 Mt of Mn mineral concentrates.
Earth's crust is noted for its unusually lengthy and is estimated that about 90% of the world’s iron ore resources burunite; magnesio-iron phosphates – enterolite, calcium-iron
geodynamic activities, as well as to the presence of are in the BIF. phosphate – neomeselite, phosphate of calcium – kurskite. IRSHANS’K TITANIUM REGION
penetrating transregional mineral-concentrating structures. These iron deposits are composed predominantly of three Many of the above-mentioned phophates are found only in this This region in the Ukrainian Shield is the largest source of
elements – iron, silicon and oxygen, and mineralogically they region and are named after various locales in Crimea. titanium in Europe. Ukraine produced over 90% of the total
UKRAINIAN SHIELD are comprised of oxides of iron and quartz. titanium output in the former Soviet Union. Titanium min-
The Ukrainian Shield area is one of the most productive mi- Recent thermodynamic reconstructions have demonstrated SOUTH UKRAINIAN (NIKOPOL’) MANGANESE BASIN eralization occurs in the ilmenite-zircon placers, and in
neralized Precambrian formations in the world. It contains that the KRIB is a product of the chemical reactions of a glo- This basin stretches in a sublatitudinal direction along the ilmenite- bearing gabbros.
deposits of iron, manganese, uranium, rare metals, gold, bal system involving a combination of "hydrosphere-atmo- southern part of the Ukrainian Shield for some 250 km and is A significant apatite-ilmenite deposit (Stremyhorod) was dis-
graphite and kaolin. Certain types of deposits are unusual and sphere-stratosphere", and occurred during the transition from 25-50 km wide. It contains Lower Oligocene terrigenous- covered in 1976-1980. It is associated with stock-like zoned
have been identified here for the first time. These include the a reducing to an oxidizing state. Thus, prior to 2.4 Ga, the marine quartz-glauconite sandy-clayey manganese-bearing gabbro-troctolite intrusive rocks, which are part of a gabbro-
rare metal and uranium deposits found in alkaline metaso- surface of the Earth was controlled by reduced forms of poly- layers with nearly horizontal attitudes. These layers measure anorthositic massif related to the Korosten' rapakivi-granite
matites and gold deposits in tectono-metasomatic zones. valent elements, mainly by sulphides, ammonium nitrates from a few centimeters to 4.5 m in thickness (avg. 2 m) with pluton of the Middle Proterozoic age. The ore body is oval in
and oxides of carbon. After 2.2 Ga, the Earth entered into an the manganese mineralization occurring in concretions and plan (2.3x1 km) and funnel shaped in section, and has been
KRYVYI RIH IRON ORE BASIN (KRIB) era of oxygen when most surface geochemical processes were lenses representing up to 50% of the clayey siltstone host investigated by drilling down to 1200 m depth. It grades
This basin is one of the largest in the world. Here, the gene- controlled by free oxygen. Hence, the character of geochem- rocks. The ore horizon is generally from 10 to 110 m from the 6.9-8.2% TiO2, 2.8-4.5% P2O5 and has significant quantities
ral resources of iron ore are estimated to be over 40 Bt. Of ical processes changed from gray to red weathering surfaces. surface. Three types of ores are recognized – oxides (avg. of scandium and vanadium. This ore is amenable to high con-
these, 20 Bt are proven, out of which 1.6 Bt are high grade It is possible that, in this transition period, the Earth's bio- 28.6% Mn), oxide-carbonates (avg. 25% Mn) and carbonates centration. There are plans to mine the Stremyhorod deposit
ores. High grade ores have, on the average, 56.4% Fe, and the sphere also evolved as a result of change from molecular-pro- (avg. 20.7% Mn). Mn-carbonate ores represent close to 78.5% by an open pit down to the 300 m level, and below that by an
low grade ores have 20-46% Fe. The latter ores are upgraded tein matter to nucleic-protein forms. of the total reserves, and the Mn-oxide ores about 15%. underground method.

156 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

Crimson-red granite, Ukrainian Shield Uranium-bearing albitite, Kirovohrad uranium ore region Mariupolite, Azov region Nepheline syenite, Azov region

KIROVOHRAD URANIUM REGION (KUR) uranium resources at KUR are estimated to last for a few decades Laboratory work has shown that these ores produce good con- eralization is associated with Vendian age traps consisting of
There are two currently operating uranium mines (Inhul and in satisfying the demands for the atomic power stations in Ukrai- cent-rates of REEs, zircon and feldspar. three members – basalts, lava-breccias and tuffs, in total up to
Smolyn) in this region. Both are of the metasomatic type and are ne. There is geological potential for finding additional reserves of 450 m in thickness.
considered to be unique not only in Europe but the world. uranium at KUR. POLOKHIVKA, STANKUVATKA AND SHEVCHENKO DEPOSITS Mineralization is mainly of native copper. Rarely chalcocite is
KUR is marked by a major anticlinorium with two different gran- OF LITHIUM. present. Locally minor chalcopyrite, bornite, cuprite, malachite
itoid complexes in its axial position. The southern complex con- AZOV RARE EARTH ELEMENT (REE) AND RARE METALS These deposits are associated with petalite-spodumene peg- and azurite are found also. The native copper occurs as aggre-
sists of anatectic potassic granites (close to 2 Ga) and the north- DEPOSITS matites and carry minor Nb,Ta and Cs. They are character- gates commonly from 1 to 8 mm in size. In fractures it forms
ern complex is represented by rapakivi granites and anorthosites The deposit is located on the south side of the Donets'k region, ized by high concentrations of lithium (up to 2% Li2O) and plates, films and veinlets up to 3-4 cm in width. The mineral-
(1.7-1.8 Ga). Flanks of the anticlinorium are comprised of Lower about 25 km from the port city of Mariupol'. This is the biggest are closely associated with gold and uranium-bearing areas. ized zones generally are from 1-2 to 4.5 m thick, and about 1%
Proterozoic gneisses and migmatites with relatively small bodies of deposit in Ukraine (or Europe) containing on average 1.6% REEs The pegmatites formed in two stages – magmatic and meta- Cu on average. Recently, in 1999, a native copper nugget
granites. In the east and in the west the anticlinorium is faulted. and 1.5% ZrO2, and can be compared to the REE deposits of somatic. The latter is more productive than the former, weighing 735.2 g was found in an open pit mined for rock fill.
The uranium deposits are related to post-granite sodium meta- Baiun'-Obo (Kyrgyzstan) or the Mountain Pass deposits (USA), commonly obliterating the primary structural-textural fea- Other minor but significant elements associated with the native
somatism superimposed on the granite and metamorphic coun- but is more complex than these deposits. The main mass of the tures by recrystallization into medium to fine grained marble- copper mineralization include gold, silver and precious group
try rocks and is associated with faulting during the Early zircon-britolite-orthite ores is associated with the taxitic and peg- like rocks. Such pegmatites are a new genetic type of rare elements. The association of the precious group of elements
Proterozoic period. The deposits are located where the faults matoid melanocratic alkaline syenites in the layered Volodars’k metal deposits. makes the native copper deposit of Volyn' rather unusual. The
have local complications and are marked by major bodies of pluton that has a lopolith-like shape. The pluton was emplaced Pegmatite assemblages include: microcline-albite-spodumene- native copper itself is very pure (99.8-99.9% Cu).
albitites in granites, migmatites and gneisses. The uranium min- during the tectonomagmatic event of the Late Proterozoic age petalite-columbite-chrysoberyl (Shevchenko deposit); albite- Occurrences of native copper in this region have been known
eralization is superimposed on the albitites that have been cata- (1820-1750 Ma). A thick weathering surface over the deposit pro- orthoclase-spodumene-petalite-columbite-struverite for a long time, but recent investigations have shown it is anal-
clastically deformed, producing fine disseminations, veinlets, duced a kaolinite-hydous mica zone up to 35 m in thickness with (Stankuvatka deposit); petalite-columbite-chrysoberyl (Polo- ogous with the native copper deposits at Copper Harbor on
intergranular matrix, and as cement to the cataclastic albitites. economic contents of zirconium and REEs. khivka deposit). A peculiarity of these deposits is the high con- Lake Superior in the USA.
The deposits tend to be toward the interior of the albitite zones, Pegmatitic syenites also carry REE mineralization. They con- centration of lithium in the petalite mineral, a feature not noted The Volyn' copper region corresponds to the sublatitudinal
commonly are concordant with these zones, and have plate-like, sist of anorthoclase-hastingsite-lepidomelane assemblages in other lithium deposits of the world. Northern Ukrainian megazone of fracturing. Its western con-
lensy and pillar-like stockwork shapes from a few meters to tens carrying britolite and zircon. Britolite is the main REE min- Petalite concentrates are used in glass and ceramic industries. tinuation corresponds to the well-known copper deposits in
of meters in width, and from tens to a few hundred meters in eral and this in itself is a unique feature of the Azov deposit. Silesia, Poland, and in its eastern continuation it corresponds to
length. Uranium minerals in the ore bodies include – uraninite, Coarse-grained taxitic ore-bearing rocks and the closely asso- VOLYN’ COPPER REGION the copper-nickel deposits at Voronezh, Russia.
nasturan, brannerite, coffinite, hydrous oxides, uranium sili- ciated britolite-orthite-bastnesite (5:3:2) – zircon ores occur This region is located in the northwestern part of Ukraine and It is estimated that the resources of the Volyn' copper region are
cates, and sooty pitchblende. at intersections of conical and deep-seated linear faults. The is associated with the Volyn' Paleozoic uplift, which is inter- in the order of 30 Mt of copper, containing individual deposits
At a currently produced value of about US$25/kg of U3O8, the Ce/Y ratio varies from 4.9 to 8. rupted by the Lukiv-Ratne horst structural zone. Copper min- with 1.5-3 Mt of copper.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 157

 A crystal of yellowish-green beryl from pegmatite, Volyn' A quartz-gentgelvine vein in quartz-feldspar metasomatite, Perha Cassiterite mineralization in an albite-potassium-feldspar metaso- Perha granite (apogranite) with alumofluorine viens, Suschany-
beryllium deposit, Ukrainian Shield matite, Perha rare metal deposit, Ukrainian Shield Perha zone, Ukrainian Shield

PERHA BERYLLIUM DEPOSITS num, lithium, zinc, silver and fluorine. The deposit has been mining and manufacturing into jewellery and other artistic
This is the only known deposit in the world where beryllium well explored, and is ready for production. products. A light yellow-green variety from the Klesiv deposit
is concentrated in the mineral gentgelvine (Zn4(BeSiO4)3S), In terms of size, quality and the type of deposit, the Perha has been certified by the Polish Academy of Sciences,
(an end member of the isomorphic series of the gelvine deposit is unique in the world. Museum of the Earth, as unique in the world (certificate
group). Altogether there are about 50 known occurrences of N.1/96 dated 27.08.1996). Such amber is specifically called
minerals of the gelvine group in the world, which have only a POLISSIA AMBER REGION the Polissia amber.
mineralogical interest. Amongst them the gentgelvine is a The region is part of the Polissia basin, which is part of the Amber has been known since prehistoric times, from the III
relatively rare mineral. Of the ten known occurrences, seven Baltic-Dnipro amber province, the largest in Europe. Amber millennium B.C. In 1968, near the village of Ivanne, an amber
are found in pegmatites. is produced by the Pinacae, Taxodiacae and Cupressaceae pendant amulet was found at an eneolithic age burial site,
The Perha deposit is located near the northern margin of the group of plants from the Cretaceous-Paleogene ages. Amber known as the stone tomb of the spherical amphora culture.
Ukrainian Shield in a tectono-magmatic zone in Precambrian in Ukraine is found associated mainly with the Upper Eocene The amulet has the form of a round disk with a hole in the
rocks that have undergone alkaline metasomatism. The albite- near-shore marine sandstones. middle. The disk is about 12 cm in diameter, and is up to 1.4
potassic feldspar metasomatites are associated with the rare The value of Ukrainian amber is in its unusual colors. In cm in thickness. There is a solar sign in the form of a dotted
metal bearing granites of the Perha complex of the Late addition to the common brown, cherry-red, red and yellow cross on one side of the disk. On the other side there is
Proterozoic age. The mineralized matasomatites have lens-like colors, the Polissia ambers are noted for their lettuce-green, engraved a schematic image of three human figures with
or vein-like shapes and are characterized by an abundance of yellow-green, light-yellow, bluish-greenish as well as white upraised arms. A bow and a cross are discernible alongside.
gentgelvine which is furthermore amenable to high concentra- and black varieties. They contain such interesting inclusions The find of an amber object of uncommonly large size in the
tions. In terms of these parameters, the Perha deposit is better as air bubbles, insects, plants, cloudy patterns and smoky prestigious stone tomb suggests that it probably belonged to a
than all the known economic beryllium deposits in the world. patterns. leading priest, and that the amber played an important role in
In addition to beryllium, the Perha deposit also contains In 1993 in the city of Rivne a company named "Ukrburshtyn" the religious and cultural customs of the eneolithic peoples of
Amazonite in granite, Perha rare metal deposit, Ukrainian Shield minor tantalum, niobium, zirconium, REEs, lead, molybde- was organized. It is responsible for exploring for amber, its the III millennium B.C.

Amber, Polissia Polissia amber decorative products from the State Treasure House Amber amulet with both sides illustrated, found in the burial place of the spherical amphora culture of the eneoloithic period (last
collection quarter of the III millennium B.C.)

158 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

Irridescent labradorite, Volyn' Blue topaz, Volyn' A tree trunk of petrified wood, Druzhkivka, Donbas A close-up of petrified wood, Druzhkivka, Donbas

MORION PEGMATITE DEPOSITS OF VOLYN' common are deep red colors. The dominant habit is prismat- commonly from 1 to 22%, and rarely, up to 30%. Gas is powders. There are also ancient sites of mining for rock salt,
These types of deposits are associated with zoned pegmatites ic. Colorless crystals weighing 1-50 kg are common. The methane, with high contents of heavy carbohydrates. copper and gold. At some of the ancient copper-mining sites
which are spatially and genetically related to the granites of largest crystal, found in 1964, weighed 117 kg. There are a The Shebelynka gas deposit was put into production fragments of coal have been discovered, indicating that coal
the Korosten' pluton of the Ukrainian Shield. They are locat- number of unique crystals of topaz in the museum at in 1956. was used as far back as the Bronze age, some 4-5000 years
ed in the western contact of the pluton adjoining the mafic Volodars’k-Volyns’kyi. ago. Hence it can be said that the Donets' basin was one of
Volodars’k-Volyns’kyi massif. This productive contact runs Beryl crystals from the pegmatites are highly variable mor- DONETS' COAL BASIN the oldest regions known in the world where coal was used for
for 25 km and is from 0.3 to 3.5 km wide. It has been mined phologically and in terms of modification by fluids. The crys- This basin is part of the riftogenic Dnipro-Donets' metallurgical purposes.
for over 60 years for morion (black quartz) crystals. tal habit is prismatic. Their colors vary from olive green, to Depression which is up to 22 km in depth. The main coal-
The mineralogy of the pegmatites is considerably variable, grass green, to less common pale blue aquamarine to milky bearing horizon consists of sandy-clayey deposits with inter- MINERAL WATERS OF THE TYPE "NAFTUSIA"
containing over 100 minerals. Of particular interest are white (goshenite). The largest beryl weighed 66.6 kg and layers of limestones and coal of the Carboniferous age. The Ukraine has a variety of naturally occurring mineral waters,
quartz, feldspar, topaz and beryl. stood 130 cm in height. Donets' basin contains the largest well-studied section of but the "Naftusia" type, found in the Truskavets’ area of L’viv
Quartz in the zoned pegmatites has a number of shapes, co- These pegmatitic deposits of Volyn' are rather unique. rhythmically layered Carboniferous rocks in the world, which oblast’, is unique in the world. It contains health-benefiting
lors and internal structures. Its habit varies from prismatic to extends from 3 to 20 km in thickness. ingredients of complex organic matter. "Naftusia" as a balm-
rhombohedral, including prismatic-rhombohedral. Large SHEBELYNKA GAS DEPOSIT Since 1796 8 Bt of coal have been extracted from this basin. ing substance is recommended especially for people with kid-
crystals are typically zoned from clear quartz in the interior, This gas deposit, the largest known in Ukraine (650 billion Reserves are estimated to be in the order of 90 Bt. The ney-stone, liver and bile problems, and is helpful in treating
to smoky quartz, to a morion exterior. The size of the quartz cubic meters), or in Europe, is located in the northern part of highest annual production occurred in 1970, when 177.8 Mt various allergies and diabetes.
crystals also varies. The largest crystal mined weighed close to the Dnipro-Donets' Depression. The structure of the deposit were mined. The more recent discoveries of the beneficial effects of the
10 tons. The piezoelectric feature of the quartz was the main is a brachyanticlinal assymetrical fold of sublatitudinal orien- There is evidence that in this area chert and mercury "Naftusia" include detoxification of various body functions
purpose in mining these large crystals, which were cut and tation. Sedimentary rocks in the structure are terrigenic (Mykytivka deposit) were mined in prehistoric times as well, and especially the blood-producing system (disturbed by the
used in the electrical industry in the recent past. Devonian in age and younger. There are 13 gas-bearing hori- the extraction dating back to IV-III millennium B.C. Chert radiation effects related to the Chornobyl' disaster), and the
Topaz is a typical mineral of the zoned pegmatites. Its color zons which altogether form a sheet-like deposit. The gas col- was used to make work tools and weapons, whereas cinnabar accelerated extraction of incorporated radionuclides from
varies from colorless to amber, to light blue, to pink. Less lectors are sandstones and siltstones with open porosities was used in the production of bright-red paints and ritualistic human bodies (patent No. 2068, in Ukraine).

DEEP DRILLING depth of 1515 m, and the deepest open pit, 324 m. A superdeep In the Carpathian region a bore hole investigating oil and gas Bore holes over 6000 m have been drilled in the Dnipro-
Most of the deep drilling has been accomplished in the mining bore hole NH-8, reached 5432 m depth (1984-1995). As a potential was drilled down to 7520 m depth (at one time the Donets' Depression (DDD), and over 5000 m in Crimea. The
regions of Ukraine. In the Kryvyi Rih Iron Basin (KRIB) there result, new data on the deep structures and the metallogeny of deepest bore hole in Europe), yielding a gas flow from great depth. deepest bore hole under the Black Sea reached 4638 m, with a
are over 500 bore holes close to 1500 m in depth, and 128 bore the basin was acquired, which helped in the formulation of the At other locations in the same region one bore hole yielded oil flow gas flow from the 4102 m depth. The deepest coal mine in the
holes deeper than that. The deepest mine shaft here reaches a multifaceted model for the KRIB. from the 5700-5800 m level, and another from the 5900 m level. DDD reached the 1400 m level.

UNUSUAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES Azov area. They are porphyrytic and contain veins and schlieren- and could be taken as an example of Precambrian rare metal bea- VENDIAN STRATA FROM PODILLIA
like pegmatites, up to 35 m in length. The unusual feature of these ring granites of the albite-greysen genetic group. In Ukraine these strata were deposited on the Precambrian
ANCIENT PRECAMBRIAN CRUST pegmatites is that they are commonly vuggy. The peripheral parts Of significance are the recently discovered rare metal bearing basement and covered by the Cambrian strata. The Lower
One of the oldest relicts of the Earth's crust in the Euro-asiatic of the granitic bodies are composed of aplitic phases with elevated ongonites, which are interpreted to be subvolcanic analogs of Vendian rocks have been intersected by numerous diamond
continent is found in the Novopavlivka complex in the Ukrainian quantities of fluorite, muscovite, zinwaldite and topaz, and lesser the lithium-fluorine bearing granites. The ongonites form dykes drill holes in the Volyn' region, whereas the Upper Vendian
Shield. This complex consists of an ultrabasic-basic-tonalite quantities of bastnesite and orthite. In the metasomatically altered and veins in the granites, commonly contain topaz, and chem- strata are very well exposed along the Dnister river. This latter
assemblage that has undergone granulite facies metamorphism granites there are also present cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, ically are more aluminous than the granites. Interestingly, such section is the most complete, has no interruptions, has well-
and has been partially retrogressed to the amphibolite facies. The beryl, monazite, xenotime, zircon and molybdenite. Veins of rocks have been found only in the phanerozoic environments. defined stratigraphic units and abundant organic remains
zircons from enderbite gneisses and tonalites are old (3650 Ma). quartz-fluorite contain cassiterite, columbite, monazite and beryl. Hence, the occurrence described here is the first one found in including non-skeletal Metazoa, multicellular plants (Vendo-
A characteristic feature of these granites is the widespread sodium the Precambrian formations. tenides) and bioglyphs. In this area the boundary zone between
PRECAMBRIAN RARE METAL GRANITES metasomatism, causing albitization of microclines. The granites The surface of this area has two plants which are not found any- the Cambrian and the Precambrian is well exposed and has
These granites, dated at 1800 Ma, form a ridge 50-70 m high in the are located at intersections of variably oriented deep-seated faults, where else in the world – a variety of cornflower and yarrow. been studied extensively.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 159

 Manganese ore deposits, Nikopol’ basin. Dnipropetrovs’k oblast’ Tovtry ridge. Tortonian reef limestones. Khmelnytskyi oblast’ Upper Vendian strata in the Dniester river. Vinnytsia oblast’

The Vendian section from Podillia contains several unique occur- zoic-Cenozoic rocks. The tectonic history of the area is a subject breccias around the Bovtyshka crater is in the order of 6500 square of hydrogen sulphide, where living organisms thrive.
rences of Vendian Ediacarian fauna, known only in a couple of of debate among various investigators who have studied the kilometers. The filling of the crater structure by later sediments A number of other exclusive features are characteristic of the
other places in the world – along the shores of the White Sea and region. Some geologists consider that the zone was produced by lasted over several tens of million years. In this process, significant Black Sea. Its deep portion has the shape of a cylindrical cup with
Southern Australia. In addition, the section from Podillia has normal endogenic tectonism accompanied by dislocations of deposits of combustible shales were accumulated, amounting to a flat bottom. Since the mantle under the sea is much higher than
massive remnants of Metaphyta. Taking these features into blocks of crystalline basement. Others explain the zone as a result about 3 Bt. under the continent, the sea bottom is conducive to easier pene-
account, it appears that the Vendian strata from Podillia could of glacial loading and unloading effects. According to this view- The Illintsi impact structure has a diameter of about 4 km. It is tration of mantle gases and fluids. The Black Sea water has half
serve as a very reliable base for the international stratigraphic sec- point, the glacier broke blocks of sedimentary strata, lifted, moved located some 50 km to the southwest of the city of Vinnytsia. the salt content of the normal ocean waters. Deep waters of the
tion and its subdivision into smaller units. and then deposited some of the blocks of older rocks on top of Within the shock-melted country rocks, a colorful agate body Black Sea contain up to 100 Mt of dissolved manganese. Under
Along the Dnister river there is also an important section of conti- younger rocks. measuring 14.5x25x32 cm was found. This is probably one of the oxidizing conditions, manganese and iron have been precipitated
nuous Silurian-Lower Devonian strata with its flora and fauna. largest chalcedony vugs known to occur in the impactites. in great quantities in the Kerch-Taman area of Crimea.
METEORITE IMPACT STRUCTURES Manganese-iron concretions are forming even in the present-day
TOVTRY RIDGE There are at present seven known impact structures in the Ukrai- KERCH-TAMAN MUD VOLCANO PROVINCE environment on its northern shore. This shelf environment also
This is a riftogenic-biothermal zone of Late Baden to Early nian Shield. Two of these are simple structures (Rotmistrivka and Within this province in Crimea up to 70 mud volcanoes are carries concentrations of oil and gas, and gold mineralization.
Sarmatian age. The reef consists of predominantly plant-bearing Zelenyi Hai), and the other five are complex craters with central known, 45 of which are found on the Kerch peninsula. A muddy The present state of the Black Sea came into existence about 10
shelly limestones. Such reefy massifs were produced during ar- uplifts (Bovtyshka, Obolon', Illintsi, Belylivka and Ternivka). volcano is essentially a gaseous eruption with inclusions of vol- 000 years ago, and replaced a fresh water basin of that time. The
ching in fault zones, which are active to the present day. In this The Bovtyshka structure, the largest known impact crater in canic breccias, water, gases, and solidified volcanic fragments. nature of its hydrogen sulphide contamination is controversial.
process the ground was elevated from 60 to 120 m, forming a ridge Ukraine, is about 24 km in diameter, and is located 50 km Such a volcano is commonly active under conditions of diapiric Some investigators think that this contamination occurred dur-
of small hills that extend for about 200 km. north of the city of Kirovohrad. Inside the structure there is tectonism. Gas pressures in such volcanoes can reach up to 300- ing a break that allowed the salt waters from the Marmara Sea
a ring-like body of an impact melt sheet (impactite) estimat- 400 atmospheres. On the surface, muddy volcanoes appear as to enter the Black Sea, destroying the fresh water fauna and
KANIV DISLOCATIONS ed to contain close to 9 cubic kilometers of shock-melted unusual hills up to 120 m in height or as craters, that can mani- thus producing the noxious hydrogen sulphide. Others are
An uplifted portion of the Ukrainian Shield, stretching along the country rocks. The melt sheet occupies an area close to 100 fest themselves as small lakes with emanating bubbles of methane. inclined to think that the hydrogen sulphide contaminant is
west bank of the Dnipro river for some 40 km and some 15-20 km square kilometers and is up to 200 m thick. The central uplift related to the dynamically active zone under the sea and that
wide, it is known as a zone of Kaniv dislocations. The zone is in the crater is not covered by the impactite. THE BLACK SEA the hydrogen sulphide is supplied periodically from the mantle
topographically hilly, cut by deep ravines and is rather picturesque Outside of the crater structure there are relics of breccias ejected This is the only continental sea that is almost entirely conta- during tectonic activities. This is supported by abundant mud
by comparison to the flat terrain on the east bank of the Dnipro out of the crater during the impact, which are preserved in a num- minated by hydrogen sulphide in spite of the preponderance volcanoes in Crimea, a complicated set of faults on the floor of
river. ber of places. Such breccias are generally known as the fall-back of free oxygen on the surface of the Earth. The Black Sea is the Black Sea, and evidence of emanating fluids from the floor
Faulting in the zone brought to the surface sedimentary Meso- breccias. An estimate of the total area occupied by such fall-back up to 2 km deep, but only the upper 200-250 m layer is free of the basin and along its walls.

Stone meteorite. Halkiv, Chernihiv oblast, fell on April 12, 1995. Mud volcano in the Kerch peninsula. Crimea The Black Sea. The Aiu-Dag mountain. Crimea The Kryvyi Rih superdeep hole Sd-8. Panorama of production complex
Weight 5 kg in the vicinity of the village of Novo-Ivanivka, Dnipropetrovs’k oblast’

160 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

“Marmurova” (Marble) cave, Crimea Volcanic massif – Karadah Nature Preserve, Crimea The Museum of Polissia amber in the city of Rivne Rafalivka quarry, in Vendian basalts. The biggest piece of native
copper (735.2 g in weight) was found here in 1999.

MAJOR GEOSITES OF UKRAINE The Marmurova (Marble) cave is located near the village of recorded. Of these, 38 are referred to as aerolites, and 2 as ferrous GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL MUSEUMS
There are over 400 major geosites in Ukraine used for excursions: Marmurove, about 32 km from the city of Simferopol', in the meteorites. A number of meteorites are known for the unusual cir- The more important museums are indicated on the map. Some
stratigraphic, geochronological, paleontological, mineralogical, central part of the Crimean Mountains. As the name implies cumstances of their fall or find. They are unique witnesses of early of them carry up to 14 000 samples, with excellent collections
petrological, tectonic, volcanic, cosmogenic, geomorphological the cave is in marble limestones. Entrance to the cave is at an processes in the origin of the Solar System and are of scientific of iron minerals, manganese, mercury, titanium, zirconium
landscapes, hydrological-hydrogeological, esthetic and those rela- elevation close to 1300 m above the sea level, the length of the interest. The oldest known meteorite, the Berdians'k aerolite, was and other minerals from various deposits in Ukraine.
ted to mining activities. These are indicated on the map. cave is over 2 km, and its depth is up to 70 m below the surface. found as a ritual stone in 1843 in a Scythian burial mound of The museum at the National Taras Shevchenko University of
Azov. The first officially registered meteorite was Zhyhailivka. It Kyiv has an excellent collection of rocks and minerals, and in
UNIQUE CAVES MINERALS IN UKRAINE landed as a "black bird" in 1787 in Sumy oblast’ and was picked particular contains a unique collection of over 150 unusual
The Optimistic cave is located near the village of Koralivka near There are over 700 minerals that have been identified in Ukraine. up by shepherds. After lying for 16 years in a drugstore, the mete- minerals from the Perha deposit described elsewhere in this
the right bank of the river Nichlava, in the Ternopil' oblast' of Of this group, 20 new minerals have been discovered in Ukraine. orite was placed in the mineralogical collection of Kharkiv Atlas.
western Ukraine. The cave is in the upper part of a 20 m thick Of significance to mineral collectors are the kerchite group of mi- University. Three aerolites have fallen on the ground as part of a A unique collection of pegmatite minerals is found in the mu-
coarse- grained gypsum bed. It consists of a multitude of narrow nerals from Crimea, and layer silicates (donbasites and taraso- meteor shower. The Transcarpathian meteorite Kniahynia is the seum at Volodars’k-Volyns’kyi in Zhytomyr oblast'. It contains
passages which formed along tectonic fractures. It is considered to vites) from the Donbas. most notable, weighing about 500 kg. The meteorite Kaharlyk crystals of topaz, beryl, feldspars, micas, fluorite, goethite and
be the largest known cave in the world that is found in gypsum. landed in Kyiv oblast’ on 30 July, 1908. The rarest meteorite, gigantic crystals of morion (black quartz).
There are up to 200 km of underground labyrinths and a number METEORITE FINDS IN UKRAINE Krymka, is the most interesting from the scientific perspective. It An attractive museum dedicated to amber is located in the city
of chambers and galleries. On the territory of Ukraine, 40 falls and finds of meteorites were consists of primordial brecciated matter. of Rivne.

GEOLOGICAL FIELD TRIPS Khalepia); in the city of Kaniv – the burial site of T.H. VII – Kirovohrad field trip. Uranium regions of the Ukrainian stones, and mercury deposits in the Paleozoic volcanic-sedimen-
Shevchenko and its historical-memorial complex. Shield: Michurin, Vatutine, Severynivka, Zhovti Vody. tary strata; coal mines and coal concentrating plants.
Geological field trips are given regularly to any interested groups. Uranium deposits: Inhul and Smolin. Eastern uranium con-
Some of these field trips are listed below: IV – Dnipro-Donets' field trip. Geology of the Dnipro-Donets' centrating plant. XI – Rare metals Azov field trip. Nepheline syenites
I – Rivne field trip. Native copper and amethyst in basalts, amber Depression, its deep structure, its history of development, its (Oktiabrs’ke massif), rare metal bearing granites (Kamiani
and kimberlite sites are visited, as well as the "Ukrburshtyn" deposits of oil and gas and bischoffite, and its polymetallic occur- VIII – Kryvyi Rih field trip. The Kryvyi Rih basin and its iron Mounds), syenites and granosyenites (Volodars'ke massif) and
enterprise, and the museum of amber at Rivne. rences are examined. ores. Visit to the superdeep drilling site. Nikopol' manganese kimberlites. Visit to the deposits of rare earths, zirconium,
basin, concentrating plants, open pits and mines. niobium and tantalum.
II – Volyn' field trip. Titanium and rare earth elements in gab- V – Carpathian field trip. Geology and metallogeny. Polymetallic
broic rocks and placers, and semiprecious stone in pegmatites, gold deposits: Muzhiievo, Berehove, Bihan', Sauliak. Mercury IX – Dnipro granite-greenstone belts. This field trip covers XII – Crimean field trip. This field trip examines the geology and
the museum of semiprecious stones, and decorative stones are deposit: Velykyi Shaian. Solotvyna salt deposit. A deposit of ger- occurrences of gold, molybdenum, copper-nickel and talc-mag- metallogeny of the Crimean peninsula. Its position with respect
visited. The trip includes visits to the Irshans’k (Ti) region and its manium-bearing coal. White and colored marble deposits. nesite deposits in the Ukrainian Shield. to the East European Platform, the Scythian Plate, the Medi-
concentrating plant, the Perha deposit (rare metals) and the Mineral waters: Berkut, Skhidnyts’ke, Truskavtsi. Landscapes – terranean Folded Belt, the Kuban'-Black Sea Downwarp, and
Holovyn deposit of irridescent labradorite. Carpathian Mountains, valleys, caves, waterfalls, lakes. X – Donbas field trip. This field trip examines the Donets' coal- the Black-Azov Sea basins are examined. The problems of the
bearing basin; a unique section of the Carboniferous strata; geological system involving the continent-sea interface are also
III – Kyiv-Kaniv. Trips to museums, scientific centers, institutes, VI – Vendian section in the Podillia. Outcrops along the pic- Devonian vulcanism; salt domes; silicified forest of examined. Deposits of oil and gas, iron, building stones and opal
geological organizations of Kyiv, geohistorical sites of the turesque Dnister river of Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silu- Carboniferous age; deposits of coal, germanium-bearing coal, are visited, and the mud volcanoes, avalanche slides and seismi-
Trypillian civilization along the Dnipro river (Trypillia, Vytachiv, rian, Cretaceous and Neogene rocks. gold, silver, polymetallic mineralization, copper-bearing sand- cally active zones are also examined on this field trip.

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 161

 LEGEND
UNUSUAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES Oil and Gas Flows from Deep Bore Holes
Perha Rare Metal Field
In the Carpathian Region:
Ukrainian Shield
Perha deposit Oil at 5900 m depth
Polissia Amber Region
Gas at 7520 m depth
Kryvyi Rih iron basin
Klesiv amber deposit
In the Dnipro-Donets' Depression:
Volyn' deposit of quartz-beryl-topaz-morion
Kerch iron basin Oil from 4981-5018 m interval
Holovyn deposit of irridescent labradorite
Gas from 6287 m depth
South Ukrainian (Nikopol') manganese basin Dnipro-Donets' oil and gas area
Gas from 5400 m depth
Shebelynka gas deposit
Irshans’k Region
In the Crimean Region:
Donets' Coal Basin
Irshans’k zircon-ilmenite placer deposits Basins of mineral waters of the "Naftusia" type Oil from 3600 m depth
I – Carpathian, II – Podillia
Oil from 2630-3400 m interval
Stremyhorod apatite-ilmenite deposit Sources: 1 – Skhidnytsia, 2 – Truskavets’, 3 – Vyzhnytsia,
4 – Sataniv, 5 – Husiatyn, 6 – Makiv
Irshans’k concentrating plant Gas from 4939-4967 m interval

Near-Dnipro titanium-zirconium placer field DEEP DRILLING SITES Gas from 4431-4438 m interval
Ukrainian Shield Area
Malyshev ilmenite-rutile-zircon placer field
In the Black Sea:
Superdeep bore hole (5432 m), Kryvyi Rih
Vil'nohirs’k mining-metallurgical plant Gas at 4102 m depth
3041 m depth
Kirovohrad Uranium Region
3500.3 m depth Mines
Vatutin uranium field, Smolin uranium deposit Donets' Coal Basin:
3290 m depth
Michurin uranium field, Inhul uranium deposit Kalinin, 1400 m depth
2600 m depth
L'viv-Volyn' Coal Basin:
Severynivka uranium field
Oil and Gas Exploration Velykomostiv No. 10, 550 m depth
Zhovta Richka uranium field In the Carpathian Region: Kryvyi Rih Iron Basin:
7520 m depth
Eastern uranium concentrating plant Hvardiis’ka, 1300 m depth
In the Dnipro-Donets' Depression:
Azov Rare Earth Area Lenin, 1250 m depth
6750 m depth
Pravda, 1515 m depth
I - Stankuvata Li field 6106 m depth
II - Polokhivka Li field
In the Crimean Region: Open Pits
Li deposits:
1 – Stankuvata, 2 – Lypniazhka, 3 – Nadiia, 4 – Polokhivka 5204 m depth Southern, 324 m depth, Kryvyi Rih

Volyn' Copper Region

In the Black Sea:
Bandurivka, 95 m depth, brown coal,
4638 m depth Dnipro basin
Native copper occurrence (735.2 g)

162 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

 UNUSUAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

METEORITE FINDS
LEGEND
UNUSUAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

Relics of 3650 Ma basement crust

Vendian strata from the Podillia region

Unique outcrops of Vendian strata

Ediacarian fauna:
1 – Mohyliv Podil’skyi, 2 – Vinozh, 3 – Dnister river
(hydropower station) Vendian flora, 4 – Myn'kivtsi
Chondrites 12 – Zvonkove 24 – Mygei
Outcrop of contact between the Vendian and Cambrian 1 – Leonivka 13 – Bilokrynychie 25 – Marinka
(near Kytaihorod village) 2 – Halkiv 14 – Mel’nykove 26 – Krymka
3 – Kukshyn 15 – Kaharlyk 27 – Tomakivka
4 – Bochechky 16 – Andrushky 28 – Olenivka
5 – Dovha Volia 17 – Ocheretnia 29 – Zhovtnevyi Khutir
Tovtry Ridge – barrier reef of the Middle Miocene age Geosites 6 – Okniny 18 – Kniahynia 30 – Berdians’k
7 – Oleksandriv Khutir 19 – Andriivka 31 – Savchens’ke
Unique Caves: 1 – Optymistychna (Optimistic), 2 – Marmurova (Marble) 8 – Richky 20 – Bakhmut 32 – Groslibental’
Kaniv Dislocations 9 – Kuleshivka 21 – Horlivka 33 – Odesa
New minerals in Ukraine 10 – Zhyhailivka 22 – Mordvynivka 34 – Sukhyi Lyman
Іmpact Structures: 1 – Bovtyshka, 2 – Illintsi 11 – Zaborytsia 23 – Borkut 35 – Vavylivka
Geological and Mineralogical Museums
Achondrites Iron Meteorites
Kerch-Taman Mud Volcano Province: 1 – Chervonyi Kut 1 – Upper-Dnipro
Vernads’kyi, Andrusove, Obruchev Geological Field Trips 2 – Yurtuk 2 – Mordvynivka

SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps 163

 GEOSITES (number, name, oblast')
1 – Cretaceous rocks, Pushkari village, Chernihiv oblast’ 27 – Vendian strata, Khmel'nyts’kyi oblast’
2 – Granitoids from the Osnyts'k complex, Rivne oblast’ 28 – Silurian and Devonian deposits, Ternopil' oblast’
3 – Basalts from Ivanova Dolyna, Rivne oblast’ 29 – Folds and flexures of Dor, Ivano-Frankivs’k oblast’
4 – Sokolyni Hills, Rivne oblast’ 30 – Volcanic remnants, city of Khust, Zakarpattia oblast’
5 – Rapakivi granites (Ol'zhyni Kupal'ni, Veletens'ki Kotly, Baraniachi Loby), Zhytomyr oblast’ 31 – Solotvyn salt stock, Zakarpattia oblast’
6 – Original site of the discovery of a mammoth, Kushelivka village, Sumy oblast’ 32 – Hoverla Mountain, Ivano-Frankivs’k oblast’
7 – Romny salt stock, Sumy oblast’ 33 – Protiate Kaminnia cliff, Chernivtsi oblast’
8 – A section of the Quaternary deposits, city of Pryluky, Chernihiv oblast’ 34 – A stratotype of the Nahorian suite of Cenomanian age, Liadova river, Vinnytsia oblast’
9 – A section of Paleogene deposits, Stari Petrivtsi village, Kyiv oblast’ 35 – Archean granites and migmatites, city of Haivoron, Kirovohrad oblast’
10 – Neogene and Paleogene deposits, Pyrohovo village, Kyiv oblast’ 36 – North-Donets' thrust, Konhres canyon, Luhans'k oblast’
11 – Zhytomur-type granites, Chotyry Braty cliff, Zhytomyr oblast’ 37 – Petrified wood, city of Druzhkivka, Donets'k oblast’
12 – Kremenets' Hills, Ternopil' oblast’ 38 – Moprovian historical-geological site, quartzites and schists, city of Kryvyi Rih
13 – Kamin'-Veleten' cliff, L'viv oblast’ 39 – Proterozoic Trykratian granite massif, Mykolaiv oblast’
14 – Vysachkiv salt dome, Poltava oblast’ 40 – Archean granites, Khortytsia island,Zaporizhzhia
15 – A section of Quaternary deposits, Viazivok village, Poltava oblast’ 41 – Devonian deposits, Rozdol’ne preserve site, Donets'k oblast’
16 – Berdychiv Complex granites, Zhezhliv village, Vinnytsia oblast’ 42 – Granite massif of the Kamiani Mounds, Zaporizhzhia oblast’
17 – Kaniv Hills, Cherkasy oblast’ 43 – A section of the Quaternary deposits, Shyroka Balka village, Kherson oblast’
18 – Granites, city of Bohuslav, Kyiv oblast’ 44 – Stratotype of the Kuial'nyts’kyi layer, city of Odesa
19 – Urytski cliffs, L'viv oblast’ 45 – Paleontological site, Odesian catacombs, city of Odesa
20 – Lumshor waterfall, Zakarpattia oblast’ 46 – Kamysh-Burun section of Neogene deposits, city of Kerch, Crimea
21 – Cretaceous rocks, Kremin' hill, Kharkiv oblast’ 47 – Mud volcano Dzhau-Tepe, Crimea
22 – Cretaceous rocks, Artem hills, Donets'k oblast’ 48 – Volcanic massif of Karadah, Crimea
23 – Byvykha Hill (glacio-tectonic), Poltava oblast’ 49 – Marmurova cave, Crimea
24 – Hirs’kyi Tikych river canyon, Radion cliff and Vyr waterfall, Cherkasy oblast’ 50 – A section of Neogene deposits, Kacha village, Crimea
25 – Optimistic cave in gypsum, Ternopil' oblast’ 51 – Waterfall Uchan-Su, Crimea
26 – Atlantyda cave in karst terrain, Khmel'nyts’kyi oblast’ 52 – Mountain massif Aiudah, Crimea

NEW MINERALS FOUND IN UKRAINE

1 –
Skolite. Veins in sandstones of the Carpathian region (K. Smulikovs’kyi, 1936). Requires further studies. 12 – Auerbachite, Zr(SiO4), a variant of dipyramidal zircon, Mariupol’ region (R.F Herman, 1858; P.V. Yeremeyev, 1897).
2 Kalushite, K2Ca(SO4)2.H2O, salt deposits near the city of Kalush (Ya. Rumf, 1872).
– 13 – Taramite, Na(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe2+)3.(Al,Fe3+)2(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2, from alkaline rocks in the Azov area
3 Podolite, Ca10(PO4)6(CO3), northern Podillia (V.M. Chyrvinskyi, 1913).
– (I.A. Morozevych, 1923).
4 Volninite, Ba(SO4), a variety of barite strongly elongated along (001), (I. Ionas, 1820, F. Bedan, 1822) found in
– 14 – F-Taramite, fluorine-bearing taramite (I.A. Morozevych, 1923).
hydrothermally altered rocks of Transcarpathia. 15 – Sr-pyrochlore, Sr-bearing pyrochlore, from alkaline rocks in the Azov area (O.M. Donskoi, 1985).
5 – Carpathite, C32H17O, organic mineral found in a mercury deposit, Transcarpathia (H.L. Piotrovs’kyi, 1955). 16 – Pryazovite. Possibly an alteration after samarskite, found in pegmatites from western
6 – Mn-stilpnomelane, Chyvchyn ravines (O.I. Matkovs’kyi, 1964). Azov area (Yu.Yu. Yurk, 1941).
7 – Donbasite, Al4(OH)8((Si,Al)4O10), Nahol'nyi Ridge area (Ye.K. Lazarenko, 1940). Requires further studies. 17 – Hydro-troilite, FeS.nH2O, Mud sediment of Kuial’nyk Liman (M.D. Sydorenko, 1897).
8 – Tarasovite, Mg0.12Ca0.17(3.8H2O).Na1.24K1.18Al8(OH)8(Al3.1Si12.9O40), Nahol'nyi Ridge (Ye.K. Lazarenko, Yu.M. 18 – Paravivianite, a chemical variant of Mn-Mg-vivianite, Kerch iron deposits (S.P. Popov, 1906).
Korol'ov, 1970). 19 – γ-Kerchenite, β-kerchenite, α-kerchenite, oxykerchenite, bosphorite, a series of phosphate alteration products
9 – Ti-biotite of 4M3, from camptonites in the Azov area (V.I. Pavlyshyn, 1962). after vivianite, from Kerch iron deposits (S.P. Popov,1910; P.A. Dvoychenko,1914; F.V. Chukhrov, 1935).
10 – Ferdisilicite, FeSi2, from sands in the Azov area (V.Kh. Hevorkian et al., 1957). 20 – Tosudite, Al6(Mg,Li)(Si7-XAl1+XO20).(OH)10(NaX,CaX/2,1...2H2O), from a vicinity near the city of Alushta, Crimea
11 – Ferosilicite, FeSi, from sands in the Azov area (V.Kh. Hevorkian et al., 1957). (V.A. Frank-Kamianets'kyi et al., 1963).

GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL MUSEUMS

1 – Amber museum at Rivne GEOLOGICAL FIELD TRIPS

2 – Volodars'k-Volyns’kyi museum of semiprecious stones and decorative stones
3 – National Scientific Museum of Natural History I – Rivne (copper, amber, kimberlites)
4 – Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Deposits, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine II – Volyn' (Ti, REE, semiprecious stones)
5 – National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv III – Kyiv-Kaniv (scientific centers, institutes, museums, geological organizations)
6 – "National Treasures" at the National Bank of Ukraine IV – Dnipro-Donets' (oil and gas)
7 – Ivan Franko National University of L'viv V – Carpathian Mountains (gold, mercury, polymetals)
8 – Technical Institute of Kharkiv VI – Vendian rocks of Podillia
9 – Donbas Mining and Metallurgical Institute VII – Uranium in the Ukrainian Shield of the Kirovohrad region
10 – Dnipropetrovs'k Mining Institute VIII – Kryvyi Rih (Fe and Mn ores)
11 – Technical University of Donets'k IX – Archean granite-greenstone belts of the Dnipro river area
12 – Kryvyi Rih Ore Mining Institute X – Donbas (coal, germanium, mercury, precious metals)
13 – Odesa State University XI – Rare earth metals of the Azov (REE, Zr, Nb,Ta)
14 – Regional Museum of Crimea XII – Crimea (geology and metallogeny)

164 SECTION VII. Mineralogical maps

NOTES

165
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