Biosafety in Microbiological

and Biomedical Laboratories

Enoch Caryl Taclan BSBIOL, MScBiol ©

Microbiology and Parasitology for Nursing
2A2 & 2B1
 Goals

 Define barriers and procedures used by laboratories to

protect students, workers and others from infection
 Describe the four biosafety levels and the protective
measures used by each type of laboratory when
handling infectious materials
 Provide examples of the types of biological agents
handled in each type of laboratory
 Describe typical places where each type of laboratory
can be found here and in the US.
 Why is Biosafety Important?

 Laboratorians recognize hazards of

processing infectious agents
 Guidelines developed to protect students,
workers in microbiological and medical labs
through engineering controls, management
policies, work practices
Biosafety Levels

 Precautions so people researching or trying to

identify organisms do not become infected
 While handling or testing clinical specimens,
workers could accidentally infect themselves
or coworkers.
 Labs must adhere to very specific safety
regulations to work with organisms that pose a
threat to human health.
 Biosafety Levels

 Regulations outline precautions, special

practices, decontamination procedures
 Labs divided into 4 biosafety levels;
protective practices increase with each
 Biosafety
Level 1 labs - work with least
dangerous agents, require fewest precautions
 Biosafety
Level 4 labs - have strictest methods
because dealing with agents that are most
dangerous to human health
 About this Information…

 Information summarized here should not be

used to establish laboratory safety protocols
 Complete information and recommendations
can be found in Biosafety in Microbiological
and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition at
http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/
bmbl4s6.htm
 Barriers

 Primary barriers: physical barriers or personal

protective equipment between lab worker
and pathogen
 Gloves, masks, special breathing apparatuses
 Secondary barriers: structural aspects of the
laboratory that make working environment
safer against infection
 Sinks for handwashing, special containment areas,
special air ventilation patterns
 Universal Precautions

 Universal precautions developed to protect health

professionals
 Most often apply in a clinical setting
 May also be important for field epidemiology practices during
an outbreak investigation (e.g., collecting lab specimens)
 Include hand hygiene, gloves, gown, masks, eye
protection, face shields, safe injection practices
 Require that all equipment or contaminated items are
handled to prevent transmission of infectious agents
 Special circumstances may require additional precautions
 Protective clothing, special site decontamination
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)

 Agents not known to cause disease in healthy adults

 Some organisms may cause disease in immunocompromised
individuals.

 Agents include Bacillus

subtilis, Naegleria gruberi,
infectious canine hepatitis
virus, non-pathogenic E. coli
species
(transmission electron micrograph of E. coli)
 Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)

 Standard practices required:

 frequent handwashing
 door that can be kept closed when working;
 limits on access to the lab space when working;
 no smoking, eating, drinking, storage of food in
laboratory;
 care to minimize splashes and actions that may create
aerosols (tiny droplets);
 decontamination of work surfaces after every use after
any spills;

(continued on next slide)

 Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)

 Standard practices (continued):

 decontamination of laboratory wastes;
 use of mechanical pipettes only (no mouth
pipetting);
 "sharps" precautions, including special containers
for disposing of needles and other sharp objects;
 maintenance of insect/rodent control program;
 use of personal protective equipment (lab coats,
latex gloves, eye protection or face shields)
 Open bench top sink for hand washing
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

 Agents associated with human disease

 Generally required for any human-derived blood,
bodily fluids, tissues in which infectious agent may be
unknown

 Agents include measles virus,

Salmonella species, pathogenic
Toxoplasma, Clostridium
botulinum, hepatitis B virus
(transmission electron micrograph of hepatitis B virus)
 Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

 Primary hazards:
 accidental needle sticks
 exposure to eyes and nose (mucous membranes)
 ingestion of infectious materials
 Agents do not cause lethal infections, are not
transmissible via airborne route
 (do not cause infection if tiny droplets become airborne and
are inhaled, which might occur if the material were spattered)
 Agents are pathogens for which immunization or
antibiotic treatment is available
 Extreme care should be taken with contaminated
needles and sharp lab instruments
 Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

 Standard practices include BSL-1 plus:

 policies to restrict access to lab;
 biohazard warning signs posted outside lab;
 surveillance of laboratory personnel with appropriate
immunizations offered;
 biosafety manual with definitions of needed waste
decontamination or medical surveillance policies;
 supervisory staff who have experience working with
infectious agents and specific training for laboratory
personnel in handling these agents
 Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

 Primary barriers: biosafety cabinets or other

approved containment devices
 Personal protective equipment: lab coats,
gloves, face protection as needed
 Protective clothing removed when personnel
leave laboratory area
 Cabinets thoroughly decontaminated daily
and monitored for radiation for personal
protection
 Secondary barriers: BSL-1 barriers plus
autoclave for glassware
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

 Example of biosafety
sign posted outside
lab working with
infectious agents

Lab’s biosafety level

Infectious agents under

study

Contact information for

responsible person and
2 emergency contacts
 Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

 Agents with potential for respiratory transmission, may cause serious and
potentially lethal infection
 May be studied at BSL-2 for diagnosis

 Agents include Mycobacterium

tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis
virus, Francisella tularensis,
Coxiella burnetii
(F. tularensis under direct fluorescent antibody stain)
 Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

 Primary hazards: needle sticks, ingestion,

exposure to infectious aerosols
 For example:
 Publichealth surveillance for West Nile virus
includes testing birds
 InAugust 2002, state laboratory worker cut finger
while dissecting bird; 4 days later, had symptoms of
fever, myalgia, recurring sweats, hot flashes
 Worker and bird both diagnosed with West Nile
 2 other lab-acquired cases in 2002
 Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

 Tularemia common source of laboratory-acquired

infection
 infections
occur while handling infected animals or
experimenting with cultures
 Laboratory-acquired infections known to occur but
not reportable before 9/11/2001
 Tularemia now classified as potential biological
weapon
 Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

 Standard practices include BSL-2 plus:

 strictly controlled access to the lab;
 specific training for lab personnel in handling
potentially lethal agents;
 decontaminating all waste;
 changing contaminated protective lab clothing,
decontaminating lab clothing before laundering;
 institutional policies regarding specimen collection
and storage from workers to establish exposure
 Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

 Primary barriers:
 Similar to BSL-2 personal protective equipment
 Respiratory equipment if risk of infection through
inhalation
 Secondary barriers:
 All BSL-2 barriers
 Corridors separated from direct access to lab
 Access through self-closing double doors
 Air handling systems to ensure negative air flow (air
flows into the lab)
 Air pumped into lab not re-circulated in the
building
 Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)

 Dangerous and exotic agents with high risk of life-

threatening disease, aerosol-transmitted
 Related agents with unknown risk of transmission

 Agents (all viruses) include

Marburg virus, Ebola virus, viruses
that cause Congo-Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever
(transmission electron micrograph of Ebola virus)
 Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)

 Primary hazards:
 respiratory exposure to infectious aerosols
 mucous membrane exposure to infectious droplets
 accidental sticks with needles or other sharp objects
contaminated with infectious material
 For example
 In late 1960s, 25 laboratory-acquired Marburg
infections, including 5 deaths
 Workers studying infected monkeys from Uganda
 First documented naturally-occurring human case
occurred in 1975
 Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)

 Personnel must receive specialized training in

handling extremely dangerous infectious agents,
containment equipment and functions
 Access to lab is restricted: immunocompromised
persons are never allowed to enter the lab
 Standard practices include BSL-3 plus:
 strictly controlled access to the laboratory;
 changing clothing before entering and exiting lab
(showering upon exiting recommended);
 decontaminating all material exiting facility
 Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)

 Primary barriers:
 Biosafety cabinets used at other biosafety levels
 Full-body, air-supplied, positive pressure personnel suit
 Secondary barriers:
 All physical barriers at BSL-3
 isolated zone or a separate building;
 dedicated supply and exhaust, vacuum,
decontamination systems;
 a recommended absence of windows (or
sealed and resistant to breakage)
 Laboratory Locations

 BSL-1: high schools, community colleges, municipal

drinking water treatment facilities
 BSL-2: local health departments, universities, state
laboratories, private laboratories (hospitals, health care
systems), industrial laboratories (clinical diagnostic
companies)
 BSL-3: state health departments, universities, private
companies, industry, federal government (NIH, CDC)
 BSL-4: only 15 facilities in the US
 9 federal (CDC, NIH), 4 university (Georgia State University,
University of Texas Medical Branch), 1 state, 1 private
 Renovations underway at several labs, new
facilities proposed at additional sites
 Summary

 Laboratorians have long recognized hazards of

processing infectious agents
 Biosafety guidelines developed to protect workers in
microbiological and medical labs through a
combination of safeguards including engineering
controls, management policies and work practices.
 Issue described differences between biosafety levels
 Help you understand process labs may have to
undertake to identify microorganism, why every lab
cannot test for every organism
 References

1. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. Biosafety in
Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 5th ed. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office; 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/
biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm. Accessed February 6, 2008.
2. Clemson University Environmental Health and Safety. Biological Safety
[online training]. http://ehs.clemson.edu/training/biosafety/index.html.
Accessed February 6, 2008.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory-Acquired West
Nile Virus Infections — United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep.
2002; 51:1133-1135. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/
mmwrhtml/mm5150a2.htm. Accessed February 6, 2008.
4. United States Government Accountability Office. High-Containment
Biosafety Laboratories: Preliminary Observations on the Oversight of the
Proliferation of BSL-3 and BSL-4 Laboratories in the United States.
Publication GAO-08-108T. http://www.gao.gov/docsearch/
abstract.php?rptno=GAO-08-108T. Published October 4, 2007.
Materials Needed in the Lab
By Group (4-5 members)

 Lab Gown
 Gloves
 Tackle box
 Tissues
 Disinfectants/Alcohol
 Soap
 2 boxes glass slides
 1 box cover slip
 dishwashing liquid/sponge
Proper Hand
Washing
END