Internet of Things: An Overview

Amey Karkare ([email protected]) Amit K Gupta ([email protected])

http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~karkare/esd4iot
ESD4IoT - 2018
http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~karkare/cs664/
Internet

1977
 Internet of Things

2008-2009: Time when more “things” connected

to internet than people
 Cloud Computing

1996: Used in Compaq internal document

2006: Made popular by Amazon EC2
 Components of a typical
software application

Data Storage Core Logic User Interface

Database/ Application Specific GUI
File based Algorithm Command line
Storage Implementation Programmable Interface

Traditionally the three components used to

sit on the same computer
 Data Storage

Core Logic User Interface

 Cloud Computing
• Innovation in the application of existing technology
• Cloud computing consists of
• Development of self contained components
• Delivering these components as services
• Similar to utilities like electricity, mobile network
• Pay-per-use, without large infrastructural cost
• An important feature of Cloud is elasticity
• provide resources to scale up OR take away resources to
scale down, as per the need
IoT and Cloud
 Data
Storage

User
Core Logic
Interface
 Data
Storage

Core Logic Sensors

Motion,
Temperature,
RFID readers …
 Internet of Things
• Smart Sensors Communicate
• talk to each other.
• connect to the cloud through gateway/router.
• The data generated by sensors can grow huge.
• For example, GBs or TBs of data from video
surveillance.
• “Big Data” issues - This is where scalability of clouds
come in handy.
• Cloud is an IoT Facilitator
• Not essential, but very useful in practice
 An IoT System
T
T

T
T
Observing Informed
Physical
Environment
Decision
Making
Domain Experts
Machines ≡ Devices ≡ Sensors ≡ Things!
Sensors and IoT
 An IoT System

Lipoly Communication
Sensing Processing
Battery/ Wired/Wireless
Element Unit
Supply
Embedded System

Applications/tools/
APIs

Cloud Gateway
 Sensors

• A sensor typically measures or identifies a particular

physical quantity.
 Sensors

• A sensor typically measures or identifies a particular

physical quantity.

• Sensors convert the physical properties to electrical

signals understandable by machines.
 Sensors

• A sensor typically measures or identifies a particular

physical quantity.

• Sensors convert the physical properties to electrical

signals understandable by machines.

• Sensors are ubiquitous.

 Sensors

• A sensor typically measures or identifies a particular

physical quantity.

• Sensors convert the physical properties to electrical

signals understandable by machines.

• Sensors are ubiquitous.

• Think about some quick examples!!

 Thank you,
Mother Nature!
Ears

Nose Tongue

Eyes
Skin
Image source: Internet
 Thank you,
Mother Nature!
Ears

Nose Tongue

Neural Network Synapse

Eyes
Skin
Image source: Internet
 Sensors Are Everywhere!

Image source: Internet

 Human made Sensors

• Temperature • Gas concentration

• Humidity • Microphone
• Photodiode (Light) • Touchscreen
• Pressure • Camera
• Proximity • Antenna
• Compass (Magnetic Field) • Receiver / Radio
• GPS, GSM, WiFi, BT
• Motion (Linear & Angular)
Is Watch a Sensor?
 Is RFID tag a sensor?

Image source: Internet

 Intrinsic Noise in Sensors
Response of a static multi-IMU system

Did you observe

• Noise
• Non-aligned response

Same color data indicates same direction acceleration/rotation, but from

different sensors (IMUs) Courtesy: oblu.io
Example: Position Error Growth
Working with Low-cost Sensors
Example: Motion Sensors

Perfect Perfect
Motion Motion
Model
Estimation

(Motion sensors not required)

 Working with Low-cost Sensors
Example: Motion Sensors

Perfect
Perfect
Motion Motion
Sensors
Estimation

(Motion model not required)

 Working with Low-cost Sensors
Example: Motion Sensors

Perfect Perfect
Perfect
Motion Motion Motion
Sensors Model
Estimation

(Motion model not required) (Motion sensors not required)

 Working with Low-cost Sensors
Example: Motion Sensors

Perfect Perfect
Perfect
Motion Motion Motion
Sensors Model
Estimation

(Motion model not required) (Motion sensors not required)

Low-cost
Motion Fusion Motion
Sensors Model
 Working with Low-cost Sensors
Example: Motion Sensors

Perfect Perfect
Perfect
Motion Motion Motion
Sensors Model
Estimation

(Motion model not required) (Motion sensors not required)

Low-cost
Motion Fusion Motion
Sensors Model

Improved
Motion
Estimation
 Working with Low-cost Sensors
Example: Motion Sensors

Perfect Perfect
Perfect
Motion Motion Motion
Sensors Model
Estimation

(Motion model not required) (Motion sensors not required)

Low-cost
Motion Fusion Motion
Sensors Model

Improved
Motion
Estimation
 Example
Position Estimation of Stacker Reclaimer

Motion model: This huge machine moves in straight line!

Image source: Internet
Smart Sensor Nodes for IoT
Only a Sensing Element

Image source: Internet

Only a Sensing Element

Intra Cranial Pressure (ICP) Sensor

for Brain Fluid Pressure Monitoring

Cylindrical shape tip; Dia ~ 2mm

Image source: Internet

Only a Sensing Element

Intra Cranial Pressure (ICP) Sensor

for Brain Fluid Pressure Monitoring

Cylindrical shape tip; Dia ~ 2mm

Image source: Internet

Only a Sensing Element

Intra Cranial Pressure (ICP) Sensor

for Brain Fluid Pressure Monitoring

Cylindrical shape tip; Dia ~ 2mm

Analog o/p

Tip contains only the pressure sensing

die. All other electronics outside.
Image source: Internet
 A Sophisticated Sensor Node

PDR Sensors for Indoor Pedestrian Positioning

What is inside?
-Four 9-axis IMU chipsets
-32b floating pt µController
-Bluetooth
-USB interface
-Battery mgmt ckt
-LED indicators Digital o/p

-Power switch
9-axis IMUs
-JTAG i/f
Image courtesy: InertialElements.com
Multi Sensor Systems

Courtesy: InertialElements.com
 Multi Sensor Systems

Classical Multi Sensor System

Pressure Sensor

GPS Motion Sensors

Fusing data from multiple

sensors enhances performance

Courtesy: InertialElements.com
 Multi Sensor Systems

Classical Multi Sensor System Multi-Sensor Joint System

Pressure Sensor

GPS Motion Sensors

Fusing data from multiple Multiple non-rigidly connected

sensors enhances performance IMUs results in dynamic
diversity

Courtesy: InertialElements.com
 Multi Sensor Systems

Classical Multi Sensor System Multi-Sensor Joint System Collocated Multi-Sensor

System

Pressure Sensor

*32

GPS *4
Motion Sensors

Fusing data from multiple Multiple non-rigidly connected An array of well placed IMUs…
sensors enhances performance IMUs results in dynamic provides new opportunities of
diversity sensing

Courtesy: InertialElements.com
 A Smart Sensor Node for IoT

Sensing
Element

Sensing Element
- MEMS / Chemical etc
- Responds to physical world
 A Smart Sensor Node for IoT

Circuit

Sensing
Element

Sensing Element Excitation Ckt

- MEMS / Chemical etc - To excite electrically
- Responds to physical world - Amplification etc
 A Smart Sensor Node for IoT

Digital Compatibility
- Analog to Digital
- Data xfer protocols

Circuit

Sensing
Element

Sensing Element Excitation Ckt

- MEMS / Chemical etc - To excite electrically
- Responds to physical world - Amplification etc
 A Smart Sensor Node for IoT
IoT System Compatibility
- Computation Compatibility
- Power Mgmt (Battery) Digital Compatibility
- Wireless - Analog to Digital
- Data comm. protocol - Data xfer protocols

Circuit

Sensing
Element

Sensing Element Excitation Ckt

- MEMS / Chemical etc - To excite electrically
- Responds to physical world - Amplification etc
 A Smart Sensor Node for IoT

• Important system design coordinates

• Performance
• Power
• Area
• Cost

• Important for IoT → S.C.A.L.E. !

 IoT System with Smart Sensors

Cloud

Gateway
Data
Data Useful
Processing
Collection Information
& Analysis

Informed
Decision
Smart Sensor Nodes
Making

Domain Experts
 Distribution of Computation
Low level computation High level computation / analysis

Wireless

Desirable
• Increased capabilities at the local node
• Reduced requirements on the connectivity
• Providing the back-end with high level information
• Simplified data interface
Case Study: Shoe-mounted PDR Sensor
Realtime Monitoring Application
Path construction (PDR)
on application platform

Positioning
w/o GPS !

Wireless
Transmission

Courtesy: www.oblu.io
Inside the sensor: Calibration compensation, Shoe Sensor proving high
sensor fusion and navigation equation level information
 Extremely Simplified Interface!
dθ1 dθ2

Step 1 Step 2

Step 0

START dP1, dθ1 dP2, dθ2

Step 0 Step 1 Step 2

0, 0, 0 x1, y1, z1 x2, y2, z2

Courtesy: www.oblu.io
y y Step 2
y
Step 1
Step 0 x x Constructed x
Path

t0 t1 t2 Time
55
IoT System Overview
 Capturing Real World
• What attributes of a system you would like to capture?
– System’s state and immediate surrounding

• How would you monitor a moving machine? Say, a robot.

– By attaching sensor devices
 What if you have to monitor humans?

• How is monitoring (sensing) of humans different from

robots?

Image source: wikipedia.org

 What if you have to monitor humans?

• How is monitoring (sensing) of humans different from

robots?

• Human Behavior
• Different abstraction level
• Hard to completely capture by a machine

Image source: wikipedia.org

How to Monitor Humans?
…and super humans

Image source: costumekart.com

How to Monitor Humans?
…and super humans

Image source: costumekart.com

 Smartphone – A Sensor Hub

What is a sensor ?

• Touchscreen • Barometer
• Light • Tilt
• WiFi • Magnetometer
• Wind speed • Accelerometer
• Bluetooth • Gyroscope
• GPS • Temperature
• Proximity • Humidity

Image source: Internet

 How to Monitor Humans?
…and super humans

Download my App and

get $2 discount on
your first transaction!

Image source: costumekart.com

 How to Monitor Humans?
…and super humans

Image source: tenor.com Image source: dailymail.co.uk

 How to Monitor Humans?
…and super humans

Personality / State of
mind (UI)
+
Operating Conditions
(activity, surroundings,
location)

Image source: tenor.com Image source: dailymail.co.uk

Download my App and allow me to
monitor you!

Special discount on placing

Download my app and get order from our app!
discount on your first
transaction!
Download my app.
Forever free services!

Download my app.
Please…

Every active App transmits

data to a separate cloud !

Image source: igdigital.com

 A Typical IoT System

Cloud

Gateway
Data
Data Useful
Processing
Collection Information
& Analysis

Informed
Decision
Smart Sensor Nodes
Making

Domain Experts
A Gigantic IoT System
Multi-sensor nodes with multiple clouds

Multi Sensor System

A Gigantic IoT System
Multi-sensor nodes with multiple clouds

Multi Sensor System

A Gigantic IoT System
Multi-sensor nodes with multiple clouds

Multi Sensor System

A Gigantic IoT System
Multi-sensor nodes with multiple clouds

Multi Sensor System

A Gigantic IoT System
Multi-sensor nodes with multiple clouds

Multi Sensor System

 Smart Grid
• Grid: Electricity Network
• Smart Grid: Intelligent Electricity Network
– Automatically monitor and manage grid

– Using smart meters and other smart devices

– Gain insights about usage for better efficiency

• For example
– Load balancing
– Accident prevention
– Theft detection
– Reduce power and revenue losses
• Two way flow of electricity and information
 Smart Grid Components

• Smart Appliances
• Smart Meters
• Smart Substations
• Synchrophasors
 Smart Grid and IoT

IoT enabled home storage devices intelligently

interact with the smart grid
• To understand the peak demand period
• If required, disconnect the home circuit
from the grid to supply power on its own
• If required smart storage devices can add
power supply to main grid.
• This two way electric flow convert consumer
into prosumer (producer + consumer)
Smart Grid and IoT
 Smart Grid and IoT: Challenges

• Privacy
– Consumer data shared over the grid
– Snooping, invasion, profiling possibile
• Security
– Natural disasters, Physical/Cyber physical attacks
– Blackouts (Venezuela 2019, Ukraine 2015)
• Fairness
– How to distribute fair share of resources?
 Reading

• https://www.telit.com/blog/iot-smart-grid-benefits/
• https://internet-of-things-
innovation.com/insights/the-blog/smart-grid-
technology-iot/#.XNVqYE5R2Uk
• https://www.slideshare.net/Eurotechchannel/iot-
solutions-for-smart-energy-smart-grid-and-smart-
utility-applications
• http://www.sanog.org/resources/sanog28/SANOG28-
Conference_Smart-Grid-with-Internet-of-Things.pdf
• https://epic.org/privacy/smartgrid/smartgrid.html
Thank You