Beginner to Advanced

Selenium Cheat Sheet: Your

Ultimate Guide!
🌟 The Complete Selenium WebDriver & SearchContext Method Cheat Sheet!
🧑‍💻
✅ 1. get() 🌐
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: Takes a URL as a String .

Returns: void (does not return anything).

Purpose: Launches a website.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get("<https://www.example.com>");

✅ 2. getTitle() 🏷️
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Title of the page as String type.

Purpose: Useful to get the title of the current page.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

String title = driver.getTitle();

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 ✅ 3. getPageSource() 📜
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Source code of the page as String type.

Purpose: Useful to get the source code of the current page.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

String pageSource = driver.getPageSource();

✅ 4. getCurrentUrl() 🔗
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: URL of the page as String type.

Purpose: Useful to get the URL of the current page.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();

✅ 5. getWindowHandle() 🖼️
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Handle value of the current browser window/tab as String type.

Purpose: Useful to get the handle value of the current browser window/tab.

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 WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
String windowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();

✅ 6. getWindowHandles() 🖼️🖼️
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Handle values of all open browser windows/tabs as Set<String> .

Purpose: Useful to get handle values of all open browser windows/tabs.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();

✅ 7. close() ❌
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: void .

Purpose: Useful to close the current browser window/tab.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.close();

✅ 8. quit() 🚪
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

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 Arguments: None.

Returns: void .

Purpose: Useful to close all browser windows/tabs.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.quit();

✅ 9. navigate() 🧭
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Object of Navigation interface.

Purpose: Useful to navigate through the browser (back, forward, refresh,

navigate to URL).

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.navigate().to("<https://www.google.com>");
driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().refresh();

✅ 10. switchTo() 🔄
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Object of TargetLocator interface.

Purpose: Useful to move the focus of the driver to a specific frame, alert, or
active element on the current page.

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 i. switchTo().frame()

Purpose: Shifts the focus of the driver to a specific frame on the webpage.

Sub-Methods:

driver.switchTo().frame(String frameNameOrId) – Switch using the frame's name or

ID.

driver.switchTo().frame(int frameIndex) – Switch using the index (0-based).

driver.switchTo().frame(WebElement frameElement) – Switch using a WebElement

representing the frame.

driver.switchTo().parentFrame() – Switch back to the parent frame.

driver.switchTo().defaultContent() – Return to the top-level page content.

ii. switchTo().alert()

Purpose: Switches the focus to an alert box on the page.

Actions on Alerts:

.accept() : Clicks the "OK" button on the alert.

.dismiss() : Clicks the "Cancel" button on the alert.

.getText() : Retrieves the alert's text.

.sendKeys(String keysToSend) : Sends input to the alert box (for prompts).

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept(); // Dismissing an alert
alert.dismiss(); // Dismissing the alert
alert.sendKeys("Test Input"); // Sending input to a prompt alert
driver.switchTo().alert().accept(); // Accepting the alert

iii. switchTo().window()

Purpose: Switches the focus to a specific browser window or tab using its
handle.

Sub-Methods:

driver.switchTo().window(String windowHandle) – Switch to a window using its

handle.

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 driver.getWindowHandle() – Retrieve the current window's handle.

driver.getWindowHandles() – Retrieve handles for all open windows.

String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle(); // Get main window handl

e
for (String window : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
driver.switchTo().window(window); // Switch to a new window
if (!window.equals(mainWindow)) {
driver.close(); // Close the new window
}
}
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow); // Return to the main window

iv. switchTo().activeElement()

Purpose: Switches the focus to the element that is currently active

(focused) on the page.

Method: driver.switchTo().activeElement()

WebElement activeElement = driver.switchTo().activeElement();

System.out.println("Active element is: " + activeElement.getTagName());
activeElement.sendKeys("Testing active element");

v. driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType)

Purpose: Automatically create and switch to a new tab or window in the

browser.

driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB); // Opens a new browser t

ab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW); // Opens a new bro
wser window

✅ 11. manage() ⚙️
Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

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 How to use: Create an object of the WebDriver interface.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Object of Options interface.

Purpose: Useful to work with cookies, timeouts, browser window, and

browser logs.

i. Cookies

Purpose: Handle browser cookies.

Sub-Methods:

driver.manage().getCookies() – Retrieve all cookies.

driver.manage().getCookieNamed(String name) – Retrieve a specific cookie by its

name.

driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie cookie) – Add a new cookie to the browser.

driver.manage().deleteCookie(Cookie cookie) – Delete a specific cookie.

driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed(String name) – Delete a cookie by name.

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies() – Clear all cookies from the browser.

ii. Timeouts

Purpose: Define time limits for browser operations.

Sub-Methods:

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration duration) – Set the time WebDriver

waits when searching for elements.

driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration duration) – Set the time limit for a

page to load.

driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration duration) – Set the time limit for script

execution.

iii. Window Management

Purpose: Manage browser window behavior.

Sub-Methods:

driver.manage().window().maximize() – Maximize the browser window.

driver.manage().window().minimize() – Minimize the browser window.

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 driver.manage().window().fullscreen() – Open the browser in full-screen mode.

driver.manage().window().getSize() – Retrieve the current size of the browser

window.

driver.manage().window().getPosition() – Retrieve the current position of the

browser window.

driver.manage().window().setSize(Dimension dimension) – Set a specific size for the

browser window.

driver.manage().window().setPosition(Point point) – Set the position of the browser

window.

iv. Logs (Available in some browsers and for advanced debugging)

Purpose: Retrieve logs for debugging.

Sub-Methods:

driver.manage().logs().get(String logType) – Retrieve logs of a specific type (e.g.,

"browser", "driver").

driver.manage().logs().getAvailableLogTypes() – Retrieve the list of available log

types.

12. findElement(By) 🔍
Declared in: SearchContext interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: The SearchContext interface is the parent of the WebDriver

interface (inheritance).

Arguments: Takes a By class object.

Returns: WebElement interface.

Purpose: Useful to locate an element in the page source.

Sub-Methods (for Locating Elements):

By ID: driver.findElement(By.id("element_id"))

By Name: driver.findElement(By.name("element_name"))

By XPath: driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_expression"))

By CSS Selector: driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("css_selector"))

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 By Class Name: driver.findElement(By.className("class_name"))

By Tag Name: driver.findElement(By.tagName("tag_name"))

By Link Text: driver.findElement(By.linkText("link_text"))

By Partial Link Text: driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("partial_text"))

✅ 13. findElements(By) 🔍🔍
Declared in: SearchContext interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: The SearchContext interface is the parent of the WebDriver

interface (inheritance).

Arguments: Takes a By class object.

Returns: List<WebElement>

Purpose: Useful to locate and collect one or more matched elements in the
page source.

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.className("example

Class"));

✅ 14. click() 🖱️
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an element, then invoke click() on that
element.

Arguments: None.

Returns: void .

Purpose: Simulates a click action on a web element (such as a button or

link).

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 WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submitButton"));
element.click();

✅ 15. sendKeys() ⌨️
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an input field, then invoke sendKeys() to
type text into it.

Arguments: Takes a String value that will be sent to the input element.

Returns: void .

Purpose: Simulates typing text into a form field.

WebElement inputField = driver.findElement(By.name("username"));

inputField.sendKeys("testuser");

✅ 16. clear() ✂️
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an input field, then invoke clear() to
clear the existing text in the field.

Arguments: None.

Returns: void .

Purpose: Clears the text inside an input field.

WebElement inputField = driver.findElement(By.name("username"));

inputField.clear();

✅ 17. isDisplayed() 👀
Declared in: WebElement interface

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 Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an element, then invoke isDisplayed() to

check if it is visible on the page.

Arguments: None.

Returns: boolean – true if the element is visible; false otherwise.

Purpose: Determines whether an element is visible in the browser window.

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submitButton"));

boolean isVisible = element.isDisplayed();

✅ 18. isEnabled() 💪
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an element, then invoke isEnabled() to

check if it is enabled (interactive).

Arguments: None.

Returns: boolean – true if the element is enabled; false if it's disabled.

Purpose: Checks if an element (such as a button or input field) is enabled

and can be interacted with.

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submitButton"));

boolean isEnabled = element.isEnabled();

✅ 19. isSelected() ✅
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an element, then invoke isSelected() to

check if the element is selected (for checkbox, radio buttons, etc.).

Arguments: None.

Returns: boolean – true if the element is selected; false if it is not.

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 Purpose: Checks if an element is selected, for example, a checkbox or
radio button.

WebElement checkbox = driver.findElement(By.id("acceptTerms"));

boolean isSelected = checkbox.isSelected();

✅ 20. getText() 📝
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an element, then invoke getText() to

retrieve the visible text of that element.

Arguments: None.

Returns: String – the visible text of the element.

Purpose: Extracts the text content from an element.

WebElement label = driver.findElement(By.id("welcomeMessage"));

String text = label.getText();

✅ 21. getAttribute() 🏷️
Declared in: WebElement interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebElement class

How to use: Use findElement() to locate an element, then invoke getAttribute() to

retrieve the value of a specified attribute of the element.

Arguments: Takes the attribute name (e.g., "href", "value") as a String .

Returns: String – the value of the specified attribute.

Purpose: Retrieve the value of an attribute from an element.

WebElement inputField = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));

String value = inputField.getAttribute("value");

✅ 22. wait() ⏳
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 Declared in: WebDriverWait class

Implemented by: WebDriverWait class

How to use: Creates an instance of WebDriverWait to wait for a certain

condition to be met before proceeding.

Arguments: Takes WebDriver instance and Duration (time to wait) as

parameters.

Returns: WebDriverWait – allowing chaining of conditions.

Purpose: Waits for a certain condition (e.g., element visibility, presence) to

be true before continuing with the test.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLo
cated(By.id("submitButton")));

✅ 23. WebDriverException ⚠️
Declared in: WebDriverException class

How to use: When performing actions like clicking or navigating, this

exception is thrown if WebDriver encounters an issue.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Throws an exception.

Purpose: Handles unexpected errors during WebDriver operations, such as

element not found, invalid element state, or timeout errors.

try {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("nonExistentElement"));
} catch (WebDriverException e) {
System.out.println("Error encountered: " + e.getMessage());
}

✅ 24. Alert 🚨
Declared in: Alert interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

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 How to use: Use switchTo().alert() to handle browser alerts such as pop-ups,
confirmation dialogs, or prompt dialogs.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Alert – the alert object that can be interacted with.

Purpose: Handle pop-up alert boxes (accept, dismiss, retrieve text, etc.).

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept(); // Accept an alert
alert.dismiss(); // Dismiss an alert
alert.getText(); // Get the text from an alert
alert.sendKeys("Some text"); // Send input to prompt alerts

✅Windows 🪟
25. Window Handles & Switching Between Multiple

Declared in: WebDriver interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Use getWindowHandles() to retrieve handles for all open windows
and switchTo().window() to switch between them.

Arguments: Takes the window handle (a String ) as an argument to switch

between windows.

Returns: void .

Purpose: This allows you to handle and switch between multiple browser
windows or tabs in Selenium.

i. Switching Between Windows

// Store the current window handle

String mainWindowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();

// Iterate through all open windows

for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle); // Switch to the new window
if (!windowHandle.equals(mainWindowHandle)) {
// Close the new window if needed

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 driver.close();
}
}

// Switch back to the main window

driver.switchTo().window(mainWindowHandle);

ii. Handle New Window with driver.switchTo().newWindow()

// Open a new tab

driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);

// Open a new window

driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);

✅ 26. Action Class - Performing Complex User Interactions 🖱️

Declared in: Actions class

Implemented by: Actions class

How to use: Use Actions to simulate complex user interactions like mouse
movements, key presses, drag and drop, etc.

Arguments: Takes WebDriver object and the actions you want to perform.

Returns: Actions object that can be chained with other actions.

Purpose: Enables the automation of complex user interactions such as

hover, double-click, drag-and-drop, etc.

i. Performing a Hover Action

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("hoverElement"));
actions.moveToElement(element).perform(); // Hover over the element

ii. Performing a Double-Click Action

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("doubleClickElement"));

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 actions.doubleClick(element).perform(); // Double-click on the element

iii. Drag and Drop Action

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

WebElement source = driver.findElement(By.id("source"));
WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.id("target"));
actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform(); // Drag source to target

✅ 27. Fluent Wait ⏳

Declared in: FluentWait class

Implemented by: FluentWait class

How to use: FluentWait is a more flexible waiting mechanism that allows

you to define the frequency of checking for a condition.

Arguments: Takes WebDriver and Duration for timeouts and polling frequency.

Returns: FluentWait object.

Purpose: FluentWait can be used to define waiting conditions with the

ability to configure how often the condition should be checked.

FluentWait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<>(driver)

.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30)) // Max time to wait
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5)) // Poll every 5 seconds
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class); // Ignore specific exceptions

// Wait until a specific condition is true

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLo
cated(By.id("someElement")));

✅🖥️ 28. JavaScriptExecutor - Executing JavaScript in WebDriver

Declared in: JavascriptExecutor interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

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 How to use: Use JavascriptExecutor to execute custom JavaScript code in the
context of the current page.

Arguments: Takes a String containing JavaScript code, and optionally an

array of arguments.

Returns: Object – result of the JavaScript execution.

Purpose: Useful for scenarios where WebDriver's standard actions might

not be enough, and JavaScript can be used to execute more complex
actions.

i. Executing JavaScript to Click an Element

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submitButton"));
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element); // Click using JavaScrip
t

ii. Executing JavaScript to Scroll the Page

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 250);"); // Scroll down 250px

✅ 29. Explicit Wait ⏳

Declared in: WebDriverWait class

Implemented by: WebDriverWait class

How to use: Use WebDriverWait with ExpectedConditions to wait for a specific

condition to occur before proceeding.

Arguments: Takes WebDriver and Duration for maximum wait time.

Returns: The object that corresponds to the expected condition.

Purpose: Waits for an element or condition to be true (e.g., visibility of an

element, clickability, etc.).

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLo
cated(By.id("submitButton")));

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 ✅ 30. TakesScreenshot - Capturing Screenshots 📸
Declared in: TakesScreenshot interface

Implemented by: RemoteWebDriver class

How to use: Use TakesScreenshot to capture a screenshot of the current

browser state.

Arguments: None.

Returns: File – the screenshot file.

Purpose: Captures a screenshot of the current browser page, typically

used for debugging and reports.

File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.

FILE);
File destinationFile = new File("path/to/screenshot.png");
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshot, destinationFile); // Save the screenshot

Let me know if you'd like more Selenium concepts or examples!

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