INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

DIPLOMA LEVEL

COURSE OUTLINE

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

TOPIC 2: COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

TOPIC 3: OPERATING SYSTEM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE

TOPIC 4: WORD PROCESSING

TOPIC 5: SPREAD SHEETS

TOPIC 6: DATA PROCESSING AND DATA SECURITY

TOPIC 7: COMPUTER NETWORKS

TOPIC 8: PRESENTATION PACKAGES

TOPIC 9: INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

TOPIC 10: EMERGING TRENDS IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

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TOPIC ONE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Definition of terms

Computer – Is an electronic device that process data to produce information

Data – These are raw facts that are entered has inputs, processed and
transformed in to meaningful information.

Data processing – The process of transforming data in to meaningful information

by the computer

Soft copy – it is screen displayed output and it is lost when the computer is turned
off

Hard ware – Are the physical and tangible parts of a computer

Hard copy – These are outputs such as papers that can be read immediately or
stored for later use

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

Computers are classified in to five generations; each generation lasted for a

certain period of time. Each generation gave either a new, improved or an
improvement to the existing computers

1st Generation Computers

- They existed between early 1950’s to late 1960’s.

- They used technology called thermionic valves, which was non solid state
electronic device
- They were big in physical size
- Consumed a lot of power
- Limited memory
- Low processing speed

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2nd Generation Computers

- They existed between late 1950’s to early 1960’s.

- They used transistors has their technology
- They consumed less power
- More reliable
- Internal memory was higher
- Processing speed was higher

3rd Generation computers

- They used the integrated circuits (I.C)

- Small computers in physical size
- Improves processing power and memory capacity
- They support multi- processing and multi- sharing

4th Generation computers

- They used large scale integrated circuits

- Based on micro- chip technology
- It gave rise to small computers ( micro- computers)

5th Generation computers

- It is still a state of the art technology that relies on predictions and further
technological refinement e.g Audio – technology , artificial intelligence etc

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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

By Size / Power

i. Super computers – They are computers that are used to perform

complex maths very quickly
ii. Main frame computers – They are designed to facilitate large company
computations
iii. Mini computers- These computers meet the need of medium size
institutions i.e. Colleges
iv. Micro computers – They are small in size. Helps in personal activities i.e
assignments

By Functionality / Processing power

Digital computers - They are high programmable electronic device that performs
mathematical calculations; compare values and store the results. They recognize
data by counting signals representing either high/ low voltage of electricity etc.

Analogue computers – These are computers which recognizes data has a

continuous measurement of a physical property, their outputs usually is in form
of reading graphs

By purpose

General purpose- These are computers that can be used for any type of
application eg. Banking system, accounts etc.

Specific purpose – These are computers designed for a specific job eg. Computers
installed for banking systems only

Application Areas of computers

- Administration
- Business
- Entertainment

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 - Health sectors
- Banks

Characteristics of computers

1. Speed – Computers can process millions of instructions within a very short

time
2. Accuracy – The results of data processing done by computers are
completely accurate
3. Reliability – Computers are reliable.
4. Consistency – The same data and same instructions given will produce the
same answer every time needed.
5. Storage – They have ability to store large volumes of data
6. Flexibility – Computers are flexible compared to typewriter.
7. Security – They have high level of security i.e. can use password and
backups
8. Economical – They are more economical has compared to using other
machines to process large volume of data.

Assignment

1. Discuss 5 advantages of computers

2. Explain 5 disadvantages of computers

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TOPIC TWO: COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Hardware Components of a computer

All types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and
perform the following five basic operations for converting raw
input data into information useful to their users.

S.No Operation Description

.

The process of entering data and

1 Take Input
instructions into the computer system.

Saving data and instructions so that

2 Store Data they are available for processing as
and when required.

Performing arithmetic, and logical

Processing
3 operations on data in order to convert
Data
them into useful information.

The process of producing useful

Output information or results for the user,
4
Information such as a printed report or visual
display.

Directs the manner and sequence in

Control the
5 which all of the above operations are
workflow
performed.

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Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data
into the computer. This unit creates a link between the user and
the computer. The input devices translate the information into a
form understandable by the computer.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all
types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate
results, and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all
parts of the computer.
CPU itself has the following three components −

 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

 Memory Unit
 Control Unit
Output Unit
The output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get
the information from the computer. This unit is a link between
the computer and the users. Output devices translate the
computer's output into a form understandable by the users.

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Memory or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results.
This unit supplies information to other units of the computer
when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the
main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory
(RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory
and secondary memory are two types of memories in the
computer. Functions of the memory unit are −
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for
processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final results of processing before these results
are released to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main
memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but
does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
instructions among other units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets
them, and directs the operation of the computer.
 It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of
data or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

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This unit consists of two subsections namely,

 Arithmetic Section
 Logic Section
Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations
like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex
operations are done by making repetitive use of the above
operations.

Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.

Computer storage media

Storage keeps data, information and instructions for use in the future. All
computers use storage to keep the software that makes the hardware work.
Common storage media are:

Hard Drive: This storage medium which looks like the one below, is a hard drive.
This medium comes with the computer and is always inside the computer.
It stores all the programs that the computer needs to work.

Floppy Disk: This storage medium is considered to be a portable storage medium.

You put it into the computer save your information on it, take it out, and take it
with you wherever you go.

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Compact Disk &DVD: These types of storage media hold much more information
than a floppy disk. They are also considered portable storage.

USB Flash Drive: This is a storage medium that is very easy to carry around and it
also holds more data than a floppy disk. As you can see from the picture below it is
very small when compared with the others.

Input devices

 keyboard
 mouse
 touchscreen
 joystick
 MIDI keyboard
 scanner
 digital camera
 video camera
 microphone
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output devices
 monitor

 projector
 TV screen
 printer
 plotter
 speakers

Computer hardware selection criteria

 Hardware must support current software as well as software

planned for procurement over the next planning interval
[year, 18 months, three years]
 Hardware must be compatible with existing or planned
networks
 Hardware must be upgradeable and expandable to meet the
needs of the next planning interval
 Hardware warranties must be of an appropriate length
 Hardware maintenance must be performed by [local/remote
vendor, in-house personnel]
 Whenever feasible, hardware standards will dictate
procurement of like brands and configurations to simplify
installation and support
 Routine assessments of installed infrastructure will feed an
upgrade/replace decision process

Computer software
Software- is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task,
as opposed to the physical components of the system

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Software Selection Criteria

 Software must be compatible with current and future hardware over the next
planning interval
 Software maintenance and warranties must be of appropriate length and cost
 Software help desk must be maintained by [vendor, third party, in-house
personnel]
 Software must be standardized throughout the business to improve
purchasing power, simplify training, and facilitate support
 Software must comply with current standards set by technology leadership
 Software must support and enhance business goals

Functions of various computer software

 Input or inserting data and instructions.

 Processing.
 Output or retrieving data or information.
 Storing data or information/file management.
 Controlling of devices and functions.

TOPIC THREE: OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION

SOFTWARE

What is an Operating System

An operating system works as the interface between the user and
the hardware. The entire functionality of the computer system
depends on the operating system. Windows, DOS, Linux, Unix are
few examples for operating systems.

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What is Application Software
An application software performs a single task. These type of
software programs are specially designed to solve particular
problems such as document creation, doing calculations, image
editing etc.

Features of Operating System (OS)

 Protected and supervisor mode.
 Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking
Security.
 Program Execution.
 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking.
 Handling I/O operations.
 Manipulation of the file system.
 Error Detection and handling.
 Resource allocation.
Features of Application Software
 Perform more specialized tasks like word processing, spreadsheets,
email, photo editing, etc.
 It needs more storage space as it is bigger in size.
 Easy to design and more interactive for the user.
 Generally written in a high-level language.

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Choice of appropriate software

 Resources needed to build,

 deploy and maintain. ...
 Initial costs vs long-term costs. ...
 flexibility. ...
 Competitive advantage.

Utility programs in a computer software

 Antivirus- is a utility software that helps to keep the computer

virus-free. -
 File Management System - are utility software that manages files of
the computer system
 Disk Management tools - are utility software that is used to manage
data on dis
 Compression tools - is a software program that compresses and
decompresses various file types.
 Disk cleanup tool - is a computer maintenance utility included
in Microsoft Windows designed to free up disk space on
a computer's hard drive

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 Backup utility- are computer programs used to perform a backup;
they create supplementary exact copies of files, databases or
entire computers.

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TOPIC FOUR: WORD PROCESSING

Word processing: - is a computer program or device that provides for input,

editing, formatting and output of text, often plus other features.

Procedure of creating and manipulating documents

 Click the Microsoft Office button.

 Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.
 Select Blank document under the Blank and
recent section. It will be highlighted by default.

Creating a table
 Place the cursor where you want to place the table.
 Click the Insert Table icon on the Tables and Borders toolbar at
the top of the window. [Microsoft]
 Drag the corner of the table until you have the desired number of
columns and rows.
 Click the mouse to insert the table.

Mail merging techniques

Mail merge is a Microsoft Word feature often used to produce a number of

similar documents, including elements from a separate data document (e.g.
a database, spreadsheet or Outlook contacts file).

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Five steps to the mail merge process:

1. Choose your document type - Within the mailings tab click the start
mail merge button and a drop down will appear. You can choose from
labels, envelopes, emails, letters or a directory.

2. Select your recipients - Here you can choose to "type a new list"
where you enter the recipients into a database one by one, "use an
existing list" such as a spreadsheet to import the data or "select from
your Outlook contacts". You can then edit the recipient data should you
wish.

3. Write & insert fields - Now that your document is linked to your
recipient data you can add the individual personalization fields. This
includes address fields

4. Preview results - Check that the fields you've inserted are pulling the
correct data through (e.g. the town field isn't pulling through the county
information) and positioned correctly on your document.

5. Finish & merge - Now that you're happy with your content, and the
correct data fields are being imported, you can finish and merge the
document and your data to create the final product

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TOPIC FIVE: SPREAD SHEETS

Concepts of spread sheet

 Workbook - the basic document in Excel, typically consists of 3

worksheets. Workbook is a file, it can be saved with a name on your
disc
 Worksheet - part of workbook which consists of cells organized into
columns and rows
 Cell - part of the worksheet, which is located at the intersection of
column and row
 Active Cell - cell selected by the click of a mouse, surrounded by a
frame
 Address of the cell – this is the name of cell. Address consists of a
column and row names, such as the A4 (the address of the cell that is at
the intersection of column A and row 4). Each cell has its own address,
which is a unique address within the same worksheet
 Range - a group of cells. Range in Excel can be: cells in one column, for
example, B3: B8, cells in one line, for example, A3: G3, cells with
several columns and rows, eg C1: H9
 Format - the appearance of the data, the way they are presented in a
cell or range of cells. Format consists of for example style (Bold,
italic, ...), border, background, text alignment, etc
 Formulas and functions - all formulas that calculate the value based
on the data from cells

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Application areas of spread sheet

Modelling and Planning

 Household Finance Planning
 Business Accounts and Budgeting
 Invoices
 Wages
 Creating Graphs e.g. bar chart, pie chart.
 Collect data from different sources e.g. phone number, prices.
 Explore and interpret data in order to draw conclusions for business

Worksheet layout

Building a worksheet

Procedure
1. Click on start button
2. Click on program
3. Click on Microsoft office
4. Click on Ms. Excel

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Saving a work sheet
Procedure
1. Click file
2. Select “Save As”
3. Specify a name (---)
4. Click on save button

Use of formulae and functions on a spreadsheet

Procedure
1. Open a spreadsheet
2. Type an equal sign (=) in a cell and type in the function you want to use

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TOPIC SIX: DATA PROCESSING AND DATA SECURITY

The Data Processing Cycle - is a series of steps carried out to extract useful
information from raw data. Although each step must be taken in order, the order is
cyclic. The output and storage stage can lead to the repeat of the data collection
stage, resulting in another cycle of data processing. The cycle provides a view on
how the data travels and transforms from collection to interpretation, and
ultimately, used in effective business decisions.

Stages of the Data Processing Cycle:

1) Collection - is the first stage of the cycle, and is very crucial, since the quality of
data collected will impact heavily on the output. The collection process needs to
ensure that the data gathered are both defined and accurate, so that subsequent
decisions based on the findings are valid.

2) Preparation - is the manipulation of data into a form suitable for further analysis
and processing. Raw data cannot be processed and must be checked for accuracy.
Preparation is about constructing a data set from one or more data sources to be
used for further exploration and processing.

3) Input- is the task where verified data is coded or converted into machine
readable form so that it can be processed through an application. Data entry is done
through the use of a keyboard, scanner, or data entry from an existing source.

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4) Processing - is when the data is subjected to various means and methods of
powerful technical manipulations using Machine Learning and Artificial
Intelligence algorithms to generate an output or interpretation about the data.

5) Output- is the stage where processed information is now transmitted and

displayed to the user. Output is presented to users in various report formats like
graphical reports, audio, video, or document viewers. Output need to be interpreted
so that it can provide meaningful information that will guide future decisions of the
company.

6) Storage is the last stage in the data processing cycle, where data, and metadata
(information about data) are held for future use. The importance of this cycle is that
it allows quick access and retrieval of the processed information, allowing it to be
passed on to the next stage directly, when needed

Data processing modes

 Online data processing- is an automated way to enter and process data or

reports continuously as use as the source documents are available.

 Real time - data-processing by a computer which receives constantly

changing data, such as information relating to air-traffic
control, travel bookingsystems, etc,

 Batch processing - is the process by which a computer completes batches of

jobs, often simultaneously, in non-stop, sequential order

 Time sharing - is the sharing of a computing resource among many users at

the same time by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking

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  Multi-tasking - Working on two or more tasks simultaneously. Switching
back and forth from one thing to another. Performing a number of tasks in
rapid succession

 Distributed multi-processing - a mode of operation in which two or more

processors in a computer simultaneously process two or more different
portions of the same program

Elements of data hierarchy

 Data - A data field holds a single fact or attribute of an entity. ...

 Record - A record is a collection of related fields. ...
 File - A file is a collection of related records. ...
 Files are integrated into a database.

File organization and access methods

File organization - refers to the way data is stored in a file.

File access- is where information is read and accessed into computer memory

1. Sequential file organization

 Records are stored and accessed in a particular order sorted using a key
field.
 Retrieval requires searching sequentially through the entire file record by
record to the end.

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Advantages of sequential file organization

 The sorting makes it easy to access records.

 The binary chop technique can be used to reduce record search time by as
much as half the time taken.

Disadvantages of sequential file organization

 The sorting does not remove the need to access other records as the search
looks for particular records.
 Sequential records cannot support modern technologies that require fast
access to stored records.
 The requirement that all records be of the same size is sometimes difficult to
enforce.

2. Random or direct file organization

 Records are stored randomly but accessed directly.

 To access a file stored randomly, a record key is used to determine where a
record is stored on the storage media.
 Magnetic and optical disks allow data to be stored and accessed randomly.

Advantages of random file access

 Quick retrieval of records.

 The records can be of different sizes.

3. Serial file organization

 Records in a file are stored and accessed one after another.

 The records are not stored in any way on the storage medium this type of
organization is mainly used on magnetic tapes.

Advantages of serial file organization

 It is simple
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  It is cheap

Disadvantages of serial file organization

 It is cumbersome to access because you have to access all proceeding

records before retrieving the one being searched.
 Wastage of space on medium in form of inter-record gap.
 It cannot support modern high speed requirements for quick record access.

4. Indexed-sequential file organization method

 Almost similar to sequential method only that, an index is used to enable the
computer to locate individual records on the storage media. For example, on
a magnetic drum, records are stored sequential on the tracks. However,
each record is assigned an index that can be used to access it directly.

Database and terminologies

A database - is an organized collection of structured information, or data,

typically stored electronically in a computer system. .

 Database
A database is a named collection of tables. A database can also contain
views, indexes, sequences, data types, operators, and functions. Other
relational database products use the term catalog.
 Command
A command is a string that you send to the server in hopes of having the
server do something useful. Some people use the word statement to
mean command. The two words are very similar in meaning and, in practice,
are interchangeable.
 Query
A query is a type of command that retrieves data from the server.
 Table (relation, file, class)
A table is a collection of rows. A table usually has a name, although some
tables are temporary and exist only to carry out a command. All the rows in
a table have the same shape (in other words, every row in a table contains
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 the same set of columns). In other database systems, you may see the
terms relation, file, or even class?these are all equivalent to a table.
 Column (field, attribute)
A column is the smallest unit of storage in a relational database. A column
represents one piece of information about an object. Every column has a
name and a data type.
Features of database
 Field - is a set of data values, of the same data type, in a table.

 Record - is an object that can contain one or more values

 File data base - is a database stored in a file called a flat file.

 Key field - is a field in a record of a data table that contains unique data and
separates that record from all other records in the database.
 Field properties - sets the maximum number of characters that can be
entered into a text field
Methods of securing data
 Backup your data. ...
 Use passwords...
 Anti-malware protection is a must.
 Secure your wireless network at your home or business
 Biometric

Threads and hazards of data

 Power failure
 Fire
 Natural disaster
 Environmental hazards
 Virus
 Theft
 Cyber crime

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TOPIC SEVEN: COMPUTER NETWORKING

A computer network is a digital telecommunications network which

allows nodes to share resources.

Functions of computer networks

1. Information and Resource Sharing: Computer networks allow

organizations having units which are placed apart from each other, to
share information in a very effective manner. Retrieving Remote
Information: Through computer networks, users can retrieve remote
information on a variety of topics.
2. Speedy Interpersonal Communication: Computer networks have
increased the speed and volume of communication like never before.
Electronic Mail (email) is extensively used for sending texts,
documents, images, and videos across the globe.
3. E-Commerce: Computer networks have paved way for a variety of
business and commercial transactions online. Users and
organizations can pool funds, buy or sell items, pay bills, manage
bank accounts, pay taxes, transfer funds and handle investments
electronically.
4. Highly Reliable Systems: Computer networks allow systems to be
distributed in nature, by the virtue of which data is stored in multiple
sources. This makes the system highly reliable.
5. Cost–Effective Systems: Computer networks have reduced the cost
of establishment of computer systems in organizations

Types of networks

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

The smallest and most basic type of network, a PAN is made up of a wireless
modem, a computer or two, phones, printers, tablets, etc., and revolves around one
person in one building

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2. Local Area Network (LAN)

LANs connect groups of computers and low-voltage devices together across short
distances (within a building or between a group of two or three buildings in close
proximity to each other) to share information and resources.

3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

WLANs make use of wireless network technology, such as Wi-Fi. Typically seen
in the same types of applications as LANs, these types of networks don’t require
that devices rely on physical cables to connect to the network.

4. Campus Area Network (CAN)

Larger than LANs, but smaller than metropolitan area networks (MANs, explained
below), these types of networks are typically seen in universities or small
businesses. They can be spread across several buildings that are fairly close to each
other so users can share resources.

5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

These types of networks are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs – and
incorporate elements from both types of networks. MANs span an entire
geographic area (typically a town or city, but sometimes a campus). Ownership
and maintenance is handled by either a single person or company (a local council,
a large company, etc.).

6. Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN connects computers together across longer physical distances. This allows
computers and low-voltage devices to be remotely connected to each other over
one large network to communicate even when they’re miles apart.

7. Storage-Area Network (SAN)

They move storage resources away from the network and place them into their own
high-performance network. SANs can be accessed in the same fashion as a drive
attached to a server. Types of storage-area networks include converged, virtual and
unified SANs.
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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

1. Bus Topology
Bus topology is the kind of network topology where every node, i.e. every device
on the network, is connected to a solo main cable line. Data is transmitted in a
single route, from one point to the other

Benefits of Bus Topology

 It is cost-effective.
 The Cable length required is the least in comparison to other topologies.
 The working of this topology is easy to understand.
 Expansion can be done easily by linking the cables together.

Drawbacks of Bus Topology

 If the main cable collapses, the complete network collapses.

 The network performance is at stake and reduces if there are numerous
nodes and heavy network traffic.
 The main cable can only be so long. The length of the cable is limited.
 Bus Topology is not as fast as Ring Topology.

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2. Ring Topology
Ring Topology is a topology type in which every computer is connected to another
computer on each side. The last computer is connected to the first, thus forming a
ring shape. This topology allows for each computer to have exactly two
neighbouring computers.

Benefits of Ring Topology

 The network is not affected by numerous nodes or heavy traffic, as only the
nodes possessing tokens can transfer data.
 Ring topology has cheap installation and expansion.

Drawbacks of Ring Topology

 It is a tedious task to troubleshoot in Ring topology.

 It is difficult to add or delete nodes, as it interrupts the network activity.
 If one computer crashes, the entire network activity is disrupted.

3. Star Topology
Star Topology is the kind of network topology in which all the nodes are connected
via cables to a single node called a hub, which is the central node. The hub can be
active or passive in nature. Active hubs contain repeaters, while passive hubs are
considered non-intelligent nodes.

Benefits of Star Topology

 Star topology boasts fast performance due to low network traffic.

 It is easy to upgrade the Hub as and when required.
 Setup can be done easily and can be easily modified as well.
 Star Topology is easy to troubleshoot.
 In case a node has failed, it can easily be replaced without affecting the
working of the rest of the network.

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Drawbacks of Star Topology

 The installation cost is extreme, and it is costly to use.

 All the nodes are dependent on the hub.

4. Mesh Topology
Mesh topology is the kind of topology in which all the nodes are connected with all
the other nodes via a network channel. Mesh topology is a point-to-point
connection.

Benefits of Mesh Topology

 Every connection has the ability to carry its particular data load.
 Mesh Topology is very robust.
 It is easy to diagnose faults.
 Mesh Topology provides privacy and security.

Drawbacks of Mesh Topology

 Mesh Topology is challenging to install and configure.

 As all the nodes are connected with each other, cabling is costly.
 Bulk wiring is essential.

5. Tree Topology
Tree topology is the topology in which the nodes are connected hierarchically, with
all the nodes connected to the topmost node or root node. Hence, it is also known
as hierarchical topology. Tree topology has at least three levels of hierarchy.

Tree topology is applied in Wide Area Network. It is an extension of Bus topology

and Star topology. It is best if the workstations are situated in groups, for easy
working and managing.

Benefits of Tree Topology

 It is easy to expand the network with more nodes.

 It is easy to maintain and manage.
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  It is easy to detect an error in the network.

Drawbacks of Tree Topology

 It is profoundly cabled.
 It is expensive when compared to other topologies.
 If the root node collapses, the network will also collapse.

6. Hybrid Topology
Hybrid Topology is basically a network topology comprising of two or more
different types of topologies. It is a reliable and scalable topology, but
simultaneously, it is a costly one. It receives the merits and demerits of the
topologies used to build it.

Benefits of Hybrid Topology

 It is easy to troubleshoot and provides simple error-detecting techniques.

 It is a flexible network topology, making it quite effective.
 It is scalable since the size can be made greater easily.

Drawbacks of Hybrid Topology

 It isn’t very easy to design it.

 It is costly, as it involves more than one topology.

Computer network components

1. Router - It connects different networks together and sends data

packets from one network to another

2. Bridge - is a network device that connects multiple LANs (local area

networks) together to form a larger LAN.

3. Hubs - are used to connect multiple devices in a network.

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 4. Firewall - is a network security device that monitors and filters
incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's
previously established security policies

5. Cable- is the medium through which information usually moves from

one network device to another

6. Switch- is a device in a computer network that connects other devices

together

7. Server -is a powerful computer that provides various shared resources

to workstations and other servers on a network.

Assignment

1. Explain impacts of networks

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TOPIC EIGHT: PRESENTATION PACKAGES

A presentation package is a software program that provides the resources

necessary to give a professional presentation for meetings, lectures, speeches or
other similar situations.

Procedure of slide creation

Step 1: Open Microsoft PowerPoint.

Step 2: Go to File at the top of the screen and click New. A box that says “New
Presentation” should appear on the right side of your screen.

Step 3: In the “New Presentation” dialog box, click on “From Design Template.”
You may then scan through design templates and choose

Step 4: Slide Design Select a design template by clicking on the template you like.
You may choose a different color for your template by clicking on “Color
Schemes” in the “New Presentation” dialog box.

Step 5: Slide Layout Change the Slide Layout. You may change the slide layout
(how information is presented in the slide) by going to the top of the screen and
clicking on “Format” – “Slide Layout.” A box will appear on the right side of your
screen (where “New Presentation” appeared) labeled “Slide Layout.” You may
select a design by clicking on it.

Step 6: Adding Text Enter your text by clicking and then typing in the box titled
“Click to Add Text” or “Click to Add Title.”

Step 7: Adding Pictures You may add pictures by clicking on the box that says
“Click to add content.” Inside that box, there will be a smaller box with six icons.
Click on the icon that looks like a photograph of a mountain. A new window will
open, allowing you to browse for a picture on your computer or a CD. Once you
find your picture, click on it and then click “Insert

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 Step 8: Resizing Pictures You may change the size of your picture by clicking on
the picture. The picture will then have black lines around it with small bubbles or
boxes in the corners. Place your mouse over the bubbles or boxes and click.
Holding the mouse pointer down, drag the picture to the size you want.

Step 9: You’re Done! Now you can do it again to make more

Formating slides

 Changing fonts in presentations

In a presentation, you can change the selected text to different fonts and
font sizes, and increase or decrease the font size quickly.

 Changing line spacing in a slide

You can change the line spacing of text in text boxes, shapes, and tables.

 Copying and applying formatting in presentations

You can copy formatting of text styles and list styles and then apply it in
other places of the same presentation.

 Inserting shapes
You can create 19 kinds shapes in a file to make the contents more vivid.
 Selecting and moving objects
After inserting objects in a presentation, you are most likely to move their
positions to make the layout more attractive.

 Copying and pasting objects

You can copy and paste objects such as texts, textboxes, tables, images
and slides, within the same file or between different presentation files. You
can also copy and paste the background color of textboxes, tables and
placeholders within the same file or between different presentation files.
 Rotating objects on a slide
In presentations, you can rotate an object to any angle.

 Arranging the objects order

After you insert objects in IBM Connections Docs Presentations, you may
need to arrange the stacking order of the text and graphics.

 Distributing objects in a slide

In presentations, you can distribute an object vertically or horizontally.
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 Setting transparency for objects in presentations
You can set transparency for images, shapes, and text boxes
in .pptx files.
 Adding numbers or bullets to slides
You can add numbers or bullets to items in a list, and choose from various
bullet or numbering styles, including colors and symbols for bullets and
decimals for numbers.
 Adding a link in a slide
On a slide, you can add a link to a web page, open your email with the "To"
address prefilled, and add a link to another slide in the presentation.
 Applying a slide layout
A good layout can help convey information to your audience.

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TOPIC NINE: INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB
Internet - a global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.

Internet Applications
 Sending and receiving email.
 Searching and browsing information archives.
 Copying files between computers.
 Conducting financial transactions.
 Navigating (in your car, smart scooter, smart bike, or other)
 Playing interactive games.
 Video and music streaming.

TOPIC NINE: EMERGING TRENDS AND ISSUES

IN ICT

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