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Solid Geometry-Sphere

The document provides an overview of solid geometry focusing on spheres, including definitions, coordinate systems, and equations related to planes and spheres. It covers cylindrical and spherical coordinate transformations, distance formulas, equations of planes, and various forms of the equation of a sphere. Additionally, it discusses concepts such as tangent planes, orthogonal projections, and conditions for orthogonal spheres.

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4 views

Solid Geometry-Sphere

The document provides an overview of solid geometry focusing on spheres, including definitions, coordinate systems, and equations related to planes and spheres. It covers cylindrical and spherical coordinate transformations, distance formulas, equations of planes, and various forms of the equation of a sphere. Additionally, it discusses concepts such as tangent planes, orthogonal projections, and conditions for orthogonal spheres.

Uploaded by

sakshihuple
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid Geometry-Sphere

Solid Geometry-Sphere
 Prerequisite:
Solid Geometry-Basic
 Cartesian Co-ordinate System :
Two axis taken together determines co-ordinate planes.
The plane determined by X-axis and Y-axis is called XOY
or Simply XY plane .
Similarly we define YOZ plane and ZOX plane.
The three co-ordinate planes divide the space into eight parts,
each part is called as octant.

The octant formed by positive directions of X,Y,Z axis is called


positive octant where all three co-ordinates of any point in it
are positive.
(a) Cylindrical co-ordinate system (, , z) :

To change rectangular co-ordinates (x, y, z) to cylindrical

co-ordinates (, ,z)

The cylindrical transformations are :


𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 ; 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑧
(b) Spherical co-ordinate system (r, ,  ) :
To chance rectangular co-ordinates (x, y, z) to special co-
ordinates (r, ,)
The spherical transformation are
𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Distance Formula : Distance between two points, P(x1, y1, z1,) and Q (x2, y2, z2) is given
by

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
Plane : A plane is a surface such that if any two points are taken on it, then the straight line
joining them lies wholly in the surface
Equation of Plane in different form :

 General form : The general form of a plane is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0


where a, b, c, d are any constants.
Here a, b, c are the dr’s of normal to the plane
 Equation of plane passing through given point (x1, y1, z1).
Let the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 passes through point P(x1, y1, z1). …(1)

 (x1, y1, z1) satisfies equation of plane ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 …(2)
Subtracting Equation (2) from Equation (1) we get,
𝑎 (𝑥 – 𝑥1) + 𝑏(𝑦 – 𝑦1) + 𝑐 (𝑧 – 𝑧1) = 0
 Equation of plane passing through origin is ax + by + cz = 0 (∵(x1, y1, z1) = (0, 0, 0))

 Equation of plane can be written as,

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

There are three independent arbitrary constants.

 Plane must satisfies three condition.


 Intercept form : If a plane intersects X, Y, Z axis at say (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0),(0, 0, c) then
equation of plane is given by,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+ + =1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
 Length of Perpendicular : The length of perpendicular from the point P(x1, y1, z1) on the
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑
𝑝=
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2

 Angle between two planes : Angle between two planes


𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝛼 =
𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2 + 𝑐2 2

 Note: Angle between two planes is equal to angle between their normal.
 Equation of Line: Equation of line passing through the point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and having
direction ratio’s a, b, c is,
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
 Points on the Line: Set of all points on the line
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= = 𝑖. 𝑒. = = =𝑘
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑥1 , 𝑏𝑘 + 𝑦1 , 𝑐𝑘 + 𝑧1
Sphere

Definition : The locus of a point which moves in space such that


it remains at a constant distance from a fixed point defines a
spherical surface or a sphere. The fixed point is called as centre
of the sphere and the constant distance is called as radius.

EQUATION OF SPHERE :

• General form : the general equation of the sphere is


𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑦 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = −𝑢, −𝑣, −𝑤

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 − 𝑑
• Centre – radius form : Let P (x, y, z) be any point on sphere and C (a, b, c) be center and r
be radius then equation of sphere is
𝑥−𝑎 2 + 𝑦−𝑏 2 + 𝑧−𝑐 2 = 𝑟2
• Diameter form : If (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are co-ordinates of end points of diameter of
sphere then equation of sphere is
𝑥 – 𝑥1 𝑥 – 𝑥2 + 𝑦 – 𝑦1 𝑦 – 𝑦2 + 𝑧 – 𝑧1 𝑧 – 𝑧2 = 0

• Equation of Tangent Plane: The equation of the tangent plane at


𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 to the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑦 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 is
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝑥1 + 𝑣 𝑦 + 𝑦1 + 𝑤 𝑧 + 𝑧1 + 𝑑 = 0
• Equation of sphere passing through the circle
𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑦 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 ; 𝑈 ≡ 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 − 𝑝 = 0
𝑖𝑠 𝑆 + 𝜆𝑈 = 0
• Equation of sphere passing through two sphere:
𝑆1 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑦 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 ;
𝑆2 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑦 + 2𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑖𝑠 𝑆1 + 𝜆𝑆2 = 0
• Orthogonal Projection:
Orthogonal projection of an area = (Area) cos
where  is angle between plane of area and
plane on which projection is taken
• Orthogonal Sphere : Two spheres are said to be
orthogonal if the tangent planes at the point of contact
to the two spheres are perpendicular to each other.

Let S1= 0 and S2= 0 be two spheres with


Centers at C1and C2 respectively
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 + 2𝑢1 𝑥 + 2𝑣1𝑦 + 2𝑤1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0;
𝑆2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 + 2𝑢2 𝑥 + 2𝑣2 𝑦 + 2𝑤2 𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0

The condition for two spheres to be orthogonal is,


𝟐𝒖𝟏𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒗𝟏𝒗𝟐 + 𝟐𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 = 𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐

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