Chapter 4

Collecting,
organising
and
displaying
data
 Lesson objectives
● Collect data and classify different types of data.
● Organise data using tally tables, frequency tables,
stem-and-leaf diagrams and two-way tables.
● Draw pictograms, bar graphs, and pie charts to display
data and answer questions about it.
 4.1 Collecting and classifying data

Data is a set of facts, numbers or other information.

Statistics involves a process of collecting and using data to
try and answer a question.
The four main steps
 Types of data
Numerical (quantitative) - Data that is numerical, such as
peoples’ weight or height.
OR
Categorical (qualitative) - Data that is not numerical, such
as favourite colours, or video games.
 Types of data
Discrete data - Data that can only take certain values, such
as the number of people presently in this classroom, or
motorbikes in the parking lot. Usually collected by counting.
OR
Continuous data - Data that can be divided into smaller and
smaller quantities, such as peoples’ height or weight. Usually
collected by measuring.
Let’s do Exercise 4.1 - Question 2
 Methods of collecting data
Primary data - Collected from primary sources by surveys,
interviews, questionnaires, experiments, counting or measuring.
OR
Secondary data - Collected from secondary sources, such as
from the internet or magazines. It involves using existing data that
has already been collected.
Determine which of the following statements are quantitative and which are qualitative.

quantitative qualitative
The cup had a mass of 454 grams.

The temperature outside is 250 C.

It is warm outside.
The tree is 30 feet tall.

The building has 25 stories.

The building is taller than the tree.

The sidewalk is long.

The sidewalk is 100 meters long.

The race was over quickly.

The race was over in 10 minutes.

Determine which of the following statements are quantitative and which are qualitative.

quantitative qualitative

The cup had a mass of 454 grams. /

The temperature outside is 250 C. /

It is warm outside. /

The tree is 30 feet tall. /

The building has 25 stories. /

The building is taller than the tree. /

The sidewalk is long. /

The sidewalk is 100 meters long. /

The race was over quickly. /

The race was over in 10 minutes. /

Determine which of the following statements are discrete and which are continuous.

Discrete Continuous

The number of people in a room

The mass of a book
The number of pages in a book
The length of a line
The time taken to complete a puzzle
The size of a shoe
The number of glasses in a dishwasher
The volume of water in a bottle
The number of songs in an album
The weight of an apple
The number of people at a football match
Determine which of the following statements are discrete and which are continuous.

Discrete Continuous

The number of people in a room /

The mass of a book /

The number of pages in a book /

The length of a line /

The time taken to complete a puzzle /

The size of a shoe /

The number of glasses in a dishwasher /

The volume of water in a bottle /

The number of songs in an album /

The weight of an apple /

The number of people at a football match /

 4.2 Organising data
Once you have collected data you need to organise it in a way that
can be easily read and used. The most common way to do this is
to use tables.
There are four main types:
● Tally tables
● Frequency tables
● Stem-and-leaf diagrams
● Two-way tables
 Tally tables
Tally tables allow you to use tally marks to keep a record
when you are counting things.

a) What was the most

common colour?
b) What was the least
common colour?
c) Is this discrete or
continuous data?
d) Is it categorical or
numerical?
 Frequency tables
Frequency tables shows the totals of the tally marks.
 Frequency tables
Frequency tables show totals and may or may not show
individual tallies.

a) What was the mean

average of children?
2

b) What was the median

number of children?
2
 Grouped data
When numerical data is collected it can sometimes be easier
to group the data rather than displaying individual results.
This is particularly necessary when displaying continuous
data. a) What is the smallest
possible range?
80 - 44 = 36
b) What is the largest
possible range?
84 - 40 = 44
c) What is an estimate of
the range?
36 - 44
 Grouped data
When numerical data is collected it can sometimes be easier to group the
data rather than displaying individual results. This is particularly necessary
when displaying continuous data.

d) Find the median class

65 - 69

e) Find an estimate of the mean

64.75
 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
Stem-and-leaf diagrams display grouped data using the
actual results. This allows you to calculate the range and
averages.
a) What is the range?
65 years

b) What is the median?

28 years old
c) What is the mode?
4 years old
STEM-AND-LEAF DIAGRAMS
Consider the following data that shows the test scores for each of 20 students.

56 13 32 36 24 47 38 48 16 39
34 24 46 40 36 17 29 38 47 24

A stem-and-leaf diagram can be used to group the data without loosing any of the original detail.
To do this the numbers are split into two parts.
In this case the tens digits form the ‘stems’ and the units digits form the ‘leaves’.
The stems are written to the left of a vertical line and the leaves are written to the right of the line.
For example, the first value 56 is written as 5|6.
The leaves belonging to one stem are then written in the same row.
The leaves are then arranged in order in each row.
 56 13 32 36 24 47 38 48 16 39
34 24 46 40 36 17 29 38 47 24
The rough stem-and-leaf diagram for the data above is:
1 3 6 7
2 4 4 9 4
3 2 6 8 9 4 6 8
4 7 8 6 0 7
5 6

Key: 5|6 represents a score of 56

The leaves are then written in order to give the final stem-and-leaf diagram:
 56 13 32 36 24 47 38 48 16 39
34 24 46 40 36 17 29 38 47 24
The final stem-and-leaf diagram for the data above is:
1 3 6 7
2 4 4 4 9
3 2 4 6 6 8 8 9
4 0 6 7 7 8
5 6

Key: 5|6 represents a score of 56

Example
2 The stem-and-leaf-diagram shows the 1 2 5
test scores of 14 students. 1 1 3 6
2 7 9
a Find the range of scores.
3 0 3 5 8
b Find the modal score. 4 2 5
c Find the median score.
Key: 1|2 represents a score of 12

a Range = greatest score − lowest score = 45 − 12 = 33

b Mode = most common score = 21

c Median = th value = 7.5 th value = 28

Do Exercise 4.4 question 4.

 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
Stem-and-leaf diagrams display grouped data using the
actual results. This allows you to calculate the range and
averages.
a) What is the range?
65 years

b) What is the median?

28 years old
c) What is the mode?
4 years old
 Two-way tables
A two-way table shows the frequency of results for two or
more sets of data.
a) What was the
most popular sport
with men?

b) What was the

most popular sport
with women?
You also need to be able to read two-way tables in lots of real
life situations.
Do Exercise 4.6
Worksheet Time
 Using charts to display data
Charts are useful for displaying data because you can see
patterns and trends quickly and easily. You can also compare
different sets of data easily.
We are going to revise several different types of charts that
you already know:
● Pictograms
● Bar charts
● Pie charts
● Line graphs
DISPLAYING DATA
Bar charts
The table shows the number of driving tests taken by a group of
students before they passed the test.
Number of tests 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 5 9 4 2 1
Show the information on a bar chart.

1
0
frequency 8

0
1 2 3 4 5 number of tests
Pie charts

The table shows the drinks sold in a café. Drink Frequency Angle
Show the information on a pie chart. Coffee 4 × 12 = 48
4

A total of 30 drinks were sold. Tea 10 10 × 12 = 120

360o ÷ 30 = 12o per drink. Apple 7 7 × 12 = 84
Orange 6 6 × 12 = 72

Lemon Coffee Lemon 3 3 × 12 = 36

Total = 360

Orange
Tea

Apple
Pictograms

The table shows the number of cars sold by a salesman.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
6 6 10 5 9 6
Show the information on a pictogram.

Key: represents 2 cars

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Displaying continuous data
The table shows the life times of 20 batteries.

6.5 9.2 8.6 7.1 5.5

7.5 6.9 7.8 9.4 8.2 7.6
8.0 8.1 7.3 9.9 8.6 7.9 9.6 8.8 10.3 8.1

Draw a frequency diagram

to show the data. 8

Lifetime (x) Frequenc

6
hours y

frequency
6≤x<7 2
4
7≤x<8 6
8≤x<9 7
2
9 ≤ x < 10 4
10 ≤ x < 11 1
0
6 7 8 9 10 11
lifetime (hours)
 Project
Completed project will be in the form of a report.
Assessment will be on : Quality of document/file, title,
introduction, description of activities, presentation summary of
data with suitable graphics, conclusion.
Data collection form in annex.