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Alternating Current Lecture 01-merge-invert

The document provides an overview of Alternating Current (AC) concepts, including AC generators, average and RMS values, and the behavior of AC in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits. It discusses phasor diagrams, resonance in LCR circuits, and calculations related to AC circuits. The document also includes various questions and problems related to AC theory and applications.

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KUMAVATH SAI ABHISHEK NAIK
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6 views

Alternating Current Lecture 01-merge-invert

The document provides an overview of Alternating Current (AC) concepts, including AC generators, average and RMS values, and the behavior of AC in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits. It discusses phasor diagrams, resonance in LCR circuits, and calculations related to AC circuits. The document also includes various questions and problems related to AC theory and applications.

Uploaded by

KUMAVATH SAI ABHISHEK NAIK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alternating Current

Lect-01
Today’s Goal
AC & DC Current
AC Generator
Avg & RMS Value
Pure Resistive Circuit
Alternating Current (A.C.):
➢Changes its direction
D.C Source A.C Source
A.C. Generator
➢A Generator or Dynamo is a device which converts
Mechanical energy into Electrical Energy.

➢An A.C. Generator converts Mechanical Energy to


Alternating current.

➢Alternating Current: A current which changes its


direction regularly after a fixed interval of time.
Principle:
➢ A closed coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field. The Magnetic
Flux linked with coil changes & emf is induced.

N w
Sketch the emf and current v/s time graph.
Q) An a.c. generator consists of a coil of 100 turns and cross-
sectional area of 3m2. rotating at a constant angular speed
of 60 radians/sec in a uniform magnetic field of 0.04 T. The
resistance of the coil is 500 ohm. Calculate maximum
current drawn from the generator.

a) 1A
b) 1.24 A
c) 1.44 A
d) 1.67 A
Average value of Current: 𝒊avg or 𝒊 or <𝒊>
Q) If 𝒊=4t3 + 2t, find 𝒊avg in 2 seconds.

a) 20 A
b) 10 A
c) 8A
d) 4A
Q) Find the average current (𝒊)

a) 10 A
b) 5A
c) 7.5 A
d) 2.5 A
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of Current
(and Voltage)
RMS Value is also known as effective value or virtual value.
a) 2 A
b) 4 A
c) 1 A
d) 0
Now, we will study about a special type of Alternating
Current which varies sinusoidally
𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕

𝒊 → 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 ′𝒕′


𝒊𝒐 → 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝝎 → 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝒇 → 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
For 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕, find 𝒊average for complete
cycle
For 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕, find 𝒊average for half cycle
For 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 Similarly for 𝑽 = 𝑽𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝒊avg =0 𝑽avg =0
full cycle full cycle

𝟐 𝟐
𝒊avg = 𝒊𝒐 𝑽avg = 𝑽𝒐
𝝅 𝝅
half cycle half cycle
For 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕, find 𝒊rms
𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝑽 = 𝑽𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝒊𝒐 𝑽𝒐
𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐 𝟐
Significance of RMS Current
Q) If a time varying current 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 flows through a
Resistance ‘R’. Find the Heat generated in time ‘t’
Q) For 𝒊 = 𝟓𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕. Calculate a)Mean value of a.c. over
positive half-cycle b) RMS Value of Current
Q) The peak value of an alternating voltage applied to a 50Ω
resistance is 10 V. Find rms current.

a) 0.2A
b) 0.311 A
c) 0.141 A
d) 0
Q) For 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒐 + 𝒊𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝛚𝒕 , Find 𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒔
Q) An ac is given by equation For 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝒕 +𝑰𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 .
The rms value of current is given by
𝑰𝟏+𝑰𝟐
a) 𝟐
𝟐
𝑰𝟏+𝑰𝟐
b) 𝟐
𝑰𝟏𝟐+𝑰𝟐𝟐
c) 𝟐
𝑰𝟏𝟐+𝑰𝟐𝟐
d) 𝟐
Alternating Current

Lect-02
Today’s Goal

A.C Circuits -01


Power in AC
Phasor Diagrams
1) Generally, currents and voltages in ac circuits are
represented by phasors or anticlockwise rotating
vectors.

2) The length of arrow represents peak value of


quantity and it’s projection on x-or y-axis gives its
instantaneous value.
Q) Draw phasor for 𝑰 = 𝑰𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒕
1) Pure Resistive Circuits
Phasor Diagram
Wave Diagram
2) Purely Inductive Circuit
Phasor Diagram
Wave diagram
Inductive Reactance(𝐗𝑳)
Note: For DC Circuit -:
𝑽𝒐 𝑽
𝒊𝒐 = 𝒊=
𝑿𝑳 𝑿𝑳

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝑿𝑳
𝝅
Q)An alternating EMF,𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + ) is applied
𝟑
𝟐
across a pure inductor 𝑳 = 𝑯. Find the expression of
𝝅
alternating current.
𝝅
a) 𝒊 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − 𝟑
𝝅
b) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − 𝟑
)
𝝅
c) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − 𝟔
)
𝝅
d) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − 𝟐
)
3) Purely Capacitive Circuit.
Phasor diagram
Wave diagram
Capacitive Reactance(𝐗𝑪)
Note: For DC Circuit -:
Q) A capacitor of 1𝝁𝑭 is connected to an a.c. source of emf
𝜺 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 . Write an equation for instantaneous
current through the circuit and give reading of a.c ammeter
connected in the circuit.
𝝅
a) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − 𝟐
)
𝝅
b) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟐
)
𝝅
c) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 − 𝟐
)
𝝅
d) 𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟐
)
L-R Circuit

R-C Circuit
1. Series L-R Circuit
Q)A coil of resistance 300Ω and inductance 1.0 H is
connected across an alternating voltage of frequency
300/2𝝅 Hz. Calculate the phase difference between the
voltage and current in the circuit.
a) 30o
b) 45o
c) 60o
d) 90o
2.Series R-C Circuit
Q)A Circuit consists of a resistance of 100 Ω and a
𝟏
Capacitance of 𝝁𝑭 . If an alternating emf of 100 V,50 Hz is
𝝅
applied, find the value of effective current in the circuit.

a) 1 mA
b) 10 mA
c) 100 mA
d) 0.1 mA
Alternating Current

Lect-04
Resonance in Series
LCR-Circuit
Sharpness of Resonane-:
❖ Q Factor & Bandwidth
Resonance in Series
LCR-Circuit
Resonant Frequency (𝒇𝒐) or angular
frequency (𝝎𝒐)
Q) Figure shows series LCR circuit with L=5 H, C=80 μF,
R=40Ω connected to a variable frequency 240 V source.
Calculate the angular frequency of the source which drives
the circuit at resonance.
a) 100 rad s-1
b) 50 rad s-1
c) 500 rad s-1
d) 200 rad s-1
Q) For the series LCR circuit shown in the figure, what is the
resonance frequency and the amplitude of the current at the
resonating frequency?

a) 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔-1 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓 𝟐 𝑨


b) 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔-1 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓 𝑨
𝟓
c) 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔-1 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟐
𝑨
d) 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔-1 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓 𝟑 𝑨
Q) Which voltmeter will give zero reading at resonance?

a) V1
b) V2
c) V3
d) None
Graph for R,XL,XC and Z v/s 𝒇
Graph for Peak Current (𝒊𝒐) v/s frequency (𝒇)
The Resonant Current(maximum Current)
depends on value of R
Power & Power Factor at Resonance
Summary : At Resonance
1. Current is maximum

2. Impedance (Z) is minimum

3. Phase difference(𝝓)is ZERO


4. Inductive Reactance (XL) is equal to Capacitive
Reactance (XC)

𝟏
5. Resonant frequency 𝒇𝒐 = & angular frequency
𝟏 𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪
𝝎𝒐 =
𝑳𝑪

6. The current at resonance depends only on Resistance


& is independent of values of L and C.
7. Power factor (cos𝝓) is unity and Power consumed is
maximum.
Sharpness of Resonane-:
❖ Q Factor & Bandwidth
The Power Output of Circuit is
maximum for resonant frequency
So, For a sharp tuning (Sharp Resonance)
Bandwidth should be small.
Quality-Factor (Q-Factor)
1. The quality factor Q describes the sharpnes of
resonance curve.

2. Higher the Q-factor ⇒ More sharp is the resonance

3. Q=
Alternating Current

Lect-05
L-C Oscillations

Transformer
Suppose we have a charged Capacitor and
we connect its two plates with a wire.
Now if we Connect an
inductor with the
Capacitor
Note:
1. Energy oscillates between Electric Field of the
Capacitor and Magnetic Field of the Inductor.

2. If there is no loss of Energy, the total energy must


remain Constant
Q) A 10 μF capacitor is charged to a potential of 25 V. The
battery is then disconnected and pure 100 mH coil is
connected across the capacitor so that LC-oscillations are set
up. Calculate the maximum current in the coil.
a) 0.25 A
b) 0.50 A
c) 0.75 A
d) 1.00 A
Instantaneous Charge (q) and current (𝒊)
Q) In an LC circuit as shown in figure, the switch is closed at
t=0. Qmax =100μC ; L=40 mH; C=100 μF.
(a) Determine the equation for instantaneous charge on the
capacitor.
(b) Determine the equation for instantaneous current in the
circuit.
Transformer
Transformer:
➢ A device that transforms voltage
from one form to another of greater
or smaller value.

➢If it increases input voltage, it is


called Step up Transformer.

➢If it decreases input voltage, it is


called Step down Transformer.
Note:
1. A transformer works for alternating current only.

2. A transformer transfers electric Power from one


circuit to another. It can raise or lower the voltage in
a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current.

3. It is based on the principle of Mutual Induction


Step-Up Transformer Step-Down Transformer
Power Transformer
𝜺𝒔 𝑵𝑺 𝒊𝑷
= =
𝜺𝑷 𝑵𝑷 𝒊𝑺
Transformer Ratio or Turns Ratio
Q) A transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1000
turns in its secondary winding. The primary voltage is 200 V
and the load in the secondary is 100 Ω. Calculate the current
in the primary , assuming it to be an ideal transformer.
a) 2A
b) 4A
c) 8A
d) 16 A
Efficiency of a Transformer (η)

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